The Law (Translated to Malayalam)

7/26/2019 The Law (Translated to Malayalam)

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The Law

Copyright 1998 by the Foundation for Economic Education

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,

recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permissionin writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief

passages in a review.

Foundation for Economic Education

30 South BroadwayIrvington-on-Hudson, NY 10533

(914) 591-7230

Publishers Cataloging in Publication(Prepared by Quality Books, Inc.)

Bastiat, Frederic, 1801-1850

[Loi. English]The law / Frederic Bastiat. 2nd ed. p. cm.

Includes index

Preassigned LCCN: 98-73568

ISBN 1-57246-073-3

1. Law and socialism. 2. LawPhilosophy. 3. Socialism and liberty. I. Title.

K357.B37 1998 340.115 QBI98-1118

Second edition, August 1998

second printing, September 2000; third printing, October 2001fourth printing, June 2004

Translated to Malayalam by Centre for Public Policy Research, India.Anitha, 1st floor,S.A. Road, ElamkulamKochi, Kerala, India- 682 020

Ph : +91 484 6469117 / 4043895

cppr@cppr.in

www.cppr.inFollow us:

www.facebook.com/cpprindia

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This books translation is made possible with the support grant from Atlas Network,Washington DC, USA


4/81

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dnmUv FnwKv (Richard Ebeling)

kmnI kzmX{yn\pthnbp {]Xntcm[w

Hcnepw Hcp Ffpap Imcya. Z shv Hm v

t\jykv (The Wealth of Nations)F {Kn

BZw kvanv Cmcytm Sp _pnapv hy

am nbnpv. ]W amWv GI [\w F ]g knmns\Xnscbpw 18mw \qmnse km

\nb { W pw ] Xn Ipw FXn scbpw

i amb FXnp I D bn Xn \p tijw

Atlw, t{Kv {_n\n kzm X { y h ym ]mcw Fs

Bibw Hcp BZicmjv{Sw F kz]v\wt]mse

bmWv Fv ]dbp hm\pw aSnn. At l ns

A`n{]mbn kmnI kzmX{yw F eywkmm XvIcnm cv {][m\ XS Dv.

Hm a Xmbn s]mXp P \ fpsS Cm c y n ep

aphn [n. cm a tXpw, adn I Sm ]mXp

amb ImcWw, ]e hy n I fpsSbpw kz Im cy Xm

]cyamWv. Ah kmnI kzmX{ys XpS

bmbn FXnpIbpw sNpw. s]mXpP\ fpsS

aphn[n FXpsImvBZw kv anv (Adam Smith)

Dtinp Xv km[m cW km CSs] S epI fn

eq sS bpw, \nb { W sfbpw Xmc X a y s Sp p

tm kzmX{y hn]W\ \b fpsS ta ImWn

pXn\v kmnI hnZKv[ ]nXpS Ip

gn Xpw a\ n em m ]m Xp amb hmZ

sfbm Wv. ]e hy nIfp sSbpw kz Im cy Xm]c y

F Xp sImv BZw kvanv Dt in Xv

km \nb { W sImv D hn p

kzmX{y acnep ]cnanXnI sImv em`w

BapJw


5/81

6

Dmp {]tXyI Xm]cymscbmWv. Ah km \nb{W

amm kXnpIbn. BZw kvanns A`n{]mbn ta ]d

cv Imc y fpw Hnp {]hn v, cmjv{So bhpw Bi b ] c hp amb

Xen kmnI kzmX{yw F kzm`mhnI \oXn Dmphm kXnn FXmWv. Fm 19mw \qmn kmnI kzmX{yw F

Bi bs hfsc efn X h cn v km[m c W m c\v a\ n em m

]p hn[n {]ISnnm Ignhp Hcp hynbpmbncpp B

hynbmWv {]kn {^v mkn DZmcoIcW [\XXzimkv{X

{io. s{^UdnIv _mnbmv (Frederic Bastiat) (1801-1850) tkmjyen k

nsbpw, CSs] S hXvI c Wn sbpw kwcW hmZn sbpw

apw Bib sf FXnm\pw Cmbva sNm\pw _mnbmn\pmbn

cp {]tXyI Ignhv kmnI imkv{X cmb Hn tesd Ncn {XIm

cam ASn hcbnv ]dn pv. k AeIvkm t{K (Sir Alexander

Grey)

bpsS hmp Ifn ""Xs {]Xn tbmKnbpsS Bi b C{XIv

hnUvVnamWv Fv tXmn n phm Ign hp asm cmfpw Dmbn

cpn. Ctmgpw Atlns Ghpw \izcamb IrXnIt]mepw hmbn

p Xv Hcp A\p q Xn bm Wv. Acw hy n I fn ImWp _pnssh hhpw, Zbbnm Ifnbmepw, Xs FXn cm fnIsf \njv{]` am

p ssienbpw AdntbXv XsbmWv.'' eqbnkv lo\n (Lewis Haney)

_mnbmns\n ]d Xv ""F{Xbpw Dz ehpw CjvSs SpXp amb

ssien bn, F{Xbpw ka ambXpw `mh\m P \n I hpambXpw hn] co

Xm {]tbmKw D]tbmKnpsImv P\sf ssIbnseSpp coXn

FtUzUv ssl (Eduard Heimann) F kzIm cy hn]Wn hnai

I\mb Fgp pImc _mnbmns\n ]dXv C{] Imc am Wv. ""Hcp[ocimen bmb Fgp p Im c \mWv At lw. hy h km b fpsS ]ptcm

KXnbneqsS kaqls ]ptcmKXnbntev \bnmsapw GI]ob

am acneqsSbmIWw AsXpw kan temI {]ikvX Fgp

pIm c.''

Nmkv PotUbpsSbpw (Charles Gide)Nmkv dnnsbpw (Charles Rist)

hmpI C{]ImcamWv. ""]pXpbpK kwcWhmZnI hntZi hkvXp

fpsS IS pI b s n, Ah bpsS Hcp cmPytp ag sh

]m en s\ n, ]d bm Xn cn m \p {][m\ Imc W fn Hv

_mnbmv FgpXn bn p sNdpXpw Fm BZ cn t Xp am bn p


6/81

7

eLpteJIsImmWv FXmWvkXyw. cmPy Xn thXncnp

ae Ip n eqsS km[ \ ssIamw sNm thn SW ep I

Dm nb Xn \ptijw, Dm p tm Xs Npaqeyap XS

hyh sNp hnUvVns C{X \nyamb mj bn hnainmampw Ign bn''. kwcWhmZn I fpsSbpw ]cn ]m e\hmZnI sfbpw

Xs i amb hmZ sImv _mnbmv hnain n cp p sh nepw

Atl ns XovWamb hnai\w A p `mjbnepw Atm

`yamb hn[nepambncpp Fpam{Xw Atlw Xs FXncmfnIfpsS

Dt i ipn tNmZyw sNbvXncp n F Xpam Wv. ""CXmWv hnyw kvtImv

(William Scott) F {^v ]cn jvI cWhmZn bpsS A`n {]mb n

_mnbmv Xs FXn cm fn Ip, kaq ls \m m \p

B{K ls ]qambn, AwKo Icnp Ibpw Fm Ah cpsS ]mX

icnbsv Ahsc t_mysSpn, ]psan icnbmb ]mXbntev

\bnphm {ianp''.

At l ns ta d KpW fmWv tPmk^v F. jpw]o

(Joseph. A. Schumpeter) Fn hsc smv _mnbmv BWv ""Pohn n

cp Xnshv Ghpw anSp \mb km nI ]{X{] hI Fv]d bn Xv ''.

epUvhnwKv thm ankkv (Ludwing Von Mises)

_mnbmns\ {]Ion

Xv ""anSp\mb ssien h`h Fpw, Atlw FgpXnbsXmsbpw

hmbnpXv icnbmb kpJw DmpXpamWv '' FXmWv. kwcW

hmZn Ipw AXp t]m se bp Nnm K Xnmpw FXnsc Atlw

\Snb hnai\sm henb hnai\w Cphsc Dmbnn Fp

am{X a kwc W hm Zn Ifpw CS s] S hmZn Ipw At l ns

hmZ ap J sXncmbn _pn ]q amb Hcp adp ]Sn t]mepw \Im

km[n n''.

ap Nne Fgp p Im _mnbmns\ ]nXp Sp h cp p ap v.

Ccp]Xmw \qmns XpSn Pohnncp {^v kzmX{yhn]Wn

[\ X Xz imkv{X Cuv Kntmhns(Yves Guyot)sNdnb ]pkvX

Iamb "kmnI aphn [n I fn' s^U dnIv _mnbmns ImmSpI ]nXpSpsImv cNnnpXmsWpw AXns Dtiw Xs

kXykwKXnI hfsc eLphmbn pXpw FfpambXpamb ssienbnepw


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8

hnh cn m\pw Ffp n Hmm\pw ]p Xc n _mnbmv

50 sImw ap]v sNbvX t]mse, sXp I Bpw a\ n em Ip

hn[n NqnImpXn \p th n bmWv Fpw ]d np v. sldn

lmknsev (Henry Hazliet)"Hcp ]mTn [\XXzimkv{Xw' F {KamWv _mnbm ns ssien sbbpw Bib sbpw DsmpsImv

Dm nb 20mw \qm ns Ghpw {]kn amb IrXn. AXn

{KImc ]dncnpXv C{]ImcamWv. _mnbmns ""hmv Cukv

ko Bv hmv Cukv t\mv ko'' (What is seen and What is not seen)

F eLp te J bpsS ]pXp nb ]Xn mbn XpSbmbpw, GtIm]\

ambpw Cu IrXnsb ImWm hpXm Wv.''

Hcp henb IhSmcs aI\mbn {^mknse _tbm (Bayyone) F

ev 1801 Pq 30mw Xob Xn bmWv tmUv s^U dnI v

_mnbmv (Cloade Frederic Bastiat)P\nXv. Atln\v Ggv hb

ptm A acn p. cpsImn \p tijw A\pw acnp. At

ls hfnbXv Atlns Ambnbmbncpp. AhcmWv At

ln\v ]Xn\mev hbptm Atls tImtfPv Hm v tkmkn

(College of Soreze)tNXv Fm ]Tnw apgphn nmsX ]Xnt\gmw hb n _tbm Wn D Am hs I hS m] \ n

tNp. Ipdp Ign tm gmWv At lns Pohn X sbpw Nn

sbbpw amn adnv {^v {]mNo\ kzmX{y [\XXzimkv{X\mb (tPm

_m]vnvtkbpsS (Jean Baptist Say) {Ksf ]cnNbsXv. XpSv

Atlw cmjv{Sob [\XXzimkv{Xs Kuchambn ]TnpIbpw {^mkn

sebpw {_n\nsebpw, ]ucmWnI kzmX{y FgppImcpsS {K

a\ n empIbpw sNbvXp.

1825 aKvdn (Mugron) F ev ]nXm a l \n \npw Hcp

sNdnb ew ]nXpS hgn, Atl n\v InpIbpw 1846 ]mco kn

tev t]mIpXphsc AhnsS XpIbpw sNbvXp. AhnsSbp Ccp

]Xv hjw _mnbmv Xs apgph kabhpw D]tbmKnXv hnhn[ hnj

b fn ep {K ]Tn m\mbn cp p. Xs D Nm Xn bmb

s^enIvkv tImt{Umbn (Felix Coudroy) bpambn Bi b fpw ]pkvXI

fpw ssIam dp am bn cp p. BZyw tkmj y env Nnm K Xn m c \mb

Iut{Um Xs Iqp Im c _mnbmns hy amb Nn bp sSbpw


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9

Fgp p I fp sS bpw, hmZ fp sSbpw kzm [o \ n kzm X {yw F

XX z im kv{Xn tev amdn Nnn p.

1820 epw 1830 epw hn hn [ fmb km nI hnj b sf n_mnbmv D]\ymk fpw GI hnjb {]_ fpw cNnp XpSn.

Fm At l ns t]cv bYm n Adnb sp XpSn bXv

1844 Atlw {]kn o I cn kz Imcy hn] W \s A\p Iq en p

sImp henb teJ\mepw tIm_vsU Bv Z eoKv (Cobden and

The League)F Cwojv aqhvsav Hm v {^o t{SUv( English Movement

for Free trade)F {]_m epamWv. Cu IrXn I FgpXn XpS n

btm Xs Atlw {_nojv Bn tIm tem eoKv (British Anti -Corn Law league)F kz X {y \nba Iqm bva bpsS BZ y Ime t\Xm

fn Hcmfmb dnmUv tIm_vU\pambn InS]mSpI XpSn. km

nI kzmX{yns Cu cp {]tbmmfpw hfsc s]sv ASp

kplrpfmbn. Ahcncphcpw kzmX{yns Biyv ]ckv]cw

]nXpW \In.

C{]Imcap IrXnIfpsS hnPbhpw 1846 {_n\nse ImjnI kwcI

{]m\ns Ayw Ipdn dnmUv tIm_vsUs (richard cobden) kz X {y hym ]mc \S] SnIfpsS hnP bhpw _mnbmv ]mco kn tev

amdm\pw {^v kzImcy hn] W\ kwL S\ cq]o I cn m AXns

Bi bp thn "se ent{_ FtNv ' (Le libre-Hchange)F

hmm ]{Xw XpS m\pw CS bm bn. cp hj mew Atlw

kzmX{y hym]mcs kwLSnnm\pw {]Ncnnm\pw Nnehgnp. BZy

Ime L n At lns \S] SnIsf ]nXp Wp Xn\p thn

{]kw K \S m\pw s]mXp P\ A`n {]mbw amm\p teJ \

Xm dm m\pw {^v kwc W \b sf Cm Xm p \nb a

Dm p Xn\pw apw hym ]mc hy h kmb taJeIfn \npw \nc h[n

BfpIsf BIjnm Atln\mbn. ]s AXn\v henb {]tbm

P\w Dmbn. kmcn\npw Inp klm b fp sSbpw AhIm

i fpsSbpw KpWt`m m fmb \nc h[n {]tXyI XmXv]cy {Kqp I

Dm bncpXn\m Atl ns Bi bsf A\p k yqXw ]nXp W

bvm\p s]mXp P\m`n{]mbw Dmm Atln\v km[nn. BZw

kvanv IpsSpnb s]mXpP\ns aphn[nbpw, XmXv]cyfpsS

inbpw {^mkn se nepw hy ambncpp.


9/81

10

1848 se {^v hn h n \p tijw _mnbmv cmjv{So b n Hcp

ssIt\mn. BZyw {^v c WL S\m k` bnepw ]noSv \nb a k bnepw

Atlw AwK ambn. kwc W \b fpsS ]mfn I Xs Fgp p

Ifn XpdpImnb Atlw AXn\ptijw kmnI kzmX{yns]pXnb i{Xp hmb tkmj y en k ns t\sc Xncn p. \nb a k bn

Atlw s]mXp a cmav ]Xn Is Xn scbpw, tZiob sXmgn Ddv

] Xn Is Xn scbpw kzv hn` Pn p sIm Sp p Xn s\ Xn scbpw

hyhkmb tZihcnpXns\Xnscbpw DtZymK Zpjv{]`pXzw

kmaq ly km nI taJ e I fn \S p IS p I b n s\ Xn sc

bpw Atlw iambn hmZnp. Fm btcmKw aqnXpaqew i_vZw

IpdXpaqetam Atlw Fgpntev Xncnp. tkmjyenpIfpsS

hmZ fpsS Akw _ sf Xpdp Imn Atlw \nc h[n D] \ym

k FgpXn {]kno Icnp.

1850 s^{_p h cn bn emWv _mnbmv \nb a k bn Ah km \ ambn

h Xv. B sIms hk tm sSmw Xs At l ns

BtcmK y nXn hen btXm Xn tami amhp Ibpw \nb a k`bn Dc hm

ZnX zn\nv Atlw Hgn hmIpIbpw sNbvXp. ZnW {^mknse]nc Wokv ae \nc IfmWv B sIms th\Imew Atlw sNehgn

Xv. btcm Kn \p NnIn bvp thn C en bntev Xncnp

Xn \p ap]v sk]vXw _ amk n {^mkn Xncn s p Ibpw

kzmX{y hym]mc hmZnIfmb kplrpsf ImWpIbpw sNbvXp. 49mw

hbn 1850 Unkw_ 24mw XobXn tdmam \Kc n shv Atlw

A cn p.

s^U dnIv _mnbmns km nI kzm X { y s n bp `uXnI

{]_w aqv hmey fnembn Dsm p p. AXn C tWm anIv

tkm^n kwkv, cmjv{Sob [\X X z imkv{X nse Xnc s Sp {]_

F t]cn ep cv IrXn I fmWv At l nsXmbn pXv cv

hmey Cwojn e` yam Wv. B cv thmfy fn emWv Atl ns

Ghpw Ipdnv sImp lmk ym fl Ihpw ZoL ho W hp ap

D]mkfpw teJ\fpw DXv.

