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The Consequences of Misdiagnosed B12 Deficiency

Is it aging or is it B12 deficiency?

Sally Pacholok, RN, BSN

The Consequences ofMisdiagnosedB12 Deficiency

Is it aging or is itB12 deficiency?

Sally Pacholok, RN, BSN

The Consequences of Misdiagnosed B12 Deficiency

Is it aging or is it B12 deficiency?

Sally Pacholok, RN, BSN

Cobalamin (B12) deficiency  Cobalamin (B12) deficiency  Cobalamin (B12) deficiency  

• Ignored• Misunderstood

• Costly epidemic  

Why is B12 deficiency an epidemic?Why is B12 deficiency an epidemic?Why is B12 deficiency an epidemic?

1. Severe knowledge deficit.

2. Poor or absent screening in symptomatic & at‐risk patients.

3. Current range for “normal” serum B12extends far too low.  

Why is B12 def. an epidemic?Why is B12 def. an epidemic?Why is B12 def. an epidemic?

4. Not using other available tests to aid in diagnosis. 

5. Waiting for macrocytic anemia to present.

6. Historic name “pernicious anemia” misleading. 

Why is B12 def. an epidemic?Why is B12 def. an epidemic?Why is B12 def. an epidemic?

7. S/S mimic other disease processes.    

8.    S/S commonly mistaken for normal signs of aging.  

IncidenceIncidenceIncidence

Affects 48 million Americans (16%).1

• Others report B12 

deficiency to affect 25%  (77 million) Americans.2

1.  National Health & Nutritional Examination        Surveys  1999 to 2002. 

2.  Dharmarajan, T.S., Norkus, E.P.   Approaches to vitamin B12 deficiency:  Early treatment may prevent devastating complications.  Post‐graduate Medicine 2001;110(1): 99‐105.

Incidence B12

def.—U.S. older adults 

• 15%‐25%  (6‐10 million)    

• Hospitalized & nursing  home pts                    

30% to 40%                 (12‐16 million)  

True incidence is much higherTrue incidence is much higherTrue incidence is much higher

• Patients begin experiencing neurologic symptoms            B12: 200‐400 pg/ml.

• B12:  200‐300pg/ml

(35%) 86.1 million.      

• Framingham study40% age 26‐83                        B12:  200‐300pg/ml.  

What is cobalamin—vitamin B12?What is cobalamin—vitamin B12?What is cobalamin—vitamin B12?

• Brain & nervous system

• Production of neurotransmitters & phospholipids

• Cognitive function

• Cell division & cell reproduction

• Chromosomal replication

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Body cannot make on it’s own.

Vitamin B12Vitamin B12Vitamin B12

• Development of RBCs

• Prevent anemia

• Normal growth & development

• Prevention of cardiovascular disease

• Protects against cancers

• Cofactor in enzymatic pathways

B12 deficiency affects every body system

B12 is critical for our nervous system

Myelin sheathMyelin sheathMyelin sheath

• B12 deficiency initially attacks the myelin sheath.  

• Left untreated, it    affects the entire nerve cell.

Untreated B12 deficiency causes:

1.  Peripheral neuropathy

2.  Spinal cord demyelination 

3.  Spinal cord degeneration 

4.  Brain atrophy

B12 naturally found in animal foods B12 naturally found in animal foodsB12 naturally found in animal foods 

• organ meats               

• red meat                     

• shell‐fish

• fish

• poultry

• eggs

• dairy products

History HistoryHistory 

Prior to  discovery of B12—DEATH was inevitable.

1872:  Term "pernicious anemia“ coined   by    German physician Anton Biermer. 

Why Hx is critical today

Interchangeably use the term PA for B12 deficiency.

Kept name (PA) for historical purposes.                    

Historic  name is confusing today’s physician. 

Why Hx is critical todayWhy Hx is critical today

Interchangeably use the term PA for B12 deficiency.

Kept name (PA) for historical purposes.                    

Historic  name is confusing today’s physician. 

Presenter
Presentation Notes
We interchangably use the term PA for B12 deficiency. Kept it for historical purposes---and it is confusing today’s physician.

Macrocytosis infrequent & late signMacrocytosis infrequent & late signMacrocytosis infrequent & late sign

Folic acid therapy

1998 FDA:  Fortified grain & cereal

Co‐existing anemias:  Iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia.

