The Cold War 1.Why did the U.S. and Soviet Union become political rivals? 2.How did this war between...

The Cold War1. Why did the U.S. and

Soviet Union become political rivals?

2. How did this war between the superpowers

influence smaller countries?

Vocabulary (CH: 18 368-381)

• Satellite State• Policy of Containment• Arms Race• Commune• Permanent Revolution• Proxy War• Domino Theory

WW 2 Background

• United States and Soviet Union were military allies during World War 2

• Political tension between communist Soviets and capitalist U.S. before the end of the war

Tension in Europe

• Soviets and Americans occupied the territory they conquered during the war

• America / Britain wanted free elections in Eastern countries occupied by Soviets

• Soviets set up regimes in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary

Truman Doctrine

• Created in 1947 to stop Soviet Expansion

• U.S. will provide money to countries that were threatened by communist expansion

• First used in Greece, Turkey and Germany

Germany Situation

• Divided into four zones after war (France, Britain, U.S. and Soviet)

• City of Berlin (was in Soviet zone) was also divided into four zones

• Soviets Blockade West Berlin in an attempt to secure all of Berlin

Berlin Airlift

• American dilemma: Keep 3 zones of Berlin free without starting World War III

• Solution: 200,000 flights carrying 2.3 million tons of food / supplies

• Result: Won hearts of Germans and increased tension with Soviet Union

Marshall Plan

• 2 facts from page 369

• How is the Marshall plan different than the Treaty of Versailles after World War 1?

Berlin Wall

• Construction began in 1961

• Response to East Germans fleeing to the west (mostly professionals)

• Stood as a physical barrier and symbolic barrier

NATO Treaty, 1949. Warsaw Pact, 1955.• North Atlantic

Treaty Organization• Formed to confront

Soviet aggression and provide small countries with safety

• Warsaw pact is the same but for communist countries

Nuclear Arms Race

• Soviets detonated nuclear bomb in 1949

• 1950’s deadlier hydrogen bomb

• Late 1950’s (Intercontinental ballistic missiles)

• Deterrence (Mutually assured destruction)

Korean War Begins

• 1945-Soviets and Americans agree to divide Korea into North and South

• Plan was to hold election to form unified government

• Breakdown - Communist N. Korea invades capitalist S. korea in 1950

U.S. involvement

• Truman sees this as communist aggression

• Convinces U.N. to get involved

• Mostly U.S. troops fight for the U.N. (South Korea)

• Officially called a “Police Action” -War was not declared

The Fighting

Communist China sends in hundreds of thousands of fighters into Korea

Major battles:Battle of SoulBattle of InchonBattle of Bloody Ridge

Ending the War

• 1953 Armistice signed• Dividing line remains

the 38th parallel• Divided Result• American casualties =

33,686• China / North = 600,000

Legacies

Eisenhower adopts policy of total retaliation against communism

Korea becomes the “Forgotten War”

Korea remains a divided country today (Communist North / Capitalist South)

Revolution in Cuba

• 1959 Left Wing revolutionary named Fidel Castro overthrew Cuban dictator to gain power

• Castro set up communist government in cooperation with Soviet Union

Bay of Pigs Invasion

• Purpose was to cause uprising against Castro• Exiled Cuban fighters would invade• Invasion was disaster:

– 114 Cuban exiles die– Rest surrender

• Results– Kennedy looks like a fool– Soviets start to build up Cuban defenses

Cuban Missile Crisis Notes / Assignment

Vietnam Heats Up

• Decolonization in S.E. Asia (Philippines got independence in 1946 from U.S.)

• France would not let go of Vietnam (French Indo-China)

• Ho Chi Minh is the leader of the independence war.

Communist’s Seize Power

• Ho Chi Minh controls most of Vietnam with broad communist support

• Peace agreement in 1954 to have election in two years to form government

• Temporary division between north and south became permanent as part of cold war

U.S. Involvement

• Domino Theory• 1950’s military advisors to

help S. Vietnam• Support Ngo Dinh Diem

(Catholic elitist dictator)• 1965 Gulf of Tonkin

Incident• Increasing level of American

troops

Tactics of the War

• 3 Video Facts

Reaction to the War in U.S.

• Majority of Americans always supported the war

• Pessimism about war– TV war– Lack of government

honesty / tactics – Draft (1/3 of soldiers were

from lower socio-economic status)

– Long and unsuccessful

Timeline of Vietnam War• Aug. 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident• Feb. 1965 – Operation Rolling Thunder (Massive

Bombing Campaign)• Jan. 1968 Battle of Khe Sanh and Tet Offensive

(Military victories for U.S. / Moral defeats)• 1970-71 Nixon extends the war to Cambodia and

Laos w/ bombing and ground forces• 1972-73 Paris Peace talks with Operation

Linebacker• 1973 U.S. ground forces leave and 1975 Saigon

and south fall to communist forces

Facts about Vietnam

• 58,202 American deaths• 8.7 million American GI’s

served in Vietnam• 303,000 wounded (75,000

severely wounded)• 706 POW’s (116 died in

captivity)• 82% of Vietnam veterans say

the war was lost because of “Lack of Political Will”

Lessons of Vietnam

• Know your enemy and their motives

• Work to get support of your people

• Guerilla tactics can allow small country to defeat large country

• Domino Theory was not fact

De-Stalinization of USSR

• Khrushchev relaxed loosened government control on some aspects of life

• Brezhnev ruled during détente (relaxation of tensions)

• Communism’s problems– In-efficient bureaucracy– Lack of motivation of farmers / workers– Couldn’t keep up economically with west

Revolts of Satellite States• Hungary (1956) declared

itself a free nation and Imre Nagy promised elections

• Three days later, Soviet tanks attacked Budapest and Nagy was executed

• Czechoslovakia writers rebellion of 1968

• 7 months later, Soviet Union invades and removes government from power

Tiananmen Square (China)

• May 1989 thousands of student protesters filled the streets of Beijing

• Protesters wanted less corruption and more freedom

• Communist rulers sent tanks into crush rebellion and between 500-2000 students killed

War in Afghanistan (Video)

• Write three notes about what happened:

• Question: Who did we support? Why?

Gorbachev Ends Cold War

• Stops supporting satellite states• Lech Welesa wins democratic

election in Poland in 1988• Protests in Prague in 1989 lead

to elections (Czechoslovakia breaks into Czech Rep. & Slovakia)

• Gorbachev resigns on Dec. 25, 1991 (USSR is over)

Great Example (Germany)

• October 3, 1989 Berlin Wall is torn down by protestors and nobody stops them

• Difficult reunification with different economies

• Germany is most powerful economy in Europe and thriving

Terrible Example (Yugoslavia)

• 1990 Communist Party Collapses

• Ethnic Serbs, Croats, Bosnians all wanted more territory and independence

• Ethnic cleansing occurred between ethnicities and religions