At lns Ahkm\ ImeL n Atlw kmaqly XX zim kv{X

nepw km nI knm fnepw s]mXp hmbn Fgp Xnb


10/81

11

teJ \ fn Dsm n n pv C tWm anIv lma Wokv F

]pkvXInemWv.

sldn lmk nsev (Henry Hazlitt)icn bmbn ]d n p Xp t]mse1850 Atlw acn pXn\v sXmpap]v FgpXnbnp hmv Cukv

ko Bv hm v Cukv t\m v ko F D]\ymknemWv Atlns

teJ \ fpsS tI{_np Dsm pXv. Atl ns A`n {]mb

n Hcp {]hn bpsStbm Bi b nstbm s]sv Df hm p

êhpw ZoL Ime p f hm Ip êhpw Xn henb hy X ym k

DmIpw. bYmn ]XnbnXpt]msebmbncnWsan. Cm

cyfn DmIp hnZqc]cnWnXêw. _mnbmns\ \nIpXnIfnepwkm tPmen Ifnepw ImWmhp Xpw ImWm ]m Xp amb Bib

sf kw_nv D]tbmKnm Ignbpw. km \nIpXnIsfsImv

ImWp ew sXmgnem fnIv sXmgnepw AhcpsS A zm\w sImv

Dm Ip tdmUp I fpw, ]me fpw, I\m ep I fpamWv. Fm A{]Im

c ap \nIpXn ]Ww kz Im cy taJ e I fnse hy n I fn \npw

FSp msX km Xs sXmgn em fn Iv sXmgn Dm m sX

bpw Ccp m ta d ]Ww D] tbm Knv kz Im cy hy n IDm p Imcy fmWv ImWm ew. kz Im cy hyn I fn \npw

FSpmsX km Hpw Dmp n.

tkmjyenpIfpsSbpw kwcWhmZnIfpsSbpw Bibfnse sXpw

sshcpy fpw Xpdp Imm _mnv hfsc efn X am bXpw Fmepw

hfsc {]m[m\yapXpamb tad Bibamb Bbp[amWv D]tbm

KnpXv. Atlns D]mkfmb ""[mcmfnhpw Zue`yhpw,

""XSfpw ImcWfpw'', ""{]bXv\fpw efpw'' Fnhbnsemw

IqSn Atlw ImWn p XcpXv kzXyhym ]m c n \p XS fpw,

\ntcm [\ fpw Zmcn {Zy n tev \bnp FXmWv.

Atlw kqNn n p Xv \ Hmtcm cp cpw D] t`m m fpw

Dev]m Z Icpw F Xm Wv. Hcp hkvXp \v D] tbmKnW sa n

HpIn AXv \ Xs DmpIbpw Asn \mhiyap

hkvXp ssIhiap Bv Bh i yap Hcp hkvXp \ Dmncp h kvXp Xn ssIamw sNp Itbm thWw F bmYm

y am Wv. D] t`m m F \nebvv \v Ghpw IqSp X


11/81

12

hkvXp Ghpw Ipd hnebvv InW sa hnNmcam Wv. thsd

hmn ]dm \pv [mcm fnw Bh iy amWv. Fm D]mZ

Icmb \v \psS hkvXp hn]Wnbn Zue`yapXmIWsa

mWv B{Klw. Hcp Xpd acap hn]Wn ssIam kzw CjvS{] Imcw am{Xw \S p Xm Wv. A{] Im cap hn]Wnbn D] t`m m

sf Inm\pw IqSpX hcpam\w DmIm\pw AXpaqew \p th

km[ \ hmp hm\pw D GI amw \ fp ambn a cn p

hscm \Xpw hneIpdXpw IqSpXepamb hkvXp D]t`mm

v hmKvZm\w sNpI FXp am{Xam Wv. CX msX D Hcp hgn

D]mZIcmb \ cWIqSs B{ibnpw \v kam[m\]chpw

A{IaclnXhpw Bbn hn] Wnbn \npw t\Sm ]m hkvXp

\psS Abm cn \npw `c W Iq Sh y h D]tbmKnv t\Sn sb

Sp ep amsWv _mnbmv \sf XmoXv sNbvXp.


12/81

13

A h X m c n I hm C. hneywkv (Walter E . Williams)

F\n v 40 hbv {]m bap tmgm Wv Rm

s^UdnIv _mnbmnsd ""\nbaw'' F mkn

{Kw hmbn Xv. F\n v Adn bm HcmfmWv B

]p kvXIw F\n v Abp XXv. AtltmSv

Rm Fpw ISsh\mbncnpw. Cu ]pkvXIwhm bn Xn \ptijw _mnbmns d knm

Cm sX kzm X{y Iem hnZym ym kw ]q am In

Fv F\nv Ddmbnpv _mkvymns\ hmbnXn

\ptijw Fsd PohnXhoWs HcppXn

\p thn , Rm ap v ]n XpS hgn Isfmw

shdp sXbm bn cp p Fv F\n v t_m [y am bn.

""\nbaw'' F ]pkv XIw Fs XmXzn Iambn amnadnpXn\p]Icw kzmX{ysbpw a\pjys

kz`m hsbpw ]n bp Fs d Nn I v

ASppw Nnbpw \In.

kzm X{ysn bp N I \n ch[n XXz

Nn Im \Sn bn p v. _mnbmv AXn

Hcm fmWv. Fm _mnbmns d Ghpw hen bkw`mh\ Atlw tad NI ZtKm]p

cfn \n pw ]p dtbv v sIm p hp

shXpw XXz im kv {Xn s d Kmw o cyw Hpw

Ip dbv m sX kzm X{y sn bp Bibw

\n cc\p w Iq Sn a\n em m km [n pw hn [w

BpIbpw sNbvXp FXmWv. hyIvXn kzmX{y

n s d [m n I ta tm bv asbn \p sS\mpImsc t_m[yampXn\vGhpw \nmbIw

hy IvXXtbmsS AXn s\n kwkm cn pIbmWv.


13/81

14

_mnbmns d ap hsctm seXs `cWIq Sam Wv kz m X{y n

s d Ghpw hen b FXn cm fn sbv Xn cn dn n p v. \n ba]cam b

sIm XpSn b hr n sI `cWIq Sw \S]Sn Isf \ap v a\n em

n Xcp hm Atlw B{ibn n p hy Iv XX Xn cn dn tbXm Wv._mnbmns Xmsg]dbp hmpIfn CXv hyIvXamWv. ""\nbaw Hcp

hy IvXnbn \n pw Abm fp sS DSakv YXbn ep Hcp km[\w FSp v

AXn s d DSakv YXbn m asm cm v sIm Sp p Xp Im Wp I.

AXp t]m seXs Hcp hy Iv Xnv asm cp hyIv Xn bp sS Nnehn Kp Ww

In p Xv, (\n baw aq ew BsWn , In p hy Iv Xn v \n ban s d

]n_ean sn Inp Kp Ww Ip IcamIpsan epw ) AXv \nba]c

am b sIm bmbn IWm Ww. C{]Im cw \n ba]cam b sIm

bv p Ir Xy am b \n hN\w \ev Ip tm `cWIq Sn s d an

\S]Sn Ifpw \n ba]cam b sIm sbm ]p tcm Ka\n s d t]cn

\Sp \nba]camb Ifshm BsW hkvXpX \apv\ncmIcnm

km [n pIbn .

s{^U dnIv _mnbmn\v \p sS kzm X{y {]Jym ]\n Hp h

hcp sS Iq n Ffpw tNcmambncpp . A{]Im cw kzmX{y n sho Wn s dbpw `cWIq Sn s d bYm ISaIfp sSbpw

{]tbmIv Xm fp sS hoWw Xm sg]dbp hm p Ifn hyIv XamWv.

""Fm a\p jy scbpw Xp eycm bn m Wv kr jv Sn n p sXpw Ahcn

\n pw FSpp am m ]m Nne AhIm i krjvSm hv sImSp n

p spw AXn Nn eXv Po hn Xw, kzm X{yw , ktm jn tep

bm{X Fn hbm sWp kXy n R hn iz knpp. C{]Im

cap AhIm i In p Xn \p thn a\p jy cp sSbn Sbn `cWIq Ss Dm n _mnbmns d CtX \n e]m Sp I Xsbm Wv

Bh n p Xv. ""Po h, Ign hp I, Dev ]m Z\w Fp ]dm

hy Iv Xn Xzw , kzm X{yw, kz p AXm Wv a\p jy. kq {Xm cm b

cmjv{So b t\Xm Dmbnpt]mepw ta]d aq v ssZhZm\

a\p jy \n n Xam b \n ba v Ftm gpw ap n epw tasebp am Wv.''

\p sS ]nXmalm cWIqSn\v sIm Sp AtX \ymbo IcWam Wv

_mnbmv sImSppXv. Atlnsd hmpIfn ""Poh, kzmX{yw,kz p Fn h \n e\n ev p Xv a\p jy\v \n baw Dm n bXv

sIm . t\scadn v Po h, kzm X{yw , kz p Fn h hfsc


14/81

15

tcsXs Dm bXp sIm m Wv a\p jy s\ \n ba BZy am bn

\nntnhXv. ""\psS kzmX{ynsd {]Jym]\nepw \nbaw''

F Cu ]pkv XInepw XnpXn \npw tacw Hcp {]Jym]\w

kzm mhn Iam bXpw Zn hyhp amb Bb AhIm isfn C\n ]dbm\n .

_mnbmv kzmX{yns\nbp Xsd {]XoIsfmw Atacn

sFIy\mSpIfnemWv IXv. Atlnsd hmpI C{]ImcamWv.

" "sFIy \m Sp Ifn tev t\mq \n bas AXn s d bYm

hym ]v Xn bn \n n bn cn p asm cp cm Py hpw Cu tem In .

AXn \m Xs km aq ln I hy hkv Y C{Xta Zr Vam b ASn d

bp ap asm cp cmPy hpw temIn . Fm _m kv y mv 1850 XsAtacn sFIy\mSpIfnse cv t]mcmbvaIsfn ]dnpv. AXv

""ASn aw, kzm X{y n s d \n ba]cam b ew L\am Wv. kw cW

Np w, kzv AhIminsd \n ba]cam b ew L\amWv.''

_mnbmv Ctm Po hn n cp sn \n bas AXn s bYm

]cnanXnbn HXpn \nm \vkm[nmXn\v \ncmi\mtbs\.

Hc \q m n \p n \ AXn \m bn cwn Xcw \n ba

Dm n. AXn ]e \n bafpw bmsXmcp A\o Xn bpw sNmh[nIw t]mepw A\o Xn sNm cWIqSn \v A[n Imcw \evIp h

bm Wv. Cu \nba kzImcy kv Ym ]\fn se ]pIhen \n tcm[np

\n bafpw km aq ln I kp cbv p thn \n _n X ]n cn hp

\Sp ssek kv \n bafpw ASn kv Ym \Iq en Ddm p

\n bafpw ap am Wv. Hm tcm Im cy n sshZam bn X\n p

Xn p A[n Im c kw cn p hm \pw Xs d {]h n Isf

\n b{n m Xn cn m Bhiy sSp Xp am b hy Iv Xn I v `cWIq S

ns ASp p\n pw Ahkm\w In p Xv acWam bn cnpw.

_mnbmn s d A`n{]m bn kam[m\]chpw kzbsabpXpam b

a\pjy {]hnIsf \nb{np \nbafpw kzImcyX AhImis

Sphs\ in n p \n bafpw ssZhw Ifn m\p tkm jy enkvp

Ifp sS A`n hm \bm Wv. km aq ln I Iq m bv a Dm m \p

Akwkv Ir X ]Zm am {XamWv tkm jy enkvpIv s]mXp P\wFXm Wv. A{]Im cap taemfmv, Ifn apw ]m {X \nmXmhpw

Xn ep _w t]m sebm Wv hy Iv Xn Ifpw \n ba\n m Xm fpw


15/81

16

Xn ep _w. C{]Im cap Nn m KXn m tcm Sv _mnbmn \p

tZjyw , \n baw F {Kn hy Iv Xam p p v. A{]Im cap

a\pjycminbpsS mhn cWm[n]mtcmSpw \XpsNpp Fv ]dp

\Sp htcmSv Atlw Bt]np Xv C{]Im cam Wv. ""hrn sIPo hnIsf, \n C{X hen bhmcm Wv Fv \n Nn n pp thm!

\n a\p jy cm in hfsc sNdp Xm sWv Xo cp am \n p Ign tm.

\n v Fmw ]cn jv Icn Wsam tWm. BZyw \n sfXs

]cnjvIcnmsXv? B {]hn Xs [mcmfw aXnbmhpw. "_mnbmv

Hcp ip m ]v Xn hn izm km c\m bn cp p. kzm X{y n s d cbv p

thnbp Atln sd hmKvhn emkw ew Im Wpw Fv Atlw

hn iz kn p. Fm Ncn {Xw Atltm sSm a. a\p jy cm in bp sS

Ncn {Xw Xs ]n Ifn eq sSbpw Fm {][m \am bpw `cWIq Sn

teq sSbpw htcWy h w kz w Im cy km [y n \m bn \Sp

Ir Xy amb hn thN\hpw , \n b{n ep amWv. tIm SnWn \v \n c]cm [n

Ifm b hy Iv Xn Isf an hm dpw Ahcp sS `cWIq Sfn Xs

Acpw sIme sNbv X kSIcam b Ncn {Xam Wp Xv. cpaqv \q mp

I p tijw Ncn {Xw Fgp Xp Hcp hy Iv Xn a\p jy Ip en se Hcp

sNdn b hn m Kn {]tXy In v ]m iv Nm Xy tem In hfscIp d

Hcp Im ebfhn Dm bn cp a\n em m ]m Ncn {XIu Xp I

ap "kzmX{yw'F Bibsn hnhcn pam bn cn pw. A{]Imc

ap Ncn{XImc kzmX{yw F Bibw Hcp XmevmenI {]Xn`mkam

sWpw, a\p jy cm in AXn s d hy hkv Ym ]n X kz m ham b hn thN\

cln Xam b \n b{Wn tepw Xn cn p t]m bn Fpw FgpXpw.

C{]Im cap t`m jan Xm flIam b Hcp hn ebn cp p Xv sXm sWvNcn{Xw sXfnbn p sav Binmw. tem Ism Spw Dmbnsm n

cnp tkm jy enkv v, Iyq Wn kvv Bibfp sS XI {]Xo bp

sS sNdn b shfnw \ev Ippv. thsd {]Xom \n cam b Hcp kw KXn

km tXn I hn m \ hn kv t^m S\w aq ew `cWIq S v Ahbp sS

]ucmscn bpff hn hc tiJcnm \pw Ahsc \n b{nm \pw

]m hn [n hcp AhkvYbm Wvv. hnhn c kmtXn IhnZy \q X\

[\ ssIam hn Zy I Fn haq ew `cWIq Sn \v \n b{n m \p Ignhv Ipdp hcn Ibpw sNethdn bXpw BIpp. cmjv{Sw hnp

hcp Cu hn hc kmtXn I hn Zy temInse ]ucm v ]ckv]cw


16/81

17

hn hc apw ]pshbv m\pw ssIamdm\pw AXv cW Iq SfpsS

Adnthm , A\p hm Ztam Iq SmsX sNp hm t\m km [n pw. Atacn

sFIy \mSp Ifnep kzmX{y ns d `m hnsbn F\n v ip`m ]vXn

hnizmktmsS Nnnm km[npXvIyqWnknsd XIbpwkm tXn I hnZybpsS ]pXn b Ip ]nSp fpw AtXm sSmw _mn

bmn s Bibsf Iq p ]n Sn p _ehm b kz Im cy hn ]W\

tI{fp am Wv. sFIy \m SpIfn kzm X{yw XIm AXv Fm bn

Spw XIcpw Fv Ddm Wv. kzmX{y sn bp _mnbmn sd

hy Iv Xam b Bibsf Iq Sp X ]cn NbsSp p I FXv

_lp am \sbpw kv t\lsbpw ho pw ]cn t]m jn m \pw

Atacnbp sS s]m Xp P\fn kzmX{yw F Bibs ho pw

_esSpm \p Hcp {][m\ \S]Sn bm Ipw Fv F\n v tXmp p.


17/81

18

\ n baws{^UdnIv _mnbmv (Frederic Bastiat)

" "ssh Ir Xam s \n bahpw AtXm sSm w

hnIrXam s cm jv{S n s d t]m eo kv

A[nImchpw \nbas AXnsd bYm Dtiy

n \n pw hy XnNen n p Fp am{Xa FXn

Znibntebvv AXns\ henpsImpt]mhpIbpwsNbv Xp ! Fm cw B nbp sSbpw Bbp [

ambn \nbaw amdn. IpIrXysf \nb{npXn\p

]Icw in n stS Hcp Ip Ir Xy am bn

\n baw amdn!''

CXv kXyamsWn AXv Hcp KpcpXcamb hkvXp

Xbm Wv Fsd \m p Im cp sS {i CXntebvvWnpXv Fsd [mnIamb _m[yXbmWv.

