View
11
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
07/03/2013@ILVO
The effect of biochar and compost on plant pathogens and the microbial community in soil
Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchPlant Sciences Unit
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.beAgriculture and Fisheries Policy Area
Compost vs biochar
2
Compost BiocharOrganic soil amendments: recycling organic waste
…by composting‐ with oxygen (aerobic
decomposition)‐ phase 1: 50-70°C, phase 2 < 40°C ‐ → full of microbes, but large effect
of high temperature
….by pyrolysis‐ without oxygen‐ 200-600°C (thermal decomposition)‐ → ’sterile’, habitat for microbes
Compost vs biochar
3
Compost BiocharC-source
Source of stable organic matter Long term carbon storage in soil → global warming
Fertiliser”Slow release fertilizer” Slow release or immobilisation
Effect on plant pathogens> 500 publications- Reported levels of disease
suppression = variable- The mechanisms involved not fully
understood
< 10 publications- Research group in Israel (Elad)- Induced resistance on strawberry
and pepper – change in rhizospheremicrobiology
Research on compost & biochar vs pest & diseases @ ILVO
4
• 2003-2004: Resistance to air-born diseases and pests induced by compost in substrate cultivation of strawberry
• 2010-2013: FOD project: Meloidogyne chitwoodi = root knot nematode
• 2011-2015: PhD Negin Ebrahimi: The effects of soil amendments on survival and reproduction rate of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida = potato cyst nematode
• 2012-2016: EU project Fertiplus: reducing mineral fertilizers and agro-chemicals by recycling treated organic waste as compost and biochar
Strawberry & air-born diseases & pests
5
• Treatments:– Peat + mineral fertilizer (F)– Peat + 30% compost 1/ compost 2 (M1/M2)
• Natural infectionsfruit rot (B. cinerea)
powdery mildow (Sphaerothecamaculans f. sp. fragariae)
mites (Tetranychus urticae)
aphids (Chaetosiphonragefolii)
Strawberry & diseases & pests
6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
F M1 M2
# pe
r cm
2
% d
isea
se
2004
fruit rotpowdery mildowaphidsmites
Plant
• 4 days
No clustering
• ≈ 1 month
Clustering per object
• 3 months
Clustering per substrate type
Strawberry & diseases & pests
St = pre-sterilized
Meloidogyne on bean and carrots
8
• Less problems with root knot nematodes in soils with high concentrations of organic material
• Treatments (30 ton/ha)─ wood chip compost ─ wood chip compost 80% + biochar
20%─ non-amended soil
─ inoculation with J2 (high Pi and low Pi)
• Why compost + biochar?
Courtesy W. Wesemael
Courtesy W. Wesemael
Meloidogyne on bean and carrots
9High Pi = 100 J2/100 cm3 soilLow Pi = 10 J2/100 cm3 soil
Soil - H
igh P
iSoil
and c
ompo
st - H
igh P
i
Soil - L
ow P
iSoil
and c
ompo
st - L
ow P
i
Mel
oido
gyne
chi
twoo
di
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Carrot Bean
b
aa a
C
B
AA
Meloidogyne on bean & carrots
10Pi = 40 J2/100 cm3 soil
Soil
Soil + C
ompo
stSoil
+ Com
post
+ Bioc
har
Mel
oido
gyne
chi
twoo
di
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Carrot Bean
b
aa
B
A
B
Meloidoigne on carrots
11
Soil (c
ontro
l)
Soil + co
mpost
(contr
ol)
Soil + co
mpost
+ bioc
har (c
ontro
l)
Soil + M
cSoil
+ compo
st + M
c
Soil + co
mpost
+ bioc
har +
Mc
Wei
ght (
g)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Above ground plant part Root system
Meloidogyne on bean
12
Soil (c
ontro
l)
Soil + co
mpost
(contr
ol)
Soil + co
mpost
+ bioc
har (c
ontro
l)
Soil + M
cSoil
+ compo
st + M
c
Soil + co
mpost
+ bioc
har +
Mc
Wei
ght (
g)
0
10
20
30
40
Above ground plant part Root system
Globodera on potato
13
• Treatments (30 ton/ha)─ wood chip compost (15g/L)─ wood chip compost (12g/L) + biochar (3g/L)─ non-amended soil
• Visual assessment and the trehalose test to determine the viability of eggs and juveniles after 8, 12 and 16 weeks
• Determination of the reproduction rate after 16 weeks
Courtesy W. Wesemael
Reproduction of Globodera spp.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Non‐amended soil Compost Compost+Biochar
Num
ber o
f eggs an
d juveniles/g soil
Amendments
G. pallida
G. rostochiensis
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Non‐amended soil Compost Compost+Biochar
Num
ber o
f cysts/100
0g soil
Amendments
G. pallida
G. rostochiensis
Pi = 3.6 eggs and J2/g soil
Potato tuber weight
Fertiplus
17
• EU FP7 project: www.fertiplus.be
• Aim = to reduce mineral fertilizers (N,P use) & agrochemicals (pest control)
• How = by recycling organic waste by composting and pyrolysis
• Various feedstocks
• Compost, biochar and biochar-blended compost
Fertiplus
18
• ILVO–part: effect
1. on soil plant pathogens of vegetables (bioassays)• Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus & Globodera• Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum & Verticillium dahliae
2. on soil/rhizosphere microbiology • PLFA• DGGE• NGS
3. On the physico-chemical properties of the soil
4. correlation between 1-3?
NematologyWim WesemaelNegin EbrahimiNicole Viaene
Maurice MoensCatherine Catillas
Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries ResearchPlant Sciences Unit
www.ilvo.vlaanderen.beAgriculture and Fisheries Policy Area
Mycology -Microbiology
Jane DebodeSvetoslav Bobev
Steve Baeyen
Pieter Cremelie
Soil scienceBart Vandecasteele
Tommy D’HoseKoen Willekens
Martine Maes
Recommended