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The Civil War stimulated mass-production techniques that were used after the war to make industrial goods Stacked cannon balls, possibly a view of an arsenal yard in Washington, D.C. (NARA)
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During the Gilded Age, the United States experienced an
industrial revolution The Civil War stimulated mass-production
techniques that were used after the war to make industrial goods
Stacked cannon balls, possibly a view of an arsenal yard in
Washington, D.C.(NARA) Grounds of the destroyed arsenal with
scattered shot and shell in Richmond, Virginia, in 1865
The Civil War stimulated mass-production techniques that were used
after the war to make industrial goods Industrial goods like iron,
steel, and railroads were needed to rebuild the nation after the
war and build Americas new cities Americas industrial revolution
began asa wave of inventions
Cash registers, typewriters adding machines, made businesses more
efficient Marconis wireless transmitter andBells telephone
revolutionized communication U.S. Patents Issued ( ) The Bessemer
process created a cheap way to transform iron into stronger,
lighter steel New inventions allowed for improved industrialization
His most influential invention was the 1st electric light
bulb
Thomas Edison (the Wizard of Menlo Park)was the greatest inventor
of the 1800s In his New York research lab,he invented the 1st
phonograph, audio recorder, and battery ? ? ? His most influential
invention was the 1st electric light bulb Americas industrial
revolution was fueled by 4 major industries (R. O
Americas industrial revolution wasfueled by 4 major industries
(R.O.S.E.)Railroads, Oil, Steel, Electricity The railroad was
Americas first big business
Railroad construction grew in the years before the Civil War But,
tracks were ownedby different companiesand were not standardized
Cornelius Vanderbilt (3.47)
During the Gilded Age, railroad construction boomed, led by tycoons
like Cornelius Vanderbilt Large companiesbought small railroads,
standardized gauges and schedules, and pooled cars Cornelius
Vanderbilt (3.47) Railroad expansion led to a boom in the
economy
Railroads connected the East, South, and West andallowed for
national trade and regional specialization The 1st
transcontinentalrailroad was finished in 1869 Eastern railroads
were connected to the West by 4 great trunk lines Railroads
stimulated demandfor coal, oil, iron, and steel Industrialization
led to a demand for iron and steel Steel led to skyscrapers, longer
bridges,stronger railroads, and heavier machinery The iron and
steel industries were dominated by Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie converted his mills to the Bessemer process and made the
highest quality steel at the lowest price Carnegie Steel Company
produced more steel thanall the steel factories inGreat Britain
combined Carnegie best represented the American dream by rising
from poor a immigrant to richest man in the world Carnegie did not
pay his employees very much and did not allow unions in his
factories
but he was a philanthropist who gave money to New York City
libraries, colleges,and performing arts institutions Henry Bessemer
(& William Kelly) turned iron into steel in 1850sprocess
allowed for mass production of steel 9 Rockefeller used ruthless
tactics to buy out competing companies
Industrialization ledto a demand for oilfor lubrication and
kerosene lighting The oil industry during the Gilded Age was
dominated John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company Rockefeller
used ruthless tactics to buy outcompeting companies Standard Oil
lowered costs and improved the qualityof its oil products By 1879,
Standard Oil sold 90% of the oil in America 3 Rockefeller took
advantage of his workers and used his fortune to influencethe
national govt
but Rockefeller gave away $500 millionto charities, created the
Rockefeller Foundation, and founded the University of Chicago
American finance was dominated by JP Morgan
Industrialization led to a demand for financing so banking became a
significant part of the Gilded Age American finance was dominated
by JP Morgan He was so influential that he bailed out the railroad
industry when companies were in trouble He helped ease an economic
depression during the Panic of 1907 JP Morgan (3.08) Corporations
became a more common business structure
Industrialists like Vanderbilt, Carnegie, Rockefeller changed the
way businesses were organized Businesses hired professional
managers to oversee employees, improve efficiency, and manage
finances Corporations became a more common business structure
Corporations used boardsof trustees (trusts) to manage the company
HoldingCompany CompanyA CompanyD CompanyE CompanyB CompanyF
CompanyC CompanyG CompanyH Board ofTrustees CompanyManager
Employees and holding companies to manage other subsidiary
companies Corporations used mergers to increase profits Companies
like Standard Oil used horizontal integration to buy similar
companies to reduce competition Companies like Carnegie Steel used
vertical integrationto buy companies in order to gain
materialsneeded to make or deliver their products Corporate mergers
led to giant companies called monopolies that controlled the
majority of an industry Because most monopolies were run by boards
of trustees, monopolies became known as trusts Monopolists
justified their wealth in a variety of ways
The Gospel of Wealth argued that it is God's will for some men to
gain great wealth so theycould serve the public Social
Darwinismtaught that natural competition weeds out the weak and
allowsthe strong to survive The government used laissez faire
policies toward big business the lack of regulation allowed
businesses to become very powerful and exploitive Conclusions
America was changed by the Industrial Revolution:
The United States led the worldin industry,innovation, and wealth
Laissez-faire govt policies and new business tacticsled to
monopolies But the gap between the wealthymonopolists andtheir poor
immigrant workers grew wider Robber Barons of the Gilded Age
Were the industrial capitalists of the Gilded Agerobber barons or
captains of industry?Weigh their positive and negative effects The
Robber Barons of the Past Key Concepts Immigration moving to live
permanentlyin a foreign country Urbanization a population shift
from ruralto urban areas that leads to a growth in cities Crash
Course Video on Immigration and Urbanization What was immigration
like during the Gilded Age? From 1880 to 1921, a record 23 million
immigrants arrived in the U. S
From 1880 to 1921,a record 23 million immigrants arrivedin the U.S.