Po hn Xw ssZhn s d Zm \w

Poh (`u Xn Ihp w _u nIhpw [m n Ihp am b

Pohn Xw) asm km\sfbpw Dsmp

B km\w ssZhZamWv. Fm Poh\v kzbw

\n e\n n . {kmhv AXns\ \n e\n m \pwhnIknnm\pw anIXmm\pap DchmZnw

\fnemWv AnnpXv. AXn\pthn \apv

]ehn [fmb Ignhp Ifpw Xn p v. hn hn[

fm b {]Ir Xnhn`hfp sS \Sp hn em Wv \s

kr jv Sn n p Xv. \p sS Ign hp Isf {]Ir Xn

hn`hfn {]tbmKnv \mw Ahsb ]p Xn b

D fmn amp p. Po hn Xnsdapt]mp {]bmWn\vBhiyamWv Cu {]{Inb.

Po h , Ign hp I, D Asn


18/81

19

hy Iv Xn Xzw, kzm X{yw, kz v CsXmw Iq Sn bXm Wv a\p jy.

cm jv {SobmcpsS kq{X FpamIs, ta ]d aq v Zm \,

a\p jy\nnXamb \nbatm {][m\hpw, t{ijvThpamWv.

Poh, Ignhp I, D Fn h a\p jy \n baw DmnbXp

sIm \ne\npXv. Poh, IgnhpI D Fnh BZyta

Dm bn cp Xp sIm m Wv a\p jy \n ba Dm n bsXmWv

hkvXpX.

FmWv \n baw?

Fm Wv bYm n \n baw ? AXv kzbcbvp HmtcmhyIv Xn bp sSbpw AhIminsd kwLSnXamb kwhn [m \amWv.

\apvHmtcmcppw \psS hyIv XnXzsbpw, Pohs\bpw, kzmX{y

sbpw, kzns\bpw kwcnm\p ssZhZamb kzm`mhnImhIm

iap v. ]ca{][m\amb tad aqp Imcyfpw AhbpsS

kw cWhpw ]ckv ]cw _sn cn p p. GsXn epw Hn s d

kwcWw ap cnsdbpw kwcWs B{ibnncnpp. bYm

n \psS Ignhp I FXv \psS hy IvXnXz n s d XpS

am{Xat? \psS kzp B IgnhpIfpsS Xp S am {Xat?

Hcp hyIvXnv _ew {]tbmKnp t]mepw AbmfpsS Pohs\bpw kzmX{y

sbpw kzp sfbpw kw cn m AhIm iw Dsn, AtX

am\Zfin Hcp kaqln\v kwLSnm\pw AhcpsS AhImi

mbnbmbn kwcnm Hcp s]mXp in cq]mIcnm\pw AXns\

]npWbvm\pw AhIm iap v. AXm bXv kaqlnsd AhImiw(AXn s d {]knbpw \nba`{ZXbpw) hynbpsS AhIm in \n

m Wv Dhn p Xv. kzm m hn Iambpw s]m Xp hm bp AhIm i

kw cn m cq]oIrXamb kwL_en\v hy Iv Xn bp sS AhIm

in\pdw bm sXm cp Dtiy tam ey tam DmIm ]mSn . Hcp hy IvXn

v asmcp hyIvXnbpsS Pohs\bpw kzmX{ysbpw kzns\bpw l\n

m \nba]cambn AhImiw CmXp sImp Xs hyIvXnIfpsStbm,

kw Lfp sStbm Po hs\tbm kzm X{y stbm, kz n s\tbml\nm kwLiIvXnpw AhIm iw C.

A{]ImcamsXbp _e{]tbmKw hynIfpsSbpw kwLfpsSbpw


19/81

20

Imcyn km[qIcWanmXmWv. \psS kz Im cy AhImisf

kwcnpXn\p am{XamWv _e{]tbmKw kXambnpXv. \psS

ktlmZcfpsS kam\amb AhImi \innphm\mWv \v

iIv Xn Xnp Xv Fv B m Wv ]dbp hm IgnbpI? Hcp hy IvXnv kz amb _e{]tbmKn eq sS asm cp hyIv Xn bp sS AhImis

Cm bv a sNp hm \n ba]cam bn Ign bm Xp t]m se Xsbm Wv

kwL_ew D]tbmKnv A{]Imcw \nba]cambn sNm ]mSn FXpw.

kw L_ew FXv sshbnI iIv XnIfp sS Hcp Iqm bv a Am sX

asmpa.

CXv icn bmsWn Xmsg ]dbp Imcyw hfsc hyIv XamWv:\n baw FXv \n ba]cam b kzbcbvp kwLSnXamb

kzm`mhnImhImiamWv. AXvkwLiIv Xnsb sshbnI inv ]Icw

shbvemWv. hyIv XnIv kzm`m hnIam bpw \n ba]cam bpw sNm

AhImiap Im cy am{Xta kwLin sImv sNm ]m Spq.

AXmbXv Poht\bpw kzmX{ytbpw kzptfbpw kwcnpI

Hmtcm hynbpsSbpw AhIm i \ne\npI, IqSmsX

\oXnbpsS hmgvN DdphcppI.

\oXn bp IvXhpw ncXbpXpamb Hcp k m

ta {]Im cap ASn kv Ym\ Bibfn Hcp cmPyw sInSpm

AXn se P\ v Ahcp sS Nn bnepw {]h n bn epw {Iaw

]menm\mIpsav F\nv tXmp p. A{]Imcap Hcp cm Pyn

Ghpw efnXhpw kzoImcyhpw, em`{]Zhpw, \nbXambXpw \oXn bp Iv Xhpw ncX bp Xpw ASn am Xpam b Hcp km , AXn s d

cmjv {So b apJw Fpam Is, Dm Ipsam Wv F\n v tXmpXv.

As\bp Hcp `cWn Iogn, Fmhcpw XmmfpsS

B\pIqeysfbpw Xp DchmZnsfbpw Ipdnv

t_myaphcmbncnpw. hynsb \nebn AwKoIcnsSpIbpw

sXmgnseSpm\p kzmX{yw A\p`hnpIbpw AXns

KpW^esf \oXnclnXamb CSs]Sen \npw apambn ssIhiwsNpIbpw sNp bmsXm cm pw k m cp am bn Hcp X hp w

DmIm hIpn.


20/81

21

hn Pbn p \nptm \mw k m (tv) kw hn [m \tmSv \n

]dtb Bhiyw C. IjI Imemh NXnXn\v cmjv{Ss

Ip w ]dbp Xp t]m sebmIpw ]cmPbv k m cn s\ Ip w

]dbpI FXv. km \apv A\p`hthZyamIpXv km FCu kw hn[m \w \ Ip kpcn XXzw aqeambncnpw.

kzImcy Im cy fn km cn s d CSs]S CmXp aq ew \psS

Bhiy fpw AhbpsS \ndthepw bpym\pkrXambn hn Ikn p

Xm Wv . An\p apt kmlnXyinWw At\zjnp Zcn {Z

IpSpw _sf \mw Isp hcn. kmlnXyw (Literacy)h \Kc

{KmafpsS Nnehn NndIn P\s]cpamIpXv \apv ImtWnhcnIbn. adnpw \n ba aq ew Ctm DmIp aqe[\ns

dbpw sXmgnem fnIfp tSbpw P\XXnIfptSbpw henb kvYm \Ne\

Ahkm\npw.

\psS \ne\n]n\vB[mcamb Imcyt]mepw Anchpw Zp_ehp

amIp Xv cmjv{S \nnXamb Cu ]emb\ sImmWv. AXpaq ew

kmcn\pXs DchmZnXzfpsS mcw {IamXoXambn hnpp.

\n ban \v ]cn]qambpw hgn ]ngbvptm

\n baw AXn s d bYm ISaIfn HXp n \n ev pn FXv

\n`mKyIcamWv. Cu hyXnNe\w XmcXtay\ A{][m\am bXpw Xm n

Ihp am b hn jbfn am{XaXm\pw. \n baw AXn s d bYm

Dtiy sXn cm bn p s {]h n p p. AXnsd Xs

ey \in n p p. GXp \o Xn bm tWm \n baw sIm v \n e\ndpm Dtin n pXv B \oXnsb Cmbva sNm \pw \n bawaq ew

kwcnstS AhImisf ]cnanXsSpm\pw CmXmm\pw

AtX \n basXs D]tbm Kn p Ahkv Ybp v. \n baw F

kwLSnX iIvXn XzZobnmhcpsS Xmfns\mv Xpptm,

Ahv aphcpsS kzmX{ysbpw kznt\bpw hyIvXnXztbpw

Nq jWw sNm A]mbtaXpanmsX Ahkcw Hcp p p. AXv

sIm sb kw cn p Ibpw sIm sNp hm \p AhIm iam bnAXv amdpIbpw sNpp. kzbcsb kwcnm\p {ian\nSbn

AXv kzbcsbs Hcp Ipamn amnbncnpp.


21/81

22

Cu am{`wiw Fs\ bmYmyambn? AXp sIm p m b `hn jy

pI Fsmw ?

Xn Ipw hy Xy kv Xfm b cp Im cWfm Wv \n bansd hgnsXm\p cp ImcW.

1. _pniq\yamb AXymn

2. I]Samb PohImcpWy {]h\

\apv BZy s Im cWsn Ctm kw kmcn mw.

am cIam b Hcp a\pjy{]hWXkz kw cWhpw kz hn Ik\hpw Fm hcpsSbpw s]m Xp hm b

B{KlfmWv. Fmhpw XSfnmsX AhchcpsS IgnhpI

D]tbmKnm \pw Ahchcp sS Azm\êw kz X{am bn hn \ntbm Kn

m\pw Ahkcapsn kaql]ptcmKXn \ncchpw APhpambn

XpSts\.

Fm P\v asmcp s]mXpkz`m hapvv. Xcw Inptm aphcpsS sN ehn Po hnm \pw hrnsSm\pap {]hWX. CXv shdpw

Hcp IpsSpe. hnjmZmflItam, IcpWbnmtXm Bb a\ns

krnbpa. Ncn{Xw Cu kXyn\p kmnbmWv. \nebvm bp,

Iq em b\, aXn s d t]cn ep ]o U\w , km euInIamb

ASnaw, IhSnse I, IpII Fnh DZmlcW.

am cIam b Cu B{Klw a\p jy sd kz`mhn Xs eo\amWv.

Ghpw Ipd Azm\w sImv Xsd B{Kl kêo Icn m\p {]mIrXhpw keuInIhpw A\nb{nXhpamb ASnkvYm\ tNmZ\.

kzpw sImbpw

a\p jy \v Po hn Wsanepw Xs d B{Kl kêo Icn W

sanepw \nccamb {]bXv\w BhiyamWv. {]IrXnhn`hfntep

a\p jys d Ign hpIfp sS \n ccam b {]tbm Khpw AXn \m hiy am Wv.

Cu {]{InbbmWv kznsd Dhw.

Fm CtX eyn\p thn aphcpsS Azm \nsd êw


22/81

23

Xn dn p Ibpw D]tbm Kn p Ibpw sNmsapXpw kXy am Wv.

sImbp sS Dhw Chn sSbm Wv.

_p n ap p I Hgn hm p IsbXv a\p jy s d kz`m ham bXn \m epwAzm \saXv _p n ap p G m Sm bXn \m epw sIm sN

Azm \tm Ffp ap km lNcyn a\p jy sIm sb

B{ibnpsaXvNcn{X kXyamWv. aXnt\m, [mnIXbv tm AXn\p

XSbnSm Ignbn.

sIm FtmgmWv ]ns Ahkm\npI?

AXv Azm \sm _pn ap p Xpw A]ISIcam hptm gpam Wv.AXpsIm v kw L_esa iIvXn bp ]tbmKnv Azm \n \p ]Icw

sIm sb am cIamb {]hWXsb XSbp Xm Wv \n ban s d

bYm Dtiyw FXv hy Iv Xam Wv. \n ban s d Hmtcm \ohpw

kzn s\ kwcn pXpw sIm sb in n p Xpam IWw.

Fm Hcp hyIvXntbm, hynIfpsS Hcp Iqtam BWv s]mXpth \nbaw

DmpXv. Hcp A[oi iIvXnbpsS ]n_ehpw BiomZhpansn

\n ban \v {]h n m Ignbm Xn \m A{]Im cap HcpiIvXn bn embncnWw \n baap m m \p A[n Imcw.

Cu hkvXpXbpw {]bXv\clnXamb Bhiy km[nm\p

a\pjysd tad kzm`mhnIamb hmk\bpw tNp

hmbnptm keuInIambns \nban\p kw`hn

ZnimhyXnbm\n\p hniZoIcWambn. \n baw A\oXn sb Xpcp

Xn \p ]Icw A\o Xn \Sn em p hm \p Bbp [am bn am dp XvFs\sbv a\nemm Ctm _pnapn. \nbas Dmp

h \n baw D]tbm Kn p Xs ]ebfhn ap P\fp sS hyn

kzmX{ys ASnaepw ASnahpw sImv kzns\ sIm

sImpw \innpXv Cs\bmWv. CXv \n baw \nnph\v

KpWw sNpw: Abm v A[nImcn ep ]nSn n\v B\p]mXn

Ihpambncnpw.

\n ba]cam b sIm bp sS CcI

A\o Xn sXn sc s]mcpXp Xv AXn\ncbms a\p jy s d


23/81

24

kz`mhamWv. \nbaw AXv Dmphs em`n\pthn sImbvv

Iq p\n p tm sIm sNsh \nbaapmphcpsS

KWntebvv Fs\bpw ISp Ibdm {ianpw. kam[m\]ctam,

hn hIctam BIs amw. sIm sNs h w A[n Im cnsenbm AhcpsS {]_pXbpsS Afh\pkcnv C\ndbp

cn tesXn epw eyw \Sn em m {ian pw: Hp In sIm

\n em pI, Asn AXnsd ]p ]pI.

\n ba]camb sIm bp sS CcI A[n Imcw Inn gnv cmas

am w XncsSp m B cm Pyn s d kvYn Xn Ijv Sambn cn pw.

As\ kw`hnpXp hsc Hcp \yq\]w qcn]s \nba]cambn sIm bSnp sImncnpw. \n ba\n mW {]{Inbbn ]sSp

phm Ip dp t] p am{Xw AhIm iap m bn cn p Imetmfw

AXs\bmbncnpw. Fm h pw \n ba\nmWn ]sSpp

hm Ahkcap m bn Fncns k{Xbp sImsImv

]ckv]cw hncpfmb XfpsS Xmcy kpe\w sNm

Ah {ianpw. kaqln \npw A\oXn XpSpampXn\p ]Icw

A\o Xn km {Xn Iamp I Fw. sIm bpsS CcI A[n Imcn sen bm ap htfmSv ]Icw hop Hcp kwhn [m \ambn

cn pw Ah sImphcnI. \nba]camb sIm Ah \nemn.

(A{]Im cap \n tcm [\n \v Ah v DXn t\m Iq Sp X

hnthIhpw {]_pXbpw BhiyamWv). Ah XfpsS Xmcyv

hncpsanepw ap Km an Ifp sS Zpjn ]m X ]n p Scp w. \o Xn bp sS

hmgvN hcpXn\v apv Fmhcpw Ccsamch klnt Xocq F

amWv: {Iqcamb Hcp XncnSn. Nnev AhcpsS ZpjvsNbvXnIv,

Nnev AhcpsS IYbnmbvabvv.

\n ba]cam b sIm bp sS ^e

\nbas sImbpsS D]IcWamn ampXpt]msebp hrnsI

Hcp amw kaq ln sImp hcm hgnbn.

C{]Imcap NypXnbpsS e Fsmam Wv ;

AXv hn hcn m \n ch[n t]Pp I thn hcpw. Ghpw {]ISam b

^esf ]cmain v \apv Xr]vXcmImw.


24/81

25

BZy am bn AXv Fm hcp tSbpw a\n \n v \o Xn bpw A\o Xn bpw

Xnep hy Xym ks ambvp Ifbpw.

Hcfthm fsan epw \n bas _lp am \n m sX Hcp kaq ln \pw\n e\nev ]n . _lp am\nstSXm b \nbaw Dm p IsbXmWv

Ghpw kp cn Xam b am w. \n bahpw [m n I aq ey fpw Xn

sshcp y ap m Ip tm, AXv ]u c\n \nv [m n I aq ey fpw

\n batmSp _lp am\hpw Xnep {Iq cam b Hcp sX csSpv

Bhiy sSp p. Cu cv sXp IfpsSbpw `hnjypI kam\

ambncnpw. Hcp hyIvXnv CXnteXv XncsSpWsav \nbnpI

{]bmkamWv.\nbansd kz`mhwXs \oXnbpsS \ne\nev]n\v thnbnpfXmWv.

a\p jy a\p Ifn \o Xn FXpw \n basaXpw Hp Xsbm Wv.