Unlike other vitaminsUnlike other vitaminsUnlike other vitamins

Vitamin B12 must follow a complex pathway of several steps for proper absorption.

A roadblock in any part of this pathway can cause malabsorption & subsequent deficiency.

Vitamin B12 has a complicated metabolic process Vitamin B12 has a complicated metabolic processVitamin B12 has a complicated metabolic process 

1. Salivary glands:  R‐protein

2. Stomach:  HCl, pepsin, IF 

3. Small intestine:                 R‐binders—ferry B12 into the small intestine.

4. Pancreatic enzymes:   carry B12 to the ileum.

5.    Ileum:                    

Receptors  grab onto the 

B12‐IF complex, pulling it 

into bloodstream.

6.    Bloodstream:            

Protein (TC II), carries and 

transports B12

to various 

cells of the body—liver.

Several causes of B12 deficiency

N2O inactivates vitamin B12Causes its harmful effects by irreversibly oxidizing the  cobalt ion of vitamin B12 from the +1 to the +3 state.  

N2O is contraindicated in the  B12

deficient patient

• 1956:

Discovery of N2O 

toxicity caused B12 

deficiency.

• 1978:

Effects on the CNS

of 

N2

O use were discovered. 

• Critical to rule out B12

deficiency  pre‐op.  

Neurologic signs & symptomsNeurologic signs & symptomsNeurologic signs & symptoms

• Paresthesias 

• Weakness—legs, arms, trunk

• Unsteady/abnormal gait

• Balance problems

• Difficulty walking

• Dizziness

• Restless legs

• Tremor

• Forgetfulness

• Confusion

• Dementia

• Impaired vibration

• Abnormal reflexes

• Impotence

• Urinary or fecal 

incontinence 

B12 is critical for CNS & PNSB12 is critical for CNS & PNSB12 is critical for CNS & PNS

• CT & MRI scans show demyelination from late diagnosis.  

Consequences of Misdiagnosed B12 Deficiency

Psychiatric signs & symptoms Psychiatric signs & symptomsPsychiatric signs & symptoms 

• Depression

• Irritability

• Paranoia

• Mania

• Hallucinations

• Psychosis

• Violent behavior

• Personality changes

Blood signs  Blood signs  Blood signs  

Hematologic signs:Hematologic signs:Hematologic signs:

• Anemia

• Leukopenia

• Thrombocytopenia

• Macrocytosis

• Hypersegmented neutrophils

• Elevated RDW

B12 deficiency causes anemia.B12 deficiency causes anemia.B12 deficiency causes anemia.

Critical cofactor for twoenzymatic pathways

Critical cofactor for twoenzymatic pathways

Critical cofactor for twoenzymatic pathways

1. Metabolism of       homocysteine Metabolism of       of       ofhomocysteine

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Serves as a cofactor for methionine synthase, causes reaction leading to the making of the amino acid methionine from Hcy. Methionine synthase also drives or is needed for the conversion of 5-MTHF to THF (the active form of folate that is necessary for the denovo synthesis of purine nucleotides (and therefore DNA & RNA). Methionine itself is part of chemical process involved in creation of S-adenosylmethione (a substance critical to myelin formation & the methylation of DNA & RNA).

Functional folate deficiency

CONVERSION OF FOLATE 

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Therefore, B12 def. causes a functional folate def., w/significant “methlfolate trapping”, resulting in impaired DNA & RNA synthesis & the production of large, immature, HgB-poor RBCs w/elevated MCV & an elevated MCHC. Methylfolate trapping explains why B12 def. & folate def. produce indistinguishable blood abnormalities.

2nd Enzymatic Pathway2nd Enzymatic Pathway

2.  Metabolism of methylmalonic acid

2nd Enzymatic Pathway

Metabolism ofmethylmalonic acid

What are the tests?What are the tests?What are the tests?

• B12

• Methylmalonic acid

• Homocysteine 

• Holotranscobalamin II(Measures 1 of the blood binding proteins used to transport B12)

Deficiencies start to appear in CSF when B12 < 550 pg/ml.

Elevated homocysteine  Elevated homocysteine  Elevated homocysteine  

Stroke (CVA)

Coronary artery disease 

Heart attack (MI)

Deep vein thrombosis 

Pulmonary embolism 

Peripheral vascular disease

27 y/o M:  Univ. Chicago Medical Center

Melhem A, Desai A, Hofmann MA. Acute myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism in a young man with pernicious anemia—induced severe hyperhomocystinemia.  Thrombosis Journal 2009 May 13; 7:5.

Who needs testing?

Screen following patients:

• Neurologic symptoms

• Mental status changes

• Dementia 

• Psychiatric disorders

• GI disorders/surgeries

• Anemia 

• Age 60 or >

• Cancer patients

• Diabetics

Screen following patients:

• Vegetarian diet

• Autoimmune disorders

• Developmental delay

• Autism spectrum

• N2O administration

• Specific medications

B12 deficiency mimics:B12 deficiency mimics:B12 deficiency mimics:

• Alzheimer’s disease

• MS

• Parkinson’s disease

• Essential Tremor

• Vertigo

• Depression

• Mental illness

• Diabetic neuropathy

B12 deficiency mimics:B12 deficiency mimics:B12 deficiency mimics:

• CFS

• Fibromyalgia

• RLS

• Chronic pain disorder

• Radiculopathy

• Developmental delay

• Autism

• Other anemias

Are older adults at high risk for B12 deficiency?

Are older adults at high risk forB12 deficiency?

Are older adults at high risk for B12 deficiency?

YES!YES!YES!

• Poor stomach acid 

• Medications

• Bacterial overgrowth SI

• GI surgeries

• Chemotherapy, radiation 

• Malnutrition

• Preexisting diseases

• Dental—surgical procedures    N2O use            

Seniors high risk for misdiagnosis.

• Difficulty explaining 

symptoms 

• Minimizing symptoms

• Poverty

• Mobility limitations

• Already have a Dx 

explaining S/S 

Common S/S of older adults— &           presenting to ER

Share EXACT S/S of B12 deficiency

Share EXACTS/S of B12 deficiency

Share EXACT S/S of B12 deficiency

What does B12 deficiency frequently causein older adults?

What does B12 deficiency frequently causein older adults?

What does B12 deficiency frequently cause in older adults?

Falls!Falls!Falls!

• Leading cause of death & disability resulting from injury in pts >65.

Age 65 and older

• Every 18 seconds, older‐adult treated in ED for a fall.

• Every 35 min. a senior dies following a fall.

• 1 in 3 seniors fall each year.

• 1.8 million seniors Txed in ED for nonfatal injuries from falls.

B12 deficiency is ignored in psychiatric and dementia patients, despite century of documentation.

“Variety of mental changes seen, ranging from depression to paranoid states, and, most important, progressive dementia with impairment of both memoryand cognitive function.”

“Demyelination may be found in the cerebral white matter of the brain and in the optic nerves.”

Neurology & General Medicine, 3rd Edition (2001) Cobalamin Deficiency pages 202‐204.

Neurology. 2008 Sept 9:71(11):826‐32.

Subjects whose B12 levels were in the lowest 1/3were found to be at 6 times    >  risk of brain deterioration  than those whose B12 levels were in the top 2/3s.  

Typical attitude:

Chief of Geriatrics at U of M   Detroit Free Press (3/28/06):

“The center doesn’t routinely test for B12 deficiency unless an elderly person is malnourished.  Testing people with slightly low B12 levels or who have memory loss is controversial and not cost‐effective.”

This patient needs testing.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
NOT macrocytic

Nursing home & assisted living centers

• July 2007:  Community service

• Local assisted living residence:  87 seniors consented to screening using urinary MMA.

• Results 19% B12 deficient.

Undiagnosed B12 deficiency causes:Undiagnosed B12 deficiency causes:

TreatmentTreatmentTreatment

B12 Maintenance Dose

Injections (IM, SC) 1,000 mcg q 1‐4 weeks

Sublingual 2,000—5,000 mcg daily

Oral 2,000 mcg daily

Intranasal 500 mcg weekly

The 10 cent secretThe 10 cent secretThe 10 cent secret

• For < 10 cents/day—treat B12 deficiency for an entire year!

$36 ÷ 365 days = 0.098

Injectable B12Hydroxocoblamin• 1,000 mcg/ml                                      

1ml IM—SC qd or qod x 6• 1ml q 2 wks next 12 months  • $36.00   (cost/yr)

ED witness to B12

deficiency epidemic

• Treat everyone—

neonates to geriatrics

• Not limited to group of 

pts regarding disease, 

body system, age, or sex. 

As we look over these patients’ records…

Obvious battery of tests.

We don’t see evidence that   B12 def. included in diagnostic work up—even when pt greatly symptomatic or     high risk.   

CDCL & CDR Score (1999)CDCL & CDR Score (1999)CDCL & CDR Score (1999)

Cobalamin Deficiency Criteria List (CDCL)                       

I.  NEUROLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS

(+2)• Numbness, tingling (including Dx of neuropathy)• Weakness of legs, arms, or trunk• Unsteady, abnormal gait or balance problems,  • including difficulty ambulating or near falls• Dizziness or light‐headedness• Tremor (including Dx of Parkinson’s)• Restless legs or Dx of restless leg syndrome• Visual disturbances• Poor concentration or foggy thinking• Forgetfulness, memory loss or (Hx of 

dementia/Alzheimer’s)• Mental status changes• Impotence, erectile dysfunction• Urinary or fecal incontinence• Impaired vibration, position sense• Abnormal reflexes• Developmental delay (including Dx of autism)

II. PSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS (+2)• Depression, suicidal ideations, post‐partum depression, 

Rx of antidepressants or history of any other psychiatric 

illness or Rx of psychiatric meds• Irritability, anxiety• Paranoia• Mania• Hallucinations• Psychosis• Violent behavior• Personality changes

III. GASTROINTESTINAL RISK (+2)• Decreased stomach acid or atrophic gastritis• Gastric stasis or gastroparesis • Helicobacter pylori• GERD or ulcer disease• Gastrectomy (partial or complete)• Ileal resection (partial or complete)• Gastric bypass or bariatric surgery • Malabsorption syndromes  • Crohn’s disease, IBD, IBS, celiac disease (gluten 

enteropathy)• Chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency• Bacterial overgrowth (small bowel)• Fish tapeworm• Alcoholism• Malnutrition or eating disorders • (bulimia, anorexia)• Advanced liver disease• Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome

IV. HEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS (+2)• Anemia • Macrocytosis• Microcytosis• Hypersegmented neutrophils• Anisocytosis (elevated RDW)• Leukopenia• Thrombocytopenia 

V.  OTHER SIGNS/SYMPTOMS (+1)

• Generalized weakness or fatigue

• Apathy

• Shortness of breath, chest pain, or exertional dyspnea

• Pallor

• Orthostatic hypotension

• Hepatomegaly or splenomegaly

• Loss of appetite/weight loss

• Poor wound healing/ulcer/decubitus

• Cervical dysplasia

• Tinnitus

• Vitiligo

• Glossitis

VI. POPULATION AT RISK (+1)• Age 60 and over • Fall or fall‐related injury in the past year • Vegans, vegetarians, macrobiotic diets • Autoimmune disorders including IDDM and/or thyroid 

disorders • Family history of pernicious anemia• Proton pump inhibitor or H2‐blocker use• Metformin use• Nitrous oxide administration or abuse• Multiple sclerosis patients• Cancer patients• Chemotherapy or radiation• Occlusive vascular disorders (MI, CVA, DVT, PE)• On folic acid therapy• Pregnancy• Breast‐feeding• Iron deficiency • Infertility• AIDS  patients• Fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome patients • Chronic renal failure (hemodialysis patients)• Neck/back surgery, or history of spinal stenosis

COBALAMIN DEFICIENCY RISK (CDR) SCORE• Low Risk:  

0—1 • Moderate Risk:

2—5 • High Risk:

6 or greater

2000:  Retrospective Study of 302 ED Patients

2000:  Retrospective Study of302 ED Patients

2000:  Retrospective Study of 302 ED Patients

40/302         (13.2%)       < 180 pg/ml or  <133 pmol/L

91/302 (30.1%)  181‐350 pg/ml or  134‐258 pmol/L

131/302 (43.3%)       < 350 pg/ml or <258 pmol/L

• 34%  male     66%  female     30% < age 60

Most common presenting complaints: • Falling (with or w/o Fx)• Weakness• Dizziness• Mental status changes• Chest pain• Neurologic deficits 

2000:  Results of 302 Patient Study

2000:  Results of 302 PatientStudy

2000:  Results of 302 Patient Study

• 60% neurologic S/S

• 45% Hx of TIA or CVA

• 33% anemia

• 28% thyroid disorder

• 25% CHF

• 23% psychiatric disorder

• 20% dementia

302 Patient Study302 Patient Study302 Patient Study

5/40 (12.5%) macrocytic

3/40 (7.5%) microcytic

2/40 (5%) microcytic anemia

1/40 (2.5%) macrocytic anemia

Case#

AGESEX

B12

pg/mlRBC HGB 

gm/dl

HCT%

MCVfl

RDW%        

CHIEF COMPLAINT

CDRSCORE

3. 54 F 131 1.37 5.5 15.2 111.2 21.1 unresponsive—

fall 

19

• 54 y/o F 

• CDR Score 19

•1/40 (2.5%) macrocytic anemia

• Married with 4 children

OUTCOME

Only patient with classic macrocytic anemia:

• Numerous falls• Unresponsive—GCS 8• CT brain:  Subdural hematoma• PRBC’s/platelets• Emergent brain surgery• Poor outcome• Transfer to nursing home• Vegetative state

TOTAL

2,785 6%<200 pg/ml

< 148 pmol/L

25%200‐350pg/ml

148‐258 pmol/L

31% <350pg/ml

<258 pmol/L

8%350‐400pg/ml

258‐295 pmol/L

39%<400pg/ml 

<295 pmol/L

6 Year Retrospective ER Study (2006‐2011)

Should this patient be tested?Should this patient be tested?Should this patient be tested?

• 74 M  (+1)• Fall—

with L hip Fx (+2)• Hx dementia  (+2)• Unsteady gait  (+2)• Tremor  (+2)• PPI  (+1)• Metformin (+1)

CDR Score:   11CDR ScoreLow Risk:  0—1 Moderate Risk:   2—5 High Risk:    6 or >

Should this patient be tested?Should this patient be tested?Should this patient be tested?

• 47 M

• depression  (+ 2)

• Zoloft , Prozac 

• Suicidal ideations

CDR Score: 2CDR Score

Low Risk:  0—1 

Moderate Risk:   2—5 

High Risk:    6 or >

American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2007) 25, 987.e3‐987.e4American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2007) 25, 987.e3‐987.e4American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2007) 25, 987.e3‐987.e4

• 25 y/o F:  ED c/o increasing weakness,  6‐month Hx functional decline.

• Workup: by GP/neurologist            MRI brain & LS spine, EMG

• ED :  HgB—2.9   MCV—89PLT—12    Folate—normal Serum B12—undetectable

American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2007) 25, 987.e3‐987.e4American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2007) 25, 987.e3‐987.e4American Journal of Emergency Medicine (2007) 25, 987.e3‐987.e4

• Admitted—4 units of PRBCs,    began injectable B12. 

• Bone marrow biopsy:         megaloblastic changes consistent w/severe B12 deficiency.

Post 8 wks: • sensory abnormalities improved• Motor abnormalities unchanged• Continues to use WC.

Ethical obligation and responsibility.Ethical obligation and responsibility.Ethical obligation and responsibility.

Failure to recognize B12 deficiency as the etiology of: • neurologic disease

• cognitive decline/dementia

• fall‐related trauma  

• non‐macrocytic anemia 

represent significant extremes of deviation from the Hippocratic Oath:  “First do no harm.”

Failure to follow the Hippocratic Oath

Failure to follow the Hippocratic Oath

B12

deficiency can strike 

at any age, both genders, 

all races  and social classes.

Untreated B12 

deficiency results in:  

1.

Fall‐related trauma

2.

Psychiatric illness

3.

Hospitalization/rehabilitation 

4.

Use of other costly prescribed 

medications

5.

Cognitive changes/dementia

6.

Nursing home placement

Untreated B12 

deficiency results in:  

7.   Debilitating health, 

chronic  anemia

8.   Neurologic injury

9.   Disability

10.  Poor outcomes

11.

Misdiagnosis

12.  Malpractice 

Call for Action!Call for Action!Call for Action!

Raise awareness 

Education  

Identify victims early

Test symptomatic & at‐risk pts 

Develop new protocols 

Treat patients in the “gray zone.”

Enlist help 

Create B12 Awareness month 

Create World‐Wide B12 Awareness Day

Reeducating the health care community and the public is key. 

Reeducating the health care community andthe public is key.

Reeducating the health care community and the public is key. 

Thank you for your attention!  www.B12Awareness.org