looking for jobs and opportunities The USA did not have quotas
(limits) on how many immigrants froma particular country could
enter the country From the colonial era to 1880, most immigrants
came from England, Ireland, or Germanyin Northern Europe Between
1880 and 1921, 70% of all immigrantsto the USA came from southern
and eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Austria-Hungary, Russia) The new
immigrantswere typically young,male, either Catholic or Jewish, and
spokelittle or no English The majority wereunskilled
agriculturallaborers with littlemoney or education 75% of all
immigrants entered the USA throughthe immigration center at Ellis
Island, in New York
Immigrants had to pass a health examination and anyone with a
serious health problem or disease was not let in Inspectors
questioned immigrants to made sure that they were not criminals,
could work, and had some money ($25) Many Americans expressed
nativism and viewedimmigrants with a sense of fear, suspicion, and
hostility Nativists had deep- seated prejudices aboutimmigrants
based onethnicity, religion,political and social beliefs Many
Americans accusedimmigrants of taking jobsaway from realAmericans
and called forquotas that would limitthe number ofimmigrants
Immigrants Not Welcome What were cities like in the Gilded Age? The
Gilded Age experienced massive urbanization
In 1850, only 15% of Americans lived in cities City growth was due
torural Americans movingto cities and immigrantsentering the USA By
1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities Engineering innovations,such
as expansive bridgesand skyscrapers, led tomodern American
cities
Cities expanded outwardfrom industrial centersin the central
businessdistricts to a ring ofouter suburbs As cities grew larger
andbeyond walkingdistance, trolley lines,elevated rail lines,
andsubways were created Most American citieswere not prepared for
such rapid population growth
Many urban poor developed lung disease or tuberculosis; About 60%
of immigrant babies died before their first birthday Most urban
immigrants lived in tenements: low rent apartments built the
poorest parts of town called slums About 2/3 of immigrants settled
in cities, such asNew York, Chicago, Boston, or Philadelphia and
lived in ethnic neighborhoods called enclaves Enclaves providednew
immigrantswith a sense ofcommunity andsecurity, as theimmigrants
weresurrounded by thefamiliar customs,food and languageof their
homeland Impact of Urbanization and Immigration What were working
conditions like in the Gilded Age? The majority of immigrants
worked in industrial jobs
Industries were rapidly growing and in need of cheap workers Most
immigrants were unskilled and were willing to accept almost any
kind of job, no matter how un-attractive or low paying What
problems did workers face in the Gilded Age?
3 images In response to the low wages, long hours, and dangerous
working conditions, many workers joined labor unions to
collectively bargain for improvements Among the first labor unions
in America was the Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor was open to all workers regardless of race,
gender, or skill Most workers were unskilled and ineligible to join
the AFL
The most successful union was the American Federation of Labor
(AFL) led by Samuel Gompers The AFL only included skilled workers,
but it used collective bargaining to gain better pay, shorter
hours, and better working conditionsfor its union members Most
workers were unskilled and ineligible to join the AFL By the end of
the Gilded Age, only 4%of all American workers were unionized
During some strikes, violence broke out
One of the tactics used by unions was to strike: Strikes were
designed to stop production in orderto force management to accept
union demands Business leaders resisted strikes by hiring
replacement workers or private police to break up strikes During
some strikes, violence broke out During the Chicago Haymarket
Strike (1886), unionists demanded an 8-hr day; When violence broke
out, public opinion turned against unions, viewing them as violent
and un-American Violence erupted in the Homestead Strike (1892) at
Carnegies steel plant; Federal troops were called to re-open the
factory with replacement workers Railroad workers led a national
strike when the Pullman Palace Company cut wages by 50%...
President Cleveland sent the army to end the strike; Strikers in 27
states resisted & dozens died
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