\n bahn t[bam bn p sXmw ss\XnIamsWp iIv Xam b Hcp

[m cW \smh pw Dv. Cu hn izm kw aq ew ]e hy Iv XnIfpw

\n ba]cam b Imcysfmw \o Xn bpamsWv sXmbn [cn p hnp

v. sIm ]hn {Xhpw \o Xnbp IvXhp amsWv ]escbpw [cnnm

\nbans ]n_ew sImp am{Xw aXn. ASnaw, IpIhXvcWw,\nb{W \ymboIcnpamdv Ahaqew em`w Dmph am{Xa

AXpaqew Ijv SX A\p`hn p hcn Nn e Iq Sn bm Wv.

tNmZyw sNphcpsS hn [n

C{]Imcap kvYm]\fpsS [mnIXsbn kwibw {]ISnnp

Hcmsf A]ISIm cn bm sbmcp Ip]nSnmc\mbpw kz]v\Pohnbmbpw, aqVkzn Ignbph\mbpw shdpw XmznI\mbpw

ap{ZIpn kaq ln s d ASn kv Ym \w Xs Abm XI p sav

Ddv {]Jym]nm Fm km[yXbpapv. \n [mnIXsbntbm

cmjv{Saowamksbntbm {]kwKnm kmcnt\mSv Xmsgdbpw hn[w

\nthZ\ \Sp kw LS\Isfbpw ImWmw. ""CtXhsc \Sp

hXp t]mse kzX{ hym]mcnsd (kzmX{yntdbpw,

kzntdbpw, \oXnbpsSbpw) am{Xw IneqsS imkv{Xw ]Tnnp IqSm.`mhnbn {^p hyhkmbsf \nb{np hkvXpXIfpsSbpw

\nbafpsSbpw (kzmX{ytbpw, kzns\bpw, \oXnsbbpw


25/81

26

l\np hkvXpXIfpsSbpw \nbafpsSbpw) ASnm\n

thWw imkv{Xw ]Tnnm. \nehnep \nbatfmSp _lpam\n\v

sNdnb coXnbntmepw Xpcw shbvpXn \nv km sNe

hnep A[ym]I tPmenbnencnph Pm{KXtbmsS amdn \nWw''.

AXm bXv ASn at bpw Ip IItfbpw ASn a en t\bpw

]n Snp ]dn tbbpw \ym bo Icn p Hcp \n baw \n ehn Dsn, AXv

Fp \n ebn embntms, AtXn ]cmain p IqSm. ImcWw B

\n ban s d _lp am \y X Ip dm sX AXn s\n ]cm a in pI

kmya ? [m n IXbpw am{Xa, cmjv{Saoamwkbpw ]Tn npXpw

Cu \n ban s d ASn kv Ym \n em bn cn pw: Hcp \n baap snAXv \o Xnbp IvXam b \n baamsW hnizmknsd t]cn.

\nban\p kw`hn kSIcamb Cu am{`winsd asmcp ew

AXvcmjv {Sob hnizmkpw Xpw AXneqsS cmjv{Sobn

\p Xsbpw DuXnscpn {]m[m\yw sImSpppshXmWv.

F\nv Cmcyw Hcmbncw hn[n sXfnbnphm Ignbpw. Fm

CubSpImev Fmhcp tSbpw a\nep Hcp hn jbw! Fm hpw thmhImiw F hnjbw am{Xw Rm DZmlcWambn FSppp.

Bcm Wv hn [n ]dtbXv ?

dqtkmbpsS(Rousseau)Nn[mcIfpsS {]tWXm (Ah hfsc

]p tcmKan np smWv AhcpsS [mcW. Fm Ah 20 \q ms

n epw ]n n em Wh Fm Wv Rm Icp Xp Xv), Rm ]dbp Xv

Aw KoIcnnmbncn mw. Fm km {XnI thmhIm iw, (B hmvAcmn FSpm) , F Bibs ]cn tim[np Xpw,

kw ibn pXpw Hcp Ipambn Im tWXn. km {Xn I thmhIm

iw Hcp hnip]iph. bYmn km{XnI thmhImins\Xn

sc hfsc {][m \s FXnpIfpv.

km{XnIsa {]tbmKw Xs A_ PSneamsWv BZyambn ]dbs.

DZm lcWn \v , {^m kn 36 Ziew B m cp v. km {Xn I

thm hIm iw Cu 36 Ziew thm am sc D sm p XmI Ww.

Fm Ghpw DZmcamb kwhn[m\{]Imcw t]mepw ]camh[n 9 Ziew

Bfp I p am {Xta thm hIm iapq. AXm bXv \men aq p`m Kw


26/81

27

BfpIsfbpw Hgn hm n bn cnpp. \mem a\m Wv ap aqpt]scbpw

Hgnhmnbn pXv. tbmKyXbn F ImcWap]tbmKnmWvCu \mema

ap aqpt]sc ]pdp \npXv. km{XnI thmhImiw Fm

tbmKyXbp hcpsS km{Xn I thmhIm iw Fm W w. FmCXn hkv Xp Zm cam b Hcp tNm Zy ap v. Bcm Wv tbmKy? Ip n I,

kv {XoI, am\knItcmKap h, `oIcamb IpIrXy sNbvXh

Fn h am{Xta AtbmKycmbpq?

kXn Zm \m hIm iw \n b{n m \p Im cWw

Cu hn jbs kqv aam bn ]cntim [n m tbmKyXbpsS ASnm\

n thm hImiw \nbnpXnsd Dtiyw a\n emmw. Hcp

thm Cu AhImiw X\np thn am {Xa Fm h pw thn bmWv

hn\ntbmKnpXv FXmWv AXnsd B[mcw.

Ghpw \nb{nXamb sXcsSp v hyhbpw Ghpw DZmcamb

sXcsSp v hyhbpw Cu Im cyn Hcp t]m sebm Wv. FmWv

AtbmKyX F Im cy n am {Xta Ah Xn hy Xym kap q. Cu

hy Xym kw Hcmib]cam b hy Xymka, adnv AXnsd {]tbmKnepGpdn am{XamWv.

\p sS Im eLn se {Ko v tdm a Nn Icnse dn n m

`hnpXp t]mse kXn Zm bIm hIm iw P\m DXm sWn

{]m b]q n bm bh kv {Xo Itfbpw Ip n Itfbpw thm p sNp Xv

hnepXv A\oXnbmWv. Fn\mWv Ahsc hnepXv ? Ahv

AXn\p tbmKyXbn F ap[mcWbpsS _en. tbmKyXbpsSt]cn BfpIsf Hgn hm p Xn s d Dtiy sam Wv ? ImcWw

Hcmfp sS thmn s d A\pcW\w Abms f am{Xa s]mXp kaqls

ap gp h _m [n p Xm Wv. Hcp kaq ln se P\v Ahcp sS

\n e\n ev ns\bpw A`n hr nsb bpw _m[np Imcyfn Nne

apIcpXepI thWsav AhImisSm AlXbpv.

\n bas ]cn an XsSp p I FXm Wv DcwCm cy n Dcam bn ]dbm hp Xv Fm sWv F\n dn bmw?

AXn t\m Sp FXnpw F\n dn bmw? Fm Ccn ep Hcp


27/81

28

Bt]w/hnhmZw ]cn lcn t kv Yehpw CX. Rm C{Xam {Xw

\nco nmw \nbaw Fm bn cn Wtam AXmbncpm km {Xn I

thm hIm iw aqew Dm Ip hnhm Z nt bpw, cm Pysf kw L j

]q cn Xam p Xpw, DtPn n p Xpw , am n adn p Xp am b avcmjv{Sob kakyIfptSbpw {]m[m\yw CmXmIpw . FmhcptSbpw Fm

AhImitbpw Fm kz pfptSbpw kw cWn \p am {Xambn

\nbas ]cnan XsSpn bn cp pshn ; hynI fpsS Bflc

bpsS kwLSnXcq]w am{Xambncpp \nbasan, ASnaent\bpw

sIm sbbpw Cm Xm p Xn\pw in n p Xn\pw am {Xam bn

\n bas ]cn an Xsn cp p shn \ ]u cm thm hIm i

ns d hym ]vXn sbn C{Xtbsd Xnp ambncp tm ?

Cu kmlNcyn kXnZmbI AhIminsd hym]vXn kam[m\n

\pw \bvpw `ojWnbm tWm? Hgn hm s h thmhImiw

InpXphsc kam[m\ambncnn Fphcptam? thmhImiapffh

Ah v hp tN n p AhIm is Fp hn esIm Sp pw

kwc n ptam?

\n baw AXn s d bYm Dtifn HXp n \n m \nbatm Sp Fm hcp tSbpw Xm ev ]cyw Hcp t]m sebm Ipw. thm p sNbv Xh

thm p sNm hsc Ijv SsSp m Atm {ian p n Fv

hyIvXat?

\nba]cam b sIm F amcW Bibw

t\sc a dnv Cu am cIam b Bibw sIm p hXn s\n Btem Nn vt\m q. kwLSnn pXntdbpw \n b{n pXntdbpw kw cn

p Xn t dbpw t{]m m ln n p Xn t dbpw adhn \n baw

HcmfpsS kzsSpv asmcmv sImSppp. FmhcptSbpw kzv

FSp v Ip dm v am{X ambn sIm Sp p p, AXv I jI\m Is,

Dev ]m ZIcm Is, Iep Sakv Ycm Is, Iem Im cm cm Is, lmky

I em Im c\m Is Cu km lNcy n Fm h fpw \n ban

]n Snapdp p hm kzm`m hn Iambpw {ian pw.Hgn hm s h thm hIm in \p thn i ambn X n

p Ibpw AhIm isSp Ibp w AXv In n bn sn kaq ls am n


28/81

29

adnp Ibpw sNpw. ]n m cpw sXn Ifpw t]m epw Ahv thmp

sNp hm \p A\n tj [y amb AhIm ifp sv \n sf

t_m y sSpp Ibpw \ntfmSv ]dbpIbpw sNp p.

""\n Ip Xn sIm Sp m sX \ v aZy hpw ]p Ibn ebpw Dpw apw

hm p hm Ign bp Ibn . \ sImSp p Cu \n Ip Xn bp sS Hcp

`mKw \sfm ]Wmcmbhv CfhpIfmbpw AhImifmbpw

\n baw sIm Sp p p. ap h sdm n bp tSbpw amwkn t dbpw

Ccp n t dbpw Xp Wn Ifp tSbpw hn e Iq p hm\m bn \n bas

D]tbm Kn pp. asm hcp w \nbas AhcpsS kzImcy em n\v

D]tbmKnp Xp sIm v R pw RfpsS em`n \v \n basD]tbm Kn m B{Klap v. R R fpsS ta] d

AhIm in\v thn, AXmbXv ]mh sh\pw sNm \pff AhIm i

n \p thn \n batm Sm hiy sSp p. \n \n fp sS h In S

AhImi kwcnm IqSpXpt]mse Rpw RfpsS

h n \pw thn h tXm Xn `n m S\w \Sm \p w, kw LSn X

kw cWw In p hm\pw thn R v thmam cpw \nba\n mXm

fpamtInbncnpp. \n Rpthn Fmw sNmsapwR `n m tcm Sv C\n]dtb. ]n bvv Fpw IjWw Fdnp

sIm Sp p Xp t]m se, Rsf \n i_v Zcm m an an ad

(Mr . Mimmerel)Bdpew {^mv {]Jym]nXpt]mse, Hpw t\mt.

Rv av AhImifpapv. Fmbmepw aphm Ahp

thn hn et]in bXp t]m se R Xs R p thn hn e

t]im\m{Klnpp.'' Cu hmZn\v \nv Fp adp]Snbpv!

hnIr X am s \nbaw X Dm pp

\n bas AXn s d bYm Dtin \n pw hy XnNenn msav

kXn p nStm fw Imew (kz psf kw cnp Xn \p ]Icw

kzpsf l\npXpt]msebp \nba) \nba\nmWn

Fmhpw ]sSpm Xmev]cyapmIpw. AXv Ahs\ sImbn

\n pw kwcn p Xnt\m Asn sIm sNpXnt\m thn

bm Wv . cm jv {So b kaky Isftm epw Xm Xzn Ihpw Fm n t\bpwAXntev DsmffnpXpambncnpw. \nba\nmW k`IfpsS

]p dp m Ip Xnt\ m Hpw Ip dhm bn cn n k`bv p n se


29/81

30

kacfpw. CXdnbm {^v, Cwojv \nba \nmW kÌfn \Sp

Imcy ]cntim[ntXn ; Hcp {]iv\sn a\knempXv

AXn sd Dcw Adn bp Xpt]msebmWv.

kaqls \innpXpw shdpnepw Xn\pw \nXm t{imXm

IpXpw Ccw hnIrXams \nbafmWv FXn\v Fsnepw

sXfnhv Bhiyaptm. sXfnhv thWsan 1850se Atacn sFIy

\mSpIfntebvvt\mq. FmhcptSbpw kzmX{ytbpw kznt\bpw

C{Xb[nIw kwcnpXpw \nban\vAXnsd bYm ]cn[nbn

\n dpp Xp am b asmcp cm Pyw Cu temInen . AXpsImpXs

kaqlhyhkv Y C{Xbpw iIvXam b ASn dbn \n ev p thsdmcpcmPy hpw Cm sbv tXmp p. Fm s]mXp kam[m \s ò jWn

bmb cp Imcy ........ct cpImcy Atacn sFIy\mSp

Ifnepv.

ASnahpw Nphpw sImbmWvv

FmWv Cu cp Imcy ? AXv ASnahpw NphpamWv. Cu cp

Im cyfn am{Xta Atacn sFIy \m Sv F dn n ns s]mXphnImcns\Xncmbn AhnsS \nbaw sImmcsd thjaWnbpp.

ASnaw \nba]cambns kzm X{yn sd \ntj[am Wv. Np w

\n ba]cambn s kzn s d \n tj[amWv.

Cu cv hyIvXam b \n ba]cam b IpIr Xy AXv ]gb hy hkv Ybp

sS kSIcamb ]npSbmWv. sFIy\mSpIfpsS ]X\n\v ImcWam

tbm hp Xpw, Im cWam Ip XpamWv ""\n baw A\o Xn p HcpD]IcWam bn am dn'' FXv Btem Nn m t]m epw ]m Xpw Fm

kaq ln s dbpw lr Zb`m Kp Xp am b Hcp Zp :JkXy am Wv !

ASnaw, Np w Fn hsImp am {Xw \n bas hnIr Xhcn n p

ff sFIy\mSpIfn C{Xtbsd oIcamb A\cêw Dmnsbn

AXv bq tdm n Fv êap m pw. hnIr X am s \n basaXv

kwhn[m\nsd mKamnbnp Hcp BibhpambnamdnbXpamb AXv

bq tdmn Fv A\cêapmIpw!


30/81

31

cv hn [n ep sIm I

an Imebdp sS {]knam b {]Jym]\nsd Bibw ISsaSp v

cm jv {So bm c\pw Fgp pIm c\p am b an Un . sam tem s_v(Mr. De. Montalembert) ]dp. ""\ap v tkm jy enkn s\Xn cm bn

bp apm Ww. an Nmkv Uqnsd (Mr. Charles Dupin) A`n

{]mbn tkmjyenkw F hmnsd AwsImv DtinpXv

\ap v sIm bvsXncm b bp apm Wsam Wv. ''

Fm Fp sIm sbnbmWv Atlw DtinXv. sIm cp

hn [n epv. \nba]chpw \nbahn cp hpamb sImf f.

\n bahncp am b sIm AXmbXv inm \n ba \nNn pXpw

hyhkvY sNpXpw innpXpamb Ifhv, AanXhybw XpSnbhsb

tkm jy en kam bn hn fn p hm ]p Ibn . Cu hI sNdn b Ip

kaq ln sd ASn dbvp Xs `o jWn b. Fmbmepw Cu hI

sImbv sXn scbp \S]Sn I am\ym cpsS Dchn\v Im p\n

ev mdp an . tem Imcw`wap X Xs \n bahn cp am b sIm bv sXn

cm bn p bp ap v. 1848 s^{_p hcn bn se hn hn \v hfscap p Xs AXm bXv tkmjyenkw F Bibns d Dhn \p

ap p Xs \n bahn cp am b sIm sb XSbp Xn \p t]m eo kpw

PUvPnam cpw Pbn epIfpw hnep Ifpsam s {^m kn \nehnep m

bncpp. \nbawXsbmWv Cu bpw sNpXpw . sImbv sXn sc

\nbaw Cu kao]\w XpScWsamWv Fsd B{Klhpw A`n{]mbhpw.

\n baw sIm sb ]cn cn p pFm CXv Fm bn tm gpw A{]Imcam IWsan . Nn e kabfn

\n baw sIm sb ]cn cn p Ibpw sIm bn ]sSp p Ibpw

sNp p. A{]Im cw hcp tm sIm bp sS Kp Wt`m Iv Xm v

sIm \Sp tm Dm tI A]IShp w ebp an m Xm Ip p.

Nne kabfn \nbakwhn[m\fmb PUvPnamtcbpw t]meoknt\bpw

Pbn ep Itfbpw sIm m cp sS Bhiyn \\p kcn v {]h nm

\n baw klm bn pIbpw sIm sb FXnp Ccsb Ip m c\mbn IWm p Ibpw sNpp. bmsXm cp kwibhpan Un . samtem

s_v {]Xn]mZn Xv C{] Imcap ff \n ba]camb sIm sbbmWv.


31/81

32

CXv P\fpsS \nba\n nXn bn sNdnsbm cp Id am{XamImw. \nb a

]camb sImffsb henb tImemlesfmpw DmmsXbpw m]nX

Xm] cym cpsS K \ AhK Wnpw XpSv amt Xm Wv.

\n ba]cam b sIm sb Fs\ Xn cn dn bm w

\n ba]cam b sIm sb Fs\ Xn cn dn bmw ? AXv hfsc Ffp

amWv. A{]Im cap \n baw Hcphn mKw BfpIfn \npw Ahcp tSXm

bXn s\ ]nSn sSp Xn\p tijw ap Nn e v sImSppXm bn cnpw.

A{]Im cap \n baw sIm v Hcp ]u c\v asm cp ]u cs d Nn ehn

Kp W A\p hn m \p Ahkcw Hcp p Ibpw \n baw Cm Xn

cp sn Kp W^ew In n b ]uc Ip Ir Xyw sNbv XXm bn IWm

p am bn cp Xpam Wv.

A{]Imcap \nba Xmakwhn\ Cmbva sNtXmWv. Asn

A{]Im cap IpSne \nba am {Xa Iq Sp X sXp Ifn te p

hgnbmIpXpw AXv XncnSnI WnphcppXpamIpw. A{]Im

cap \n ba AXv HsXm sWn Iq Sn DS\Sn Cm bv a

sNbvXnm sbn ]S v ]en v Hcp hyhkv Ybm bn hfcpXpam Wv.

A{]Im cap \nba aq ew em w Inp h Ah v Inn bn p

AhIm iw Xy Pntnhcp tm iIv Xambn {]Xn tj[n pw. Ahcp sS

hy hkmbw kwcn m\pw t{]mmlnn m\pw k mcn\v _m [y X

bpspw AXv k mcn s\s Iq Sp X iIvXn sSpp sapw

A{]Im cw kw cn X hy hkm b Zcn {Zcm b sXm gn em fn I v

IqSpX Iqen sImSppsapw AXv aqew [\hyw DmIpsasmsIqSpX kwJyI sNehm psapsam s hmZn pw.

C{]Im cap kv Ym ]n X Xm ev ]cy m cp sS a\w abp hm Z v

sNhn sIm Sp m Xn c n tXpv. A{]Im cap hm Zsf

Aw Ko Icn m AXv \n bahn t[bam b sIm bv p kw hn [m \w

HcppXmbncnpw. CXvCtms \nehn hp Ignp. Ctm

\n ehn ep Cu aXn {`aw Fm hcp tSbpw Nn ehn Fm htcbpw

kcmm sa sXmb kev ]am Wv kSnXam p Xns adhnsIm sb km{XnIam p hm \p {iaam Wv.


32/81

33

\n ba]cam b sIm bv v ]e t]cp Ifp v

\nba]camb sIm \Sp Xn\v hnhn [fm b am fp v. Npw

Cf hp I, kwc Ww , B\q Iq ey , t{]m m l\w, ]p tcm Ka\]c am b \n Ip Xn, s]m Xp hnZym ym k kv Ym]\, tPm enI Ddm ,

em` Ddm, [\klmbw, Ghpw Ipd Iqen \nPsSpp

\n baw Fn h C{]Im cap \n ba]cam b sIm \Sm \p

kw LSn X {ian s d `m Kam Wv. Cu ]cn ]m Sn Ismw IqSn bp ff

AXmbXv \n ba]cam b sIm bvp s]m Xp Dtiyns t]cmWv

tkmjyenkw. C{]Imcapff Hcp knmamb tkmjyenks sNdpm

asm cp kn m sIm m sX Fs\ km [n pw ? \n vCu tkm jy en v kn m w sXpw , hn Uv Vn hpw , No bp am sWv

tXm p p sn AXn s\ \n cm Icn p I. knmw F{XIpw

IqSpX sXpw IqSpX hnUvVnhpw IqSpX NobpamIppthm

A{XIpw Ffp n AXn s\ \n cm Icn p hm ]pw. \n

iIv Xcm Ip hm B{Kln ppp shn tkmjyen kn sd Hm tcm

Xcntbbpw \nfpsS \nbahyhkvYbn \npw ]ngpsXdnbpI. CXv Hcp

Ffp ap Im cy a.

tkm jy en kw \n ba]cam b sIm bm Wv

shdpw iIv Xn am {Xw sIm v tkm jy en ks sNdp m B{Kln bm

fm Wv an. Un. sam t _ Uv Fm tcm ]Wap v. Fm Cu

Btcm ]Wn \n pw Atls hn ap Iv X\m tXp v.

Fsm AtlwXs ]dnpv ""tkmjyenkns\Xnsc \

\St t]m cm w \n ban \pw An \pw \o Xn p w tN Xm bncn Ww. ''

Fm an. Un. sam t _ Uv Atlw Hcp sXm b N{In\p n

em Wv kzbw {]Xn jv Tn n p sXv Fp sIm v a\n em p n ?

\n bas D]tbm Kn v tkm jy enks FXn p Itbm, tkmjyen kw

Xs \n basbm Wv B{ibn p Xv. tkm jy en kv p I \n ba]c

am b sIm bm Wv \Sn em m B{Kln p Xv. Am sX \n bahn cp am b sIm sbb. asm Ip IIsfbpw t]m se tkm jy en

kv p Ifpw \n bas Bbp [am m B{Kln p p. \n baw


33/81

34

tkmjy en kn s d mKmsWn B \n bas tkmjyen kn s\

Xn cm bn Fs\ D]tbm Kn pw ? sIm \n bahn t[bam Ip tm

AXn \v \n fp sS tIm SXn Isftbm, \n fp sS hn ep Itftbm

t]SntXn Fpam{Xa AhbpsS klmbwt]mepw BhiysSmw.

CXp XSbm \n ba\n mWfn \n pw tkmjyen ks ]pdm

p Ibm Wv thXv ? \n ba\n m W k`Ifn {]thin p Xn \v

tkm jy en kv p Isf XSbp Ibm Wv thXv. Fm \n ba]cam b

sIm \n ba\n m W k`bp sS ap Jy tPm en bm Ip n Stm fw Im ew

\n v AXn\v IgnbpIbn. Fv Rm {]h Nn p p. A{]Im cw

XSbm sav hn Nm cn p Xp Xs hn UvVn hpw km am \y _pnv\ncpXpamXpamWv.

\apv apnse am

\nba]camb sIm F Xna \ap v Ftbvpam bn ]cnlcn

tXp v. C{]Im cw ]cn lcnm aqv amtfbp q.

1. Ip dm fpI, Ip tdbm fpIsf sImbSn p I.

2. Fmhcpw Fm htcbpw sImbSnp I.

3. Bcpw Btcbpw sIm bSn mXncnp I.

n ]vXam b sImbpw km{Xn Iamb sIm bpw , sImbn mbvabpw

Xn \ XncsSptXp v. \n ban\v CXn GsXn epw

Hcp amta ]npScm ]pIbpq.

]cn anXam bXpw \n ba]cam bXp am b sIm :thmhImiw ]cnanXsSpnb hyhkvYIfnemWnXpXv. tkmjyenkn

s ISpIbs sNdpm Cu hy hkv Ybntebv v aSn t]m Imw.

km {Xn Iam b sIm :

km {XnI thmhIm iw \nehn htXmSp Iq Sn C{]Imcap Hcp

hy hkv Ybp sS `o jWn \ap p v. ]p Xn bXm bn thm hIm iw kn n

`q cn ]w ]ca a X amb thm hIm iap m bn cp ap hy hkv Ybn se

\n ba]cam b sIm sb Bibs km [q Icn p \n ba

Dmm Xo cp am \np.


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35

\n ba]cam b sIbn m bhkv Y:

\o Xnbp tSbpw kam[m\n t dbpw kvYn cXbptSbpw ku lm ns

dbpw km am \y t_m [n s dbpw Bibam Wn Xv. Hpw aXn bm hp Ibnsn epw Fs d acWw hsc s\p s]m p am dv Dn Rm Cu

Bibs ]npWbvpw.

\n ban s d bYm Dtiyw

sIm sb Cmbva sNp Xn\pdw \n bassm v Fsnepw

D]tbm Kap tm ? Fm hcp tSbpw AhIm i kw cn p Xn

\pdw \nbas Fsnepw bpIvXn klamb Bhiyn \v D]tbmKn p hm ]p tam ? iIv Xn bm Wv icn sb Ahkv Y Dm m sXbpw

\n ban s d hnIrXhXv cn m sXbpw ta ]dXn Iq Sp X

Imcy v \nbas D]tbmKnp hm ]p Ibn . \apv Nn n p

hm ]p Xn Ghpw am cWam bXpw bp Iv Xn cln Xam bXp am b

km aq ln I sshIr Xambn Xocpw AXv. km aq ly _fn F{XXs

Xncm epw \n baw kwL SnX \o Xn bm Wv F an Xam b hmp Ifn

icn bmb ]cnlmcap v FXv Aw KoIcntnhcpw.

\o Xn sb \n ba]cam bn kw LSn n p tm AXm bXv iIv Xn sb

D]tbmKnv kwLSnnptm B \nbaw D]tbmKnpw a\pjysd Fm

{]h n Itfbpw AXv sXm gn em Is, Ir jn bm Is, IhSam Is,

hy hkm bam Is, hn Zym`ymkam Is, IebmIs, aXam Is Ahsbmw

HgnhmnsmXmbncnWw. A{]Imcap ta]d GsXnepw

{]h n sb \n ba]cam bn kw LSn n m BbXv A{]Im cap

{]h n bp sS Ghpw {][m \s LSIamb \o Xn sb \in n p

sImp am{Xta ]pIbpq. ]ucs in D]tbmKnmsX hcpsav

kzm X{yn s\Xnsc iIv Xn bp ]tbm Kn pXv \o Xn sXn sc iIvXn

D]tbm Kn m sX ]p sav Nnn m t]mepw ]m Xpw AXv

\nbans bYm Dtiss CmXm epambn cnpw.

tkm jy enkw F {`an n p Bibw\p sS Im eLn se Ghpw {]Nm cap Hcp AkXyw Chn sS{]kIv Xam Wv. \n baw \o Xn p thn bn p Xp am {Xa, s]mXp P\


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Xm ev ]cy n \v thn bn p sXXm Wv. \n baw Fm ]u cm pw

Ahcp sS im co cn Ihpw am \kn Ihp am b Ign hp I kz X{y am bn

FXnnmsX D]tbmKnpXv Ddv \evIpIbpw [mnIambn kzbw

\mhm AhkcsamcppIbpw sNbvXm am{Xwt]mc, cmPyw apgphA`n hr n bpw hn Zym ym khpw [m n I aq ey fp ap m Ihm\pw \n baw

aqew IgnbWsaXmWv. CXmWv tkmjyenknsd {`annp apJw.

Rm Bhns \nbawsImp ta]d cv D]tbmKfpw

Xn sshcpyfpv. \v GsXnepsamv XncsSpt

Xp v. Hcp ]u c\v Htc kabw kz X{\p w ]cX{\p am Im

Ign bp Ibn tm.

_ew {]tbm Kn p km tlm Zcyw AhIm isf \in n pw

an Un . eamn (Mr. De . Lamartine) Hcn F\nv C{]Imc

sagp Xn ""Xm fp sS kn m w Fs d ]cn ]m Sn bn ]Ip Xn am {Xam Wv

Xm kzmX { s ]n ]dhkm \n n p. Rm km tlm Zcy hpw

IqSn D sSp nbn Spv. '' Rm AtltmSv ]d Dcw C{]Im

cam Wv. ""Xmfp sS ]Xnbnse cm w m Kw Hmw mKs \in n pw''.km tlm Zcyhp w kz bw kXbpw Xn th ]n cn m F\n v

Ign bn . kzm X{y s \n ba]cam bn \in n m sX \n ba]cam b

kmtlm Zcy s \Snem m Fs\ km [n psav F\nv a\n

emIpn. AXv \oXnsb Nhpnbcp eapmpIbpw sNpp.

\nba]camb sImbvv cv thcpIfpvv

BZy tXv Rm t\cs ]dn p a\p jy s d B n bm Wv.cmatXv sXmb klm \p qXnbmWv.

sIm sb hm p sIm v Rm Dtin p sXm Wv FXv

hnhcn tXpsv F\nv tXmpp.

sIm DSakv Ym hIm is \in n pw

Cu hmv km[m cW D] tbm Kn mdp f fXv t]mse hy Iv XXbnm XpwDdnmXpw DtiambnpXpw BemcnIambnpffXpamb A

n e Rm D]tbm Kn p Xv. im kv {Xo bam bn Aw Ko Icn n p


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A n em Wv. AXm bXv kzv FXns hn] coX amb Bi b n

emWv ChnsS D]tbmKnpXv. DZmlcWambn Iqen, qan, ]Ww As\

]eXpambn Hcm fp sS DSakv YXbn ep kz n s d Hcp `m Kw

AbmfpsS kXanmsXbpw Abmv\jv S]cnlmcw sImSpmsXbpw_e{]tbmKntm NXn tm AXn ehIm ian m asm cp \v ssIam dn

bm kz n s\ ewL \ s Spnsbv Rm ]dbpw. Hcp sIm

\Snsbpw Rm ]dbpw.

Fm bn tmgpw Fmbn Spw C{]Im cap {]h nsbbm Wv \nbaw

XStbXv. Fm \nbaw Xs \n bawaqew XStb Hcp {]h n

sNpIbmsWn AXv sIm Xsbm sWpw, kaqln s dbpwA`n hr n bp sSbpw Zr jv Sn bn am ln m , AhIm ifp sS

taep ISp Ibam sWpw Rm ]dbpw. Fm C{]Im cap

\n ba]cam b sImsImv Kp WwIn p hyIv Xn v Cu sIm bn

DchmZnXzan. Cu sImbpsS apgph DchmZnXzw \nban\pw

\n ba\n m Xm hn\pw kaqln \p w am {Xam Wv. ChnsSbmWv cmjv{So b

A]ISw Hfn n cn p Xv.

sIm sbXv ap dn sSp p Hcp hm m sWv thZ\tbm sSRm\dn bp p. apdn sSpm asmcp hmv Inm Rm {ian sn

epw ^eap m bn . \p sS N bn C{]Im cap Hcp {]tIm ] \

]camb hmv D]tbmKnphm F\nv Hcnepw, {]tXyInv Ctm,

Xm ev ]cy an . \n hn iz kn m ep an sn epw Bcp sSbpw [m n I

aqeysftbm, Dtiytftbm FXnm F\nvDtiyan Fv Rm

{]Jym]n s. Rm FXn p Xv Rm sXsddv hn iz kn p

Bibsbm Wv \o Xn cln Xsav F\n v tXm p Hcp kw hn [m

\sbmWv. Htcmcppw \ B{KlnmsXXs hptNcp

em`hpw ImcWadn bm sX \f\p`hn p _p n app Ifpw Dmp

A\oXnbn AXn jv Tn Xamb hy hkv YsbbmWv.

sIm bp sS aq v hy hkv YI

tkmjyenkw, IyqWnkw, kpcnXXzw Fnhbvmbn hmZnphcpsS Dtiip n Chn sS tNm Zyw sNsSp n . cm jv {So b t_m [hpw

cmjv{Sob ocpXzhpw _m[nv HscgppImc am{Xta A{]Imcw sNp

Ibpq. Fm Hcp Imcyw ]dbs kpcnXXzhmZhpw IyqWnkhpw,


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tkmjyenkhpw Htc sNSnbpsS hfbpsS Hmtcm LfmWv. apgph

sIm bp am bXn \m Iyq Wn kn kp cn XXz sbpw \n ba

]cam b sImsbbpw hyIv Xambn Z inm hp Xpam Wv.

km {Xn I sIm bm bXn \m Iyq Wn kn sIm IqSp X

{]XyamWv. {]tXyI hn`mKfnepw hyhkmbfnepw HXpn \np

Xn\m kpcn XXz hm Zn sIm sb IqSp X hyIv XXtbm sS

Zinm Ignbpw. AXpsImpXs ta]d aqv hyhkvYIfn

hv Ghpw Ahy IvXam bXp w Xocp am\an mXpw AXpsImpXs

hnIk\n s d Ghpw Bflmamb Lw tkmjy enkamWv.

BflmX DstXm, CsXm A ChnSs {]iv\w. hyIvXnIfpsS Dtiy hp a Chn Ss {]iv \w. Rm t\cs ]dXp t]m se

\n ba]cam b sIm bp sS `m Kn Iam b ASn kv Ym \w ]tcm ] Im c

X ]cXbmWv. sXddmb ]tcm ] Im cX Xv]c XbmsW nIqSn C{]Im

cap Hcp hniZo IcWnsd ASn kv Ym \n s]mXp hm b sIm

sIm v s]m Xp \ ssIhcn m sa s]m Xp P\n s d B{Kl

A`n em jfp sS aqey n AXn s d Dhhpw kz m hhpw \ap v

]cn tim [n mw.

\n baw Icp mWv

\nbaw \oXnsb kwLSnnpXn\m tkmjyenpIm tNmZnpXv

FvsImv \nb a n\v sXmgnen t\bpw hnZym ym k tbpw aXtbpw

kw LSn n p Iq Sm FXm Wv.

\nbas FpsImv Cu Dtiyv D]tbmKnpIqS?

\o Xn sb \in n m sX \n ban \v sXmgn en t\bpw hnZym`ym ksbpw

aXsbpw kwLSnnm ]pIbn FXmWv Dcw. \nbans

ASn kv Ym \w Icp mWv FXn \m Icp ns hy hkv Ym ]n X

I fn IqSpX \n ban s d hy hkv Ym ]n X I sf \n ba

]cam bn \o m ]p Ibn msbXm Wv.

\nbahpw Icppw Hcp hyIvXnsb \oXnbpsS AXnhcpIpn\n dp p tm AXv B hy Iv Xn sXn sc Iq Sp Xem bn Hpw

sNp n. B hyIv Xn ap hv D]{Zhw sNpn Fpam {Xam Wv


38/81

39

\njvIjnpXv. B hyIvXnbpsS hyIvXnXzntem, kzmX{yntem

kzpfntem CSs]Spn. t\sc adnv Ahsb kwcnpIbmWv.

Atm \n baw {]Xntcm [n p Ibm Wv. Fm hcptSbpw AhIm isf

Xpey ambn kw cn pIbmWv.

\n baw Hcp \n tj[am b Bibam Wv

\nbantdbpw \nba]camb {]Xntcm[nsdbpw D]{ZhIcam

kXv {]h n hfsc hy Iv Xam Wv. AXn s d D]tbm Ky X hy Iv Xhpw

\nbakm[p X tNm Zyw sNm ]mXp am Wv.

Fs d Hcp kp lr v Hcn \n co n Xp t]m se \n ban s d\n tj[cq ]am b Bibw Hcp bm Ym y am Wvv. \n ban s d Dtiyw

\o Xnbp sS hm gv NbmWv F {]kv Xm h\ hfscIr Xy amb Hcp {]kvXm

h\b. AXmbXv \nban s d Dtiyw A\o Xnbp sS hmgvN XSbpI

sbXmWvv. A\oXn v am{XamWv \o Xn kz am b \n e\nev ]p Xv.

A\oXnbnm Xm Iptm am {Xam Wv \oXn ssIhcnpXv.

Fm \n baw AXn s d kzm m hn I {]Xn \n [n bmb Icpv

ap Jm n cw Hcp sXm gn \n b{Ww Asn Hcp hn Zym ym k

]Xntbm hn jbtam Asn Hcp aX]cam b hnizm ktam PmXn tbm

\Sn em p tm \n baw \n tj[cq ]n b. AXv km m m b Hcp

Im cy am bn P\ \p hsSp p. AXv \n ba\n m Xm hn s d

A`n {]m bw P\fp sS A`n {]mbn\v ]Icw hbvp p. \nba\n m

Xm hn s d sNbv Xn I P\fp sS sNbv Xn I v ]Icam Ip p.

A{]Im cw kw hn p tm P\ v N sNp Itbm, Xm cXaywsNpItbm, ap Iq n Im cy \niv Nbn pItbm sNt Im cyan.

AsXm w \n baw Ahp thn sNbvXpsImpw. P\v _pn

iIv Xn Bhiy an m Hcp Im cy ambn hn pp. Ah a\p jy c

mXmIpp. Ahv hyIvXnXzhpw kzmX{yhpw, kzpw CmXmIpp.

kzmX{y s l\nm Xpw _e{]tbmKtm sS \Sm p Xpam b

Hcp sXm gn \n basn tbm , kz ns\ l\n mXpw _e{]tbm

Kn eq sS \Sm p Xp amb Hcp kz pssIam \n basn tbmBtemNnv t\mq. Cu \nbafpsS sshcpysf ka\zbnnm

]mnStmfw Imew A\oXnbnmsX sXmgnent\bpw hyhkmbsbpw


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\nbawaqew kwLSnnphm ]nmsbv\nv kXntnhcpw.

cm jv {So b]cam b kao ]\w

Hcp cm jv {So bm c Atln s d Im cym ebn H ncp v

kaq ls ho n p tm Atlw kaq ln se AkaXzw Iv

ZpxJnp p. \psS \nch[n ktlm ZcmcpsS CmbvaIsf Atlw

Ip sSp p Ibp w A{]Im cap Cm bv aI kz n s dbpw

BUw_cn sbpw tem Is Xm cXayw sNp tm hfsc

ZpxJnp p.

cm jv {So bm c Xtm Sp Xs tNm Zn t tNm Zyw Cu kv Yn Xnhntijn \v Im cWw ]gb IogSepw sImn hbv p Ifpw ]p Xnb

Im en se \n ba]cam b sIm bp at FXm Wv. Atlw Xm sg

]dbp Bibw ]cnKWntXpv. Fm P\fpw \bpw DZm

hpamb Imcy B{KlnpXpsImv, hyIvXnbpsS DchmZnXzn

\v A\pkr Xam bn ]p tcmKa\n\v Ghpw henb {]bXv \hpw Ghpw

]caamb kaXz hpw ssIhcnp Xv \oXn bp sS Ahkv Ysb ]cn KWn

m aXn bm hn t? FXm Wv. ssZh Z ambn a\p jy Ip e n\vInn bn pff hyn ]c amb Dc hm Zn Xy n\v A\pkr X ambn \ tbm,

Xntbm Xnc s Sp p hm\pw AXp aq e ap m Ip intbm

k^ ehpw A\p hn W sa Biw Df f Xm hnt \sbtbm,

Xntbsbm kzoIcnm\p Ahkchpw AXpmp intbsbm

Kp Wtamt]m seXsbp hyIv Xn bp sS Dchm ZnXzn \\pkr Xamb

Imcyfn ]t cmjv{Sobmc\v C{]Imcap Nnbn. Atln

s d a\v \n ba]csav tXm n n p kw LS\Ifn epw \o pt]m p Ifn epw Iq n tcep Ifn ep am Wv. Atlw Xn bn \n p

tamN\n\v {ianpXv, Xnsb Dmnb Imcy hopw IqpXn

\pw AXv kv Ym ]\hXv cn p Xn epw Iq Sn bm Wvv. AXm bXv \n ba

]cam b sIm \ \o Xn Hcp \n tj[ Bibam sWv Ip.

k mflIamb \nba\S]SnIfnepw GsXn epw \nba]cam b sIm

F Bibw CmsXbp tm?

\nbahpw klm\p`qXnbpw

]Wanm \n ch[n hyIv Xn Ifp v Fv \n ]dbp Ibpw \n


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\n ban s d t\sc Xn cn bp Ibpw sNpw. Fm Fm htcbpw

]meq m\p iIvXn \n ban\n . Fmhpw ]m sIm Sp m \p

t{im Xn kaq ln \v ]p dp \n v \n ban \v In p n . s]m Xp

JP\m hn tebv v ap ]u cm scbpw ap h tfbpw \n _n v]n cn p sXm gn v Hcp hy Iv Xn bp tStbm, Hcp h Xn t dtbm am {Xw

KpWn \p thn Hpw s]mXp JP\mhn hcp n. Fm hy IvXn I

pw Ahch s]m Xp JP\m hn C kw Jy I ]n hen mw

Fpsn \nbaw kXyn Bscbpw sImbSnp X Fv

kXyambn ]dbmw. Fm C{]Imcap HchkvYsImv]Wanmh\v

bm sXm pw In pn . AXv hcpam\kaXzw F Bibw Dsm p

pan. aphcn \nsSpv thsdNnev sImSpp Hcp kaXz

hXv cW kw hn[m\am bn amdm \nban \v Ign bpw. As\ \nbaw

sNptm AXv sIm bvp D]IcWam bn am dpw.

Cu Bibw a\n hv \ v Nptfbpw k_v kn Un Itfbpw

Ddmnb em`tfbpw tPmenItfbpw kaql\bvp ]XnIsfmw

s]m Xp hn Zym ym ksbpw ]p tcm Ka\am b \n Ip Xn hy hkv Ytbbpw

s]m Xp acm an s\bpw ]n ]cn tim [n p tm Ahsbmw \n ba]cam b sIm bn \n pw kw LSn Xamb A\oXn bn \n pw Dhn

p XmWv Fv \n v a\nemmw.

\n bahpw hn Zym ym khpw

hn Zym`ym kw th{Xbnm \n ch[n bm fp I Dsp]dv \n

\n ban s d t\sc Xn cn p. Fm \n baw km {Xn Iam bn

{]Imiw ]cp Adnhnsd sISmhnf. AdnhvDhcpw CmhcpwD smp kaqln \ne\nev p HmWv \nbaw. kaqln

se Nne v ]Tn n phm \pw Nn e v ]Tnp hm\p ap Bhiyap v.

hnZym ym ksa Im cy n \n ban \v cp Im cy sf sNm \p q.

]TnpIbpw ]Tnn pbpw F ]cn]mSn sb kzX{yam bpw \n _n

Xcln Xam bpw hn Sp Itbm Asn Nn e ]u cm cn \n pw

Aym ]I v sIm Sp t ifw bm sXm cp {]Xn ehp an m sX

]nSnp hm p Ibp w sNmw. Fm cm as am n \n bawkzm X{y tbpw kz nt\bpw ewLnv sImv sImff \S pp.


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\n bahpw [ hpw

[mnI aqeyhpw aXhpanm \nch[nbmfpIfpsv ]dv \n

\n ban s d t\sc Xn cnbpw. \n baw IcpmWtm? [m n I aqey ntdbpw aXnsdbpw Imcyn _e{]tbmKw F{X \ncIamsWv

Rm \ntfmSv ]dtbXntm. kzbw Nnn p tkmjyen kv p I

v Cu hy hkv Yn Xn Ifpw kaXzfp ap m p `o am Im cam bXpw

\n ba]cambXpam b sIm In sv \Sn m\m hn. Fm Ah

C{]Im cap \n ba]cam b sIm sb ap sIm Ifn \n pw

Ahcn \n p Xsbpw t_m []q w th ]n cn p Ibpw AXn s\

{`annp hmpIfmb kzmX{yw, sFIyw, kwLS\ XpSnb hmpI D]tbm Kn v adbv pIbpw sNpw. \ \nbatm Sv \o Xn am{Xw

Bhiy sSp Xp sIm v \ ktlm Zcy tbpw sFIy tbpw

kw LS\tbbpw FXn p p shv tkm jy en kv p I [cn p p.

tkmjyen kv p I \sf hy IvXnXzhm Zn Ifm bn ap {ZIp pp.

\n _n X kw Lw tNcp Xn \v am {Xta R FXn p p q.

kzm`mhn Iambn kw Lw tNcp Xns\ R \ncm Icnp n msbv

tkm jy en kv p Itfm Sv Ddp ]dbs. Rfp sSta ASn tev ]n p kwLS\Isf \ncmIcnpXpsImvkzmX{yamb kwLS\Isf R

FXnppshv IcpXcpXv. R bYm kmtlmZcys FXn

pn. adnv_ew{]tbmKnpmp kmtlmZcys \ncmIcnWw.

R Ir {Xn aam bn Dmn b sFIy sbmWv \ncmIcn p Xv AXv

hy Iv Xn bp sS Dchm Zn Xz s Cm Xm p Xv Hgn v asm pw

sNp n FXp sIm m Wv. R ssZhln Xa\p kcn p a\p jy

Ip en sd kzm m hnI sFIy s \n cmIcnpn .

Nne hmpIsfnbp hn{`mn

kaqlhpw k m cpw Xnep hy Xymks kw _n v ,tkm jy enk

n \v AXn s d ap tm Sn bm bn p kn m sftm seXs,

Bibpgapv. AXpsImpXs, R GsSpv sNpXns\

tNmZyw sNp tm AXv B \S] SnsXnsc Xs bp ff shphn fnbmsWv tkm jy en kv pI [cn v him Ipw.

R k m hI hn Zym ym kns\ FXn p tm R


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43

hn Zym`ymkn\p Xs FXn cmWv FmWv tkmjyen kv p I ]dbp I.

HutZym KnI aXs FXnpXp sImv R aXhn tZz jnIfmWv

Fm Wv tkm jy en kv p I ]dbp I. k m _e{]tbm Kn eq sS

sImphcp kaXzs R FXn p tm R kaXz n\pXs FXncmsWvAh ]dbpw. As\ t]mIpp Btcm]W

km y [m\y Dm pXn s\ FXn ptm tkm jyen kv

pI a\pjy Ww IgnpXns\ Xs FXnphcmWv R

Fm tcm ]np Xp t]mse bm WnXv.

tkm jy en kv v Fgp p Im cp sS kzm [o\w

\n ban \v \n ban en m Xm b [\w, im kv {Xw, aXw Fn hbnbpw

Ah hgn bYm A`n hr n bpw D m m Ign bp sa A_

[m cW cm jv {So bm v Fn s\bp m bn ? s]m Xp Im cy sfn

bp \p sS ]pXnb Fgp pImcpsS kzm[o \w sIm m tWm?

Cmes FgppIm, {]tXyIn v tkm jy enkvv NnmKXnm cm b

FgppIm, ASnkvYm\ampXvHcp s]mXphmb knmamWv. Ah

a\p jy cm insb cmbn hn`Pn p p. Fgpp Im cs\m gn sIbpf f hs]m Xp P\w BZy s KWn . Fgp p Im c Abm am {Xw

cm asXpw Ghpw {][m \sXp am b KWn s]Sp p. CXv

a\p jy s d Xetm dn ISpIq Sn bnp Ghpw Akm [m cWhp w

K n jv Shp am b Hcp [m cWbmWnXv.

s]m Xp Im cy sfn FgpXp h P\ bm sXm cp hn thItam,

kz am bn Nn n m iIv Xn tbm t{]c Wtbm Cm hcm Wv F[m cWbn em Wv Xp Sp Xp Xs. C{]Im cap Fgp p Im P\w

FXv PU hkvXphm sWpw A\ a smcp AWphm sWpw ,Iq Snb

]w Xs d \n e\n ev ]n s\n bm sXm cp tthh em Xn bp an m

kkyPmeamsWpw [cnpp. asmcmfpsS Bhiynepw Icpn\pw

A\p kcn v cq] s Spn FSp m hp Ftm Bbn mWv IWm

p Xv. GXmv e Wsam Iem ]qamb ]e hn [cq] .

kmcns\ ]n Fgp Xptm Cs\ Nn XdnIn Sp hkvXpsf,a\p jy sc GtIm ]n nv Cbpw ]mS hhpw Dff {Inbm fl Ihpw km

eu In I hp amb {]tem` in kwLm S It\m, \nb a \nm Xm thm,


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At\zjIt\m Hs X XsbmsWv [cnm Cu FgppIm

aSnmdn.

tXm m c acs Im Wp AtX am \kn Im hkv YtbmsS bmWvCu tkmjyenkvv FgppIm s]mXpP\s ImWpXv. Hcp tXmm

c Hcp sNSn sb hr m Ir Xn bn epw NXp cm Ir Xn bn epw ]m {Xfp sS

BIr Xn bn epw apw shn icn bm p Xp t]m se Hcp tkm jy en kv v

FgppImc a\pjysc XnjvS{]Imcw KWfnepw ktXfnepw

IqSpIfnepw tPmen kvYefnepw ap]e kmaqly hyhkvYIfnepamn

ampw. Hcp tXmmc\v AbmfpsS ]Wnpthn InIfpw, tImSmen,

]mcbpw apw tht]mse Hcp tkmjyenkvv FgppImc\pw a\pjyscXs d `m h\bv \p krX ambn am m \n basa iIv Xn Bhiy am bn

hcp w. Cu Bhiy n \p thn Abm Np \n bafpw \n Ip Xn

\nbafpw hnZym ym k \n bafpw apw Ip ]n Sn pw.

tkm jy en kv p I v ssZham Im \m Wv Xm ev ]cyw

kaq l hy hkv YnXn I Dm m \p Akw kv Ir X hkv Xp am{Xam Wv

tkmjyenkvpIv s]mXpP\w. XfpsS ZuXysn Fsnepwkwibw AhpmhpIbmsWn Ah Hcp sNdnbhn`mKw a\pjy

sc ]coWn\v hnt[bcmphm\pw aSnpIbn. Fm hyhkvYnXn

Ifpw ]co npt\m pI F Bibw {]kn am Wv. Hcp tkmjyen

kvv t\Xmhv Xsd ]coWv shn Hcp Pnbpw AXn Xmakn

p bm fp Itfbpw hnv Xcphm Kuc h ambn `c W LS\m \n mW

k` tbmSv Bhiy sXv Ncn {XamWvv.

Hcp b{ap m p h bYm b{w Dm p Xn \p ap v

AXnsd Hcp sNdnb cq]ap m p p , ]co Wn\v thn am{Xw

ckX{ cmkhkvXptfbpw IjI hnnt\bpw qantbbpw

]mgmn If bp p, CsXmw kam \mam Wv.

Hcp tXm m c\v Abm fpsS sNSn Ifpw Hcp ckX{ \v Abmfp sS

cm k hkv Xp fpw Hcp im kv {X\pw Abm fp sS b{fpw Hcp

Irjnmc\v AbmfpsS hnpIfpw Bbpff _wXsbmWv Xm\pwa\p jy cm in bpw Xn ep Xv FmWv Hcp tkm jy en kv v Fm

Bflm Xtbm sSbpw hn iz kn pXv.


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19 mw \q m n s d Fgp p Im kaq lsaXv \n bacpsS

_p n bn DZn Hcp Ir {Xn a kw hn [m \am sWv [cn Xn Ap X

an . km{ Zm bnI hn Zym ym kn s d ^eam b Cu Bibw \p sS

cm Py s Fm Fgp p Im scbpw _pn Po hnIsfbpw kzm [o\n n pv. Cu Fgp pImcpw _p n Po hnIfpw hyIv Xn Isfbpw \nba\n m

Xm sfbpw Im Wp Xv Ifn ant\bpw Ipi h t\bpw ImWp Xp

t]msebmWv.

Ah hyIvXnIfpsS lrZbnep Bibfpw hnthIhpw AwKoIcn

phm XmdmIptmt]mepw Cu ssZhnI Zm\ amcIfmsWv

IcpXpp. Cu cv Ign hpI hyIv Xn Isfs \innpXn\pwam{Xta klmbnp Ibp ffq Fv Ah hnNmcn p p. \nba\n m

Xm hyIvXnIsf AhcpsS Bibn\\pkcnv{]hnm kXn

m AXv Ahsc aX n\p ]Icw \n co iz chm Zn tebvpw Adn hn\p

]Icw Adnhnmbvabntebvpw Dev]mZ\n\pw ssIamn\pw ]Icw

Zmcn{Zy n tebv pw \bn psav Ah Nnnp p.

a\p jy cm in sb tkmjy en kv p I shdp p pCu Fgp pIm cpsS A`n{]mbn `cWm [nImcnI pw \n ba\n

m Xm pw ta]dXn\pw hncp ambn Nne tNmZ \I ssZho I

ambn Innbnpvv. AXvAhpam{Xa temIn\papgph thnbpff

hcZm\amsWv Ah hnizknpp.AhcpsS A`n{]mbn a\pjy

cmin sXntebvpw Nobntebvpw \optm \nba\nmXm

\am{Xw Imwnpp. a\pjycmin Ccpntebvv\optm \nba\n

mXm shfnambn hcpp. ImSntebvpw \pWbntebvpwa\p jy Iq p Ip p tm \n ba\n m Xm amey am{Xw

B{K ln p p. CXmWv kXy sav Xocpam\n sXn \m a\p jyIp en

sd kzm`mhnI Nnm[mcIv ]Icw XfpsS Nnm[mcI ]Icw

hbvpIbpw AXv Ddnphm _e{]tbmKw thWsav iTnpIbpw

sNp p.

\n XXz Nntbtbm, cmjv{Sobttbm Ncn{Xttbm ]n GXp {Kwadnp t\mnbmepw AXnsemw mkn Adn hn s d kXnsbpw

tkm jy en kn s d Asbpw hn fn m hp Cu Nn I


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thcp ]n Sn p In Sp Xm bn Im Wmw. a\p jy cm in Hcp PU hkvXp

hmsWpw AXn\v Poh\pw LS\bpw [mnI aqeyfpw A`nhrnbpw

In p Xv k m F {]kvYm \n \n m sWp w Dff Bibw

\n v Cu ]pkvX I fn semw Im Wmw. AXn t\m Ijv Swa\p jy cm in \m in tebv v hgp Xn hoWp sIm n cn p p Fpw

AXn s\ XSp \n dp p Xv \nba \n m Xmhn s d am {n I

IcfmsWpw Dff Cu {Kfnse \no h amb hm ZamWv. Cu

km{ ZmbnI Nn m[mc Ftm gpw ]dbp Xv \no hamb kaq ln

s d ]n n A{XXs Xm Xo X amb kzm[o \ ap ff A[n Im c

tI{ sf tZym[n n p Hcp hmmtb mw.

\n _n X sXm gn en \pff \ymbo I cWw

eq bn ]Xn \m ema (Loui XIV)cmPm hnsd cm Pk`bn se Aw Kambncp

tUm^n (Douphin) F Nn Isd Kp cp hm bn cp t_m kpthbpsS

(Bossuet)hm p I \apmZyw Im Wmw.

""Cu Pn ]v Xp Im cn Ghpw Bg n ]Xn (Bcp ] Xnp?) kz mhw

Ahcp sS tZikv t\lam Wv. cm Py n \v D]tbm K{]Zam Xm bn cn mHcm sfbpw A\p hZn ncp n . Fm hy Iv Xn I pw \n baw Hm tcm

tPmenI A\pimknpIbpw Ah AXv XfpsS kXn ]ccI

v ssIamdpIbpw sNbv Xn cpp. Hcmv cv sXm gn A\phZ\o b

ambn cpn . Hcp tPmen hnv asmn tev amdpIbpw km[yam bncpn .

Fm \n bahpw hn thIhpw Fm hy Iv Xn Ifp w ]Tn n cn Wsav

\n _hp ap m bn cp p. bm sXm cp Im cWhim epw aXsbpw

cmPy s \n bakw ln Xsbbpw ]nbp ff ARvXX s]mcp pIq Sm Xm bn cp p. Hm tcm sXm gn seSp p h pw Hcp {]tXy I `q ]cn [n

\n iv Nbn npmbn cpp (Bcm ? ) Fm hcpw \n baw A\p kcn

Wsap hyhkvYbpmbncpp. (Bcpmn ?) BcpmnbXm

bncpp. \ \nbafn Ghpw \XvAXpsImpXs ApXIcam

b Ip ]n Sn fm \n dp \n ev p Xm bn cp p Cu Pn ]v Xv .

AhnsS PohnXw kpJhpw imhpamm\pff Hns\pdnpw Dt]

\n e\n ncp n . t_m skbpsS A`n{]m bn P\ v Ahcn\n p Xs Hpw In p n. tZikvt\lw, kX, Ip]nSn ,

im kv {Xw, ar Kkw cWw Fo th Fmw Xs \n ban s d


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\SnpsImv cnphcn \nv P\v InpXmWv. kaql

n s t\Xm hn s\ Aw Ko Icn p Ibpw _lp am \n p Ibpw am{Xta

P\ sNtq.

]n Xr Xp ey am b k mcn\v Hcp \ym bo IcWw

kaq ln s d Fm ]p tcm KXnpw ASn kv Ym \w k m cm sWv

hm Zn t_mkpth Cu Pn ]v Xp ImcpsS Imcy n ]m n t\bpw Kp kv Xn

tbbpw hne a Xn m h sc Btcm] Ws XSp m t]mepw AXp

]tbmKnp. ""AsXs\ ]pw? ta]d IeI Ip]nSnXpXs

CuPn]vjy ssZham b s]m kneqkn sd Nm kne Fv IcpXs

Sp {Sn kvan Pnv (Trismegistus)BWv ''.

t_mkpthbp sS A`n {]m bn Fmw ap Ifn \n p hcp p

shp hnizm kw t] jy mp w Dv.

""Hcp cm PIp am cs d {]m[ anI Npa X e I fn semv km bp [tk\sb

\n b{n p Xn \v Dm n bn p Hm o kp I t]m se Xs

Ir jn Wn v \n ti \ev Im\pw Hm o kp I Dm bn cp p.....

cmPm [nIm ctmSp D S amb _lp am\w t] jy P\Xsbbpw

{]tem`n nn cp p. BIam \w kzm [o\n n p v. ''

t_mkpthbp sS A`n {]m bn alm _p n am m cm sWnepw

]n Isfbpw IpXnI cIsfbpw t]mse {Kop Imv hy IvXn]cam bn

bm sXm cp Np aXem t_m [hp an mbn cpp. Ghpw efn Xam b Ifn I

t]mepw Ahp m m\p Ign hv Ah n . ]nItfbpw Ip Xn c

Itfbpw t]m se.

kzXth _p n am m cpw ss[cy imen Ifp amb {Kop Imsc CuPn ]v Xn

\n pw h cm Pm m cpw Ip Sn tbm cp am Wv hfn sb Sp Xv.

Cu Pn ]v Xy `cWm [n Im cn Ifn \n m Wv {Ko v P\X hym bm a

Ip Xn c ] bw, Hm ] bw tX ] bw Fn h sbms ]Tn Xv.

Fm Cu Pn ]v Xp Im cn \npw Ah ]Tn Ghpw \]mTw A\p

k c W bp f f h cm bn cn m \m Wv. s]mXp \bvv thn \na b m

]cph s Sm kzba\phZn m \m Wv.


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\njv{In bam b a\pjycm in F Bibw

]n o Sv h Kp cp m cpw Fgp p Im cpw \n ba\n m Xm fpw

km n I hn ZKv cpw XXz Nn Im cp w ]cn t]m jnns Spta d ]u cmWn I kn m Fmw ]Tn n p Xv P\n \v

In n bsXmw Ahv _mly amb Hcp t{km Xn \n m sWm Wv.

DZm lcWn\v Uyq v Hm^v _KWvUn (Duke of Burgundy) bpsS

Kp cphpw Bp_n jpw Fgpp Im c\p amb ^n\n eq (Fenelon)

F hyIv Xn sb \aptm mw.

eq bn 14mw cm Pmhn s d `cWiIv Xnbv v km n bmbncp p Atlw.

Atlw hf p hXv ]ucm Wn IXsb Bcm [n p bm Ym kv Yn I]T\neqsSbmWv Xm\pw kzm mhn Iam bpw a\pjycm in \n jv {In bambn

cnWsa Bibw Atlw AwKoIcnp, kXbpw Zmcn{Zyhpw. \

Im cy fpw No Im cy fpw Hcp P\Xbv p m Ip Xv \n bahpw

\n ba \n m Xm fpw P\Xbn {]tbm Kn p ]p dta \np ff

iIv Xnkzm [o \w sIm m sWv Atlw hn iz kn p. AXp sIm v

""Dtm]y Hm^v kmsew'' (Otopia of Salentum)F Ir Xn Atlw

a\p jy cm in tbbpw AXns Fm Xm ev ]cy tfbpw Ignhp Itfbpwtam ltfbpw IqSn \n ba\n m Xm hn s d ]caam b hn thN\n \v

hn p sIm Sp pp. Fp hn jbap sn epw AXn Xo cp am \saSp

pXv P\f. Ahv thn cmPIpamc\mWv. cmPysa BIr

Xn bn m Hcp amwk]n fin\v Po h sImSp p BflmWv cmPIp

amcsav Atlw hnizknp. cmPIpamc\n Nnbpw ZoLhoWhpw

]ptcmKXnbpw kwLmS\ns XXzfpw Fmw IpSnsImffpp Fv

Atlw hn iz kn p. AXn \m Xs Fm Dchm Zn Xz fpw

cmPIpam c\n \nn ]v Xam bn. n\n eq (Fenelon)s d "sSeam kv '

(Telemacus)se 10mw ]pkvXIw apg h Cu Bibw kmXqI cn p

Xm Wv. a sm hn[nepw Rm _lp am \n p Cu {]ikvX

Ir Xn bp sS Nne mK DcnpsImv Rm Xr ]v X\m Imw.

tkmjyenkvpI hkvXpXIfpw bpnbpw Xakvcnpp

Fpw hnizkn m\pf f bm Ymn XnI Nn I cpsS B hm Ignhv

sImv Xs n\neq CuPn]vXpImcpsS s]mXphmb ktmjns


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49

B[m cw Ahcp sS hnth I a Fv Icp Xp p. hkvXp X Ifpw

bpn tbbpw ]cn K Wn m tX bm Wn Xv. Ahcp sS cm Pm m cp sS

_p n ssh`ham Wv Ah Im i s Spp "Ghpw A`n Im ay ambn

nXn sN p kam b \Kctfbpw {Km ao W tXm tfbpwImWmsX \v CcpIcIfntepw Iv ]mbnm h. Hcnepw

Xcn in Sm kph [m\y \nd Irjn bn S Bn ]

\nd ]p taSp I, qan bpsS hcZm \w sImv Irjnm cpsS t\cp ff

]ghfpsS I\waqew Iqv \Sp sXmgnemfnI, HmSpg

Km\w sImv AesbmenI krjvSnp BnSbm Fns\, Kpcp

{] Jym ]n pp " " _p n am \m b cm Pm hv `cn p {]PI

kp jv Scm Wv ''.

kXbpw CuPn]vXns karnbpw \n conm Atlw Fs

D]tZinp. CuPn]vXnse 22,000 \Kcsf Rm ImWWsav Atlw

Bin p. \Kcfn se \ t]m eo kv \n basfbpw ]m hsh\v

A\p Iq eam bpw ]Wm cs\Xn scbp ap \o Xn \n hlWtbpw

AStbpw mjtbbpw sXmgnent\bpw Ietbbpw kaNnXtbbpw

Ip dn v Ip n I v sIm Sp p \ hn Zym ym ksbpw AtlwBZcn p. aX]cam b NSp Ifp sS Ir Xy Xbpw a\p jy cp sS \n kzm

Xbpw \Xnt\mSp _lp am\hpw ssZh`bnep ff in Whpw

Fmw Atls BIjnp. Atlw Ftmgpw Bcm[\tbmsS t\mn

p ""Hcp _pnam\mb cmPmhv C{]Imcw cnp cmPys {]PI

ktm jhm m cm Wv. ''

tkm jy en kv p I v P\sf ]m f Nn ]Tn n Ww{Ions\ Ipdnpff s^tems kvXpXnKoXw CXnepa[nIw sImXnnp

XmWv. Kpcp] d bpp. "" ant\m kns \n bansd eam Wv \mw Cu

Zzo]n Ap X sf mw. BZyta Xs Ipn Isf sXmgn en sbpw

anXhybnsbpw PohnXssientbmSv ioeamnbXv. Atlw IpnI

v\n_nXamnb hnZym`ymkwsImv AhcpsS icocw iIv XnbpXpw

kp Zr Vhp amIp p. ImcWw Fm C{nb kpJ fpw ico chpw a\pw

Zp_esSppp. AXpsImpXs \sImv APX t\SpIbpwIon kmZnpIbpw sNpI FmmsX asmcp B\hpw Ah

v A\p hZ\o ba. ap P\ n S bn in m l a m aq v


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50

sXpI Bn, Im]Syw, \nbnmbva FnhbmWv. s]mw, [qv

Fnh ChnsS innstS . ImcWw {Iov F Zzo]n CsXmpw

tIp tI hn t]m ep an . Chn sS hn eIq Sn b ho p km [\tfm, Kw o c

fmb XpWnctfm, henb hncppItfm, BUw_c sImmctfmA\phZ\oba.

As\ Kpcp Ghpw \ DtitmSpIqSnXs Xsd Cmbnse

P\ sf hms Sp m\pw Xs hn Zym n Isf k cm p p.

B BibfpsS alna Dun Ddn phm amZin kmse ns

DZm lcWw Dcp hn Sp p.

Ccw XXzNn bn \n mWv \apv BZy ambn cmjv {Sob BibIn nbnp Xv. Hcp Irjn im kv{X I jIs\ Irjnmbn asm

cpphm]TnnpXpt]mse P\sf ssIImcyw sNm\mWvCcw

Bib \s]Tn n pXv.

kp{]knamb Hcp kw : Zpjn Hcmibw

alm \m b samskvIyq (Montesquie)Fv ]d bpp Fv \apv

{inmw. Cu hnjbtm Sp A`n {]mbw \apv {inmw.

IhSnsd Duw \ne\ndpWsan Fm \nbafpw IhS

n \v A\p Iq eam tIXv Bhiy am Wv. IhSnse em fp sS

B\p ]m Xn I amb ho Xw hbv n s d ASnm \n kpJ a ambn

Zcn {Zcmb ]u cmpw ap h sNp Xpt]mse kpJ a ambn tPmen

sNm \p ff Ahkcw Cu \n ba DmWw. XfpsS kv Ym \w

\n e\n dp m\pw IqSp X t\Sm \pw tPmen sNbvtX Xocq F \ne bn[\n I tcbpw ]nSnv \nWw. kXsb Cm Xm p Xm hWw

\nb a .

bYm XpeyXbmWv P\m[n]Xynse cmjv{Sns Bflmshnepw

AXvkmmXv cnm henb _pnapmWv. AXn \ovt]mnm

Hcp \ne]mSv KpWw sNWsan. knepff Acs Ipdm\pw

]cn [n p f fn \ne \nm\pw DX Ip Hcp skkkv aXn bmIpw

AXn\v tijw [\n IcpsS ta A[nI`mcw Npap Ibpw ]mhs h\v

BizmktaIpIbpw sNp \nba sImv AkaXzs kaXzambn

ampIbmWv thXv.


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Chn sSbpw \ _ew {]tbm Kn v Xp ey X ssIhcnm \p

\nban s {iasf ImWpp.

{Kokn cpXcw dnnpI Dmbncpp. ssk\ym[njvTambncpkv]m IhSn Dnb GYkv. kv]m ]ucmcpsS \njv{Inb

Xzhpw GYkv tPm en tbm Sp A` \n th ihpw t{]m m ln n p I

bm bn cp p. Cu \n ba\n m Xm fpsS Ap X I c amb _pn in

{inpI: Fm hy hkv Ym ]n X BNm ctfbpw Cm bv a sNp

kpkX amb ]e KpW sfbpw amn adnp kw hn[m\s tem Iw

AXnibtmsS Im Wp p sav Ah ap Iqn bdn ncp p.

\oXnbpsS Bflmhns\ sNdp In S Ifhn t\mSv tbmPn nv sseKkv(Lycurguss)Atlns d \Kcam b kv ]m bn kv YncX krjvSnp.

AXn \tlw ]q amb AS a Xzs ]q kzm X { tmSv Iq n

Ie n . Ghpw \nIr jvS amb hnizm k sf Ghpw anX Xz tmsS

]pecphm A\phZnp. AXn\pthn , Iebpw hym]mhbpw kpw

kp cbpw hn`hfpw Atlw \K cn\p \n tj[n p. `uXn I amb

t\ambn cpn kv ]m (Sparta)bn DXvItjbpsS ASnkvYm\w.

a\p jy aIt\m, ` m thm, ANv Ot\m Am Xn cp Xp sIm vkzm`mhnIamb kvt\ln\v {]ISamhm hgnIfnmbncpp. ]mXnhrXyw

t]mepw A`nejWobambncpn. Cu hgnv, sse Kkv kv]msb

AXn s d alXz n tepw Ion bn tepw \bn p. {Ko kn se

hyh IsfIpdn p ff CtX HuZXyw AgnaXn \ndXpw Nofn

Xpamb \psS ]pXpbpKn\pw Bhnp tImw.

DZm: hneyw s] (Mr . Mimmerel) Hcp bYm sse Kmbncpp.bp am bn cp p sseK ns ey san kam [m \am bn cp p

s]ns eyw. Fnepw Ah Xn ep kmayX {]ISam bncpp.

kzm X{ya\pjycp sStaep Ahcp sS [m n Iamb Av ap[mc

WIfn \npw {`afn \npw IcIbdm Ahsc A\phZnXn\m

X fpsS P\XIsf ]p Xn b hgnbn eq sS \bnm Ahv Ignp

]cmtKz F cmPyw P\\v thn Xs \nba \nm Xm fm

hmsSps P\XbpsS DZmlcWamWv. Hcp hyIvXn DchpI]pdsSphnpI FXv AbmfpsS PohnXnse Ghpw henbktm

jam bn IWm p Ibpw A{]Im cw sNp Ibp am sWn


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AXv kaqltmSp sNp IpamsWv kwiban. Fm P\sf

Iq Sp X kp jvS cm m \mbn Ahsc `cn p I FXv Hcp DX

BibamWv.

kam\amb hyhvkY kvYm]nWsam{Klnph C{]Imcw sNWw.

1. mtmbpsS dnnn ]dXv kzpfpw s]mXp DSaXbn

emWw.

2. mtm \ntinXpt]mse ssZhsf _lpam \n Ww.

3. BNm c ]cn cn tXp Xp sIm v hn tZin Isf P\fp

am bn CSs]Sphm A\p hZn cpXv.4. hym]mcw ]u cm p ]Icw k m sNWw.

5. \nb\nmXm BUw_cv]Icw IeI hnXcWw sNWw

Ah B{Klf Bhiy \ndthWw.

t]Sn sSp p Hcp Bibw

""hr n sI coXn bn {àn n cn p h'' sam tm kv Iyq C{]Im cw

]dXn\m AXv KwòcamsWpw DZmamsWpw {]Jym]npambncn pw. Fm F\n v Fsd A`n{]m bw ]dbp hm ss[cy apv !

""Fv C{]Im cap A`n {]m bw DZm am sWv kz t_m [tm sS

Fs\ \n ]dbpw? '' Cu Bibw t]SnsSppXmWv ! shdp

stSXpamWv ! samtmkvIyqhns ta]d{]Imcap teJ\

hmbn m Xs a\p jytcbpw kzmX{ytbpw kzn t\bpw a\pjy

cmin sb sbpw \n ba\nm Xm v Ahcp sS _pn {]tbmKn

m\p hkvXp fmbmWv Atlw IsXp hy amIpw.

P\m [n ]Xy hm Zn Ifp sS t\Xm hv

C\n Cu hn jbn dq tkm ]dbp sXm sWv t\m mw. s]m Xp

hn jbfn se Cu {]ap J Fgp p Im c\m Wv P\m [n ]Xy hm Zn Ifp sS

]ctam X t\Xmhv. km aq ly LS\ P\fp sS Aò jvSm

A[n jv Tn Xam sWv Atlw hn iz kn p p shn epw \n ba\n mXm fp sS km n [y nse a\p jy cm in bp sS \njv{In bXzw F

kn mw amsc mfpw Aw Ko Icn n pbm fm Wv.


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alm \m b cm PIp am cm hfsc Np cp ta Dm Ip p p shn

alm \m b \nba\n Xm hv AXn epw Ip dtbp q shXv kXy at?

cmPIpamc \nba\nmXmhv Dmnb ]mX ]npSm am{Xw aXn.

\nba\n m Xm hv Hcp b{n s d {kjvSm hmWv. cmPIp amc b{w{]hnnpbm am{XamWv.

Fm hy IvXnIv Cu Im cyn Fm Wv sNm\pffXv ? Ah

Nenp Hcp b{wt]msebmWv. bYmn Ah b{apmm

D]tbm Kn n cn p Hcp Akw kv Ir X ]Zmw am {Xambt IW m

sSpXv.

Hcp Ir jn hnZKv \pw Irjnm c\p w Xnep _w Xs bmWv Hcp\n ba\n m Xm hpw cm PIp am c\pw Xn \n e\n ev p _w. Hcp

cm Pm hpw {]Pbpw Xn ep _w , Ir jn m c\pw Abm fp sS Ir jn

`qanbpw XnepffXv. a\pjycminbn \npw F{X DXamb kvYm\m

Wv Cu cmjv{SaoamkmNnIw {]XnjvTnncnpXv. dqtkm \nba\nm

Xmsf cnpIbmWv XfpsS tPmen Fs\ sNWsav Ahsc

Xmsg]dbp hn[n Atlw ]TnnpIbpw sNpp.

Hcp cm Py n\v kv Yn cX ssIhcnp Ibm Wv thWsan AhnSps

hn`n {[phsf Ghpw ASp n v sImp hcn pI bmWv thXv.

`n mscbpw ]Wmscbpw shp s]m dp ntXn .

Hcp cmPynsd qan hnfhv D]mZnnm ]mXmsWntem cmPyw

AXnse P\sf Dsmphm ]m{X sNdpXmsWntem, hyhkm

bhpw IeIfpw t{]mmlnnpIbmWv thXv. AhbpsS D]sf

IhSw sNbv Xv B cmPy n\mhiy ap Ww t\SpIbpw sNmw.

Hcp cmPys qan e`qbnjvThpw, ]t B cmPys P\ Ipdhp

am sWn \n Ir jn bn tebv v {i Xn cn p I. Im cWw AXv

P\kwJy hnnpw. AhnsS Iesb \ntcm[npI ImcWw Ie Hcp

cm Py s P\kwJy Ipdbvmt\ D]I cnq.

Hcp cm Py v Fn s Sm hp hnkvXr X fmb IS Xo cap sn

ISen hym]mc IepI \ndbvpI; \nv hfsc \Xpw FmsNdp Xpamb Po hnXap m Ipw. ISocw sNsnsm ZpjvIc

amb a\ p I sf sIm p \n dncn bm sW n, P\ sf


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54

{]mIr X cm bn hn Sp I. Ah ayw `nv Pohn s. Ah

Xobmbpw kp jvS cmbpw Nne tm IqSp X \mbpw Pohnpw.

Npcpn]dm, s]mXphmb knmpdw Hmtcm P\XbvpwAh cp tSXmb {]tXyI kml Ncy fp v. hkvXpX I kmlNcy

\pkrXamb \nb a Dm Im Imc WamIpw.

Ign Imefn PqXmpw Cu ASp Imev Ad_nIpw

aXw Ah cpsS {][m \amb ey ambncnp Xn\v Im cWw CXpXs

bmWv. AYo\nbmv kmlnXyw eyambncptm, Sbdn\pw hym]mcw

ey am bn cp tm tdm U am v \m hn I hrnbpw kv]mbvv

bp hp w tdm an \v [hpw {]Ya ey ambXv CtX Im cWm emWv.""\nbafpsS k'' F IrXnbpsS Imhv \nba\nmXm GXp

hnt[b\bmWv ta]d eyntebvv kvYm]\sf \bntXv

Fv hnhcnnpv. Fm \n ba\n mXm v AhcpsS icnbm

b eys]n ]niIp ]pIbpw Ah ta ]d hkv XpXIv

hn cp am b XXzfn Dun {]h n p Ibpw sNbv Xm ? Ah

sXcsSp XXzw Nn etm ASn a krjvSnmw Nn etm

kzmX{yhpw. Nnetm [\hpw ap Nnetm P\scphpw Nnetmkam [m \hpw ap Nn etm shn nSphpap m n bm tem? C{]Imcw

eynnbp BibIpgw {ItaW \nbas Zp_esSpp

Ibpw `c WLS\v `wKw hcpp Ibpw sNpw. \nehnep hyhkv

Ysb \in np Itbm, am nadnpItbm sNpXp hsc cmjvSn s

{]tm \Spw. IogSm]m {]IrXn AhfpsS km {aym Pyw

Xn cn p]n Sn pIbpw sNpw.

km{am Pys Xn cn p ]n Sn m am{Xw AP bmWp {]Ir Xn sb n

km{am Pyw shn ]n Snt Bhiyw BZyta \nba\nm Xm hn\v Dmbn

cpn Fv dqtm Fp sIm v k Xnp n. hfsc Ffp n

sXpI hcp ntb mhp ssekv, tkmf, dqtm Fn h

Bcp tSbpw CS s] S en msX P\ Ah cpsS s\kn I amb

tNmZ \ sIm p Xs ^e q bn jvT amb an Irjn sNm\pw

hnkvXrXhpw kpKahp amb ISocv hym]mcw sNm\pw XpSpsav Fp sImv Atlw ImWp n ?


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55

\n_ n X amb A\p kcW bmWv tkmjy en p I fpsS eyw

D]m Xm fn epw kw Lm SIcn epw \n tiIcn epw \n ba\n m Xm

fnepw kaqls \nb{nphcnepw oIcamb DchmZnXzamWvdqtm Nm p Xv. AXp sIm p Xs Ahscsm v ]cam h[n

]Wn sbSp npI bmWv At l ns eyw cm jv {So b P\ X bpsS

\n n Xn GsSp p hm Xo cp am \n n p GsXm cp h\pw kz bw

hn iz kn tXv Abm v a\pjykz`m hs cq]m c Ws Spm

Xns ]q\mbpff Hmtcm hyntbbpw amn Xfn henb

Hcp ]q k Xy ns `mKw am{X amn AXn \n v Po hn Xhpw

{]tNm Z\hpw ssIh cn m Ign hp f f h cm m Ignbpw F XmWvP\fp sS ssIh cn m \n n Xn GsSp p Hcp hyn

a\p jy v {]Ir Xn bn \n v In p kzm X{y hpw `u Xn Iam b B

\n e\n n\p ]Icw `m Kn Ihpw [m n Ihp am b \ne \nn\v ]I cw

shbvm\pw Ah\p LS\m ]camb IqSpX in ] Icm X\n v

Ign hp sv hn iz knWw.

Np cp n ]dm Hcp cm jv {Sob a\p jy s d \n m Xm hv a\p jy sd

kzm mhn I iIvXn Isf amn Ah {]Ir Xym A\y amb apNne inIDm n sImSp tXp apv.

]mhw a\pjy kz mhw! C{]Im cap dq tkm bpsS injym cpsS In

Gn p Hcp hy Iv XnbpsS An s KXn FmIpw?

a\p jycmin sb Dh s Spn FSp m \p ff \n ba

\n m Xm fp sS B{Klwa\p jy cm in sb \n ba\n m Xm hv cq ]t`Zw sNp hn jbn

sdbv \m fns A`n{]m bw \ap v ]cn tim[nmw.

\nba\nmXmhv BZyw ImemhkvY, hmbp, av Fnh ]cnKWnWw.

Abm fp sS ]ep hn`hfm Wv Abmfp sS ISa \nbnp Xv.

GXp {]tZin \p thn bm tWm \n baw \n n p sXv BZyw

]cn KWn Ww. IS o cv Pohn p P\Xbv v \m hn I{][m \am b \n baw Dm IWw. D {]tZis kw _nmsW n

\n ba\n m Xm hv B {]Ir Xn sbbpw an s d ^e`q bn jv TXsbbpw

]cnKWnWw.


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56

\nmXmhnsd ssh`hw kzpfpsS hnXcW{Iaw \nivNbnpXn

em Wv {][m \am bpw {]IS am IpI. Hcp ]p Xn b tImf\n Hcp cm Py v

m]n pIbm sWv {]ISam Ip I. Hcp ]pXnb tImf\n Hcp cmPyv

m]npIbmsWn Xs IpSpw_st]mm aXnbmb kvYew Hmtcmhynpw sImSpWsavs]mXpsh ]dbmw. Xcnin ncnp Hcp Zzo]n

\n \nfpsS kXn ]c c Isfsmp P\ hmkw m]np

I bm sW n kXy n s d hn p Ifpw hn Ik\n s d s]m cp fpw

IqSn hnXdnbmam{Xw aXn;asmpw sNtXn. Fm Hcp P\Xsb

Ah cpsS `qX Im e tm Sp IqSn Hcp ]p Xn b cm Py n tebv v am n

{]Xn jvTnp IbmsWn anSpv A{]Im cap P\fn Xn cp m

hp Xpw am m hp Xp am b BNm cfpw A]ISIcam A`n {]m

bfpw am{Xw amn \SpI FXnemWv. ta{]Imcap A n{]mbfpw

BNmcfpw kvYncammXncnWsan ASp Xeapdbvpthn

AXn\p tijn bp Hcp s]m Xp hn Zym`ymk k{Zmbw cq ]sSp Ww.

sNdpmsc ]TnnpXn\pw D]tZinpXn\pw _pnbpw Ignhp

apbm fpIsf BZyw Hcpm sX Hcp tImf\n kv Ym]nm Hcnepw

cmPm thm, \nba\nm Xm thm ap Xn ccp Xv.

P\ fpsS BNmcfpw s]cp am coXn Ifpw ipo Icnm B{Kln

p, kqvaXbph\mb Hcp \nba\nmXmhn\vHcp ]pXnb tImf\n

hen b AhkcfmWv Xp dp sIm Sp p Xv. Atln \v Ign hpw

\bpapsn Xs hcpXnbnepff kvYehpw P\fpw kaqln

\p thn bp Hcp \ ]Xn krjvSn m Atln \v {]tNm Z\w

\ev Ipw. Cu ]Xn Ahyambn am{Xta apIqn ImWm km[n q.

ImcWw Fm knm fp tSbpw An c Xsb AXv B{i bn n cnpp. apIqn ImWm\pw hyIvXambn Xomm\pw Ignbm ko

XIfpw km lNcy fpw apw AXn \nv Bhn hn pw.

a\p jysc Fs\ ssIImcyw sN W sav \n ba

\n m Xm v e`np \ntiw

""Hcp ImjnI Aym]I hnZymnIvmkv FSppXpt]msebm

Wv \n ba\n m Xm tfm Sv P\sf Fs\ ]cn ]m en mw F

hnjb nep ff sdbv\mfp sS (Raynal) \nti''.


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57

I jIs d BZy s \n baw Im em hkv Ybm Wv. Abm fp sS hn h

fm Wv Abm fpsS \S]Sn {Iaw \n bn pI. BZyw Abm fp sS {]tZiw

]cn KWnWw. Abmfp sS `q anbn Ifn am sWn C Imcy

sNWw. AsXmw aWem sWn asmcpXcn ]Wn sbSp Ww.`qansb shnsfnv \mm B{Klap I jI\v ]e hgn Ifp

apv. Abmv Ignhpsn AbