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The Endocrine System
By Julie & Jenna
Overall Function
Comprised of ductless glands that secrete hormones Hormones are “chemical messengers” that
transfer information from one set of cells to another in order to coordinate the functions of body.
Steroids Peptides Amines
Glands Hypothalamus
Center part of brain Regulates Metabolism & body temperature Somewhat controls pituitary gland with its
“releasing hormone” Pituitary
Base of brain, under the Hypothalamus (pea sized)
“Master Gland”; it produces hormones that cause the other glands to function properly
Split into the 2 lobes (anterior & posterior)
Glands Cont’d
Thyroid Front part of neck Regulates metabolism, bone growth &
nervous system development in children Helps maintain normal blood pressure, heart
rate, digestive patterns, muscle tone, and reproductive function
Parathyroid 2 pairs embedded in the Thyroid Regulates calcium levels in the blood as well
as metabolism
Glands Cont’d
Adrenal Triangle shaped gland located stop each
kidney 2 main parts
Adrenal Cortex: outside of gland-corticosteroids (control metabolism, balance of body salt and water levels, and have an immune function)
Adrenal Medulla: inside of gland-catecholamine (control adrenaline, heart rate, blood pressure, and cope with stress
Glands Cont’d
Reproductive Sex-hormones Male testes: testosterone Female ovaries: estrogen & progesterone
Pineal Middle of brain Deals with the hormone Melatonin in order to
regulate wake/sleep cycle
Glands Cont’d
Pancreas Behind the stomach, back of abdomen Hormonal functions & aids digestion 2 parts
Exocrine pancreas - secretes digestive enzymes Endocrine pancreas - insulin & glucagons which
regulate glucose levels in blood
Glands Cont’d
Kidney Lower abdomen, towards the back Considered part of the endocrine system
because they have some hormonal interactions with the adrenal glands & the rest of the body
Thymus Upper chest behind the breastbone 2 lobes which join in front of the trachea Important immune function
Diabetes Body does not produce or properly use
insulinHormone used to convert sugar,
starches, etc into energy needed for daily life
Two types of testsFasting Plasma Glucose Test (FPG)Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Pre-DiabetesBlood Glucose Levels are higher than
normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes.
No symptomsTreatment
Eat a healthy dietLose weight (5-10%)Exercise
Type 1 Diabetes Body does not produce insulin Children & young adults
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Type 1 Diabetes Cont’d Symptoms
Increased thirstFrequent urinationWeight lossExtreme hungerFatigueBlurred vision
Treatment Insulin injectionsNo oral medication
Type 2 DiabetesOften hereditaryObesity is a major factorMost commonAdult-onsetBody doesn’t produce enough
insulin or islet cells ignore the insulin
Type 2 Diabetes Cont’d Symptoms
Same as Type 1 + Headaches Slow healing cuts or sores Frequent yeast infections Itching Numbness/tingling in hands & feet Dark skin changes in neck, armpit, & groin
Treatments Oral Medication Insulin shots may have to be prescribed
Gestational Diabetes
Occurs only during pregnancy Placenta produces hormones which impair
the action of insulin in the tissues When blood sugar levels rise too high, it can
effect the growth & development of the baby No noticeable signs or symptoms but may
cause increased thirst & urination A doctor will address it
Gestational Diabetes Cont’d Treatments
Diet Exercise Medication
Insulin injections Oral
Blood Sugar monitoring (4-5 times a day) Draw blood from tip of finger & place on
test strip & put into glucose meter
Advancements in Diabetes Research
Comfort Curve strip by Accu-Check One Touch UltraSmart Meter Stem Cell Research Discovery of 6 new genes associated with the
onset of type 2 diabetes Europe, EURODIA & EUGENE2 projects
Reimplantation Implantable insulin pump
Endocrine DisordersCushing’s Syndrome
Exogenous & Endogenous Causes: too much cortisol in the blood for an
extended period of time Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the
adrenal glands (located above the kidneys) In normal amounts, it helps the body convert
fat to energy, maintain immune system function, maintain blood pressure and cardiovascular function, and respond to stress
Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d Causes continued…
Exogenous-Occurs in patients taking cortisol-like medications. These meds are usually used to treat inflamfamatory disorders like asthma. It is temporary and goes away when the patient finishes the course of medication
Endogenous- Much rarer, caused by tumor(s) on the adrenal glands or the pituitary gland (at the base of the brain). These tumors produce too much cortisol
Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d Effects:
Exogenous: Cushing’s will go away but if a person starts taking medications again for an issue like asthma, for example, it can start up again and thus medications must be taken
Endogenous: With surgery, the body’s production of ACTH drops two levels below normal. As compensation, patients take a synthetic form or cortisol. Some have to take this for 1-2 years while others must be on it for life.
Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d Symptoms:
Weight Gain (especially in the upper body) High blood sugar (diabetes) High blood pressure (hypertension) Thin bones (osteoporosis) Muscle Loss Purple/red stretch marks usually over the
abdomen and under the arms) Too much facial hair in women Poor height growth and obesity in children Weakness Easily-bruised, fragile skin Reduced sex drive Inability to think clearly/depression
Cushing’s Syndrome Cont’d Treatments: Depends on the cause
Exogenous – When the patient slows down and eventually stops taking the cortisol-like medications, Cushing’s syndrome will go away
Endogenous – The first approach is usually to have surgery which will remove the tumor(s). If this isn’t successful, patients can undergo radiation therapy, or drugs to lower cortisol production, or the removal of the adrenal glands
Endocrine DisordersAddison’s Disease
AKA Primary Adrenal Insufficiency Causes: The adrenal glands (located at the
top of each kidney) produce and insufficient amount of steroid hormones, despite having the right amount of ACTH, a hormone that tells the adrenal glands to release steroids
Effects: Treatments usually have to be continued for life.. As long as a person continues their dosage schedule, they can maintain a normal lifestyle.
Addison’s Cont’d Symptoms
Fatigue/Weakness Loss of Appetite Gastrointestinal problems (nausea, vomiting, etc) Darkening of the skin on the face, neck and back
of hands Low blood pressure A craving for salt (due to salt loss) Dehydration Sudden penetrating pain in the lower back,
abdomen, or legs
Addison’s Cont’d Treatments
Replacing or substituting the hormones that the adrenal glands are not making.
Medication can be taken orally Standard therapy included intravenous injections
of hydrocortisone, saline (salt water), and dextrose (sugar)
Citations http://www.hormone.org/Resources/Adrenal/loader.cfm?
csModule=security/getfile&pageid=874 http://www.hormone.org/endocrine_system_diseases.cfm http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/addison/
addison.htm#symptoms http://www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/
cushings.htm#treatment http://www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/type-1
diabetes/DS00329/DSECTION=symptoms http://www.endocrineweb.com/diabetes/1diabetes.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/type-2-diabetes/overview.html http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/gestational-diabetes/DS00316/
DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs http://www.eubusiness.com/Health/diabetes-research-eu.1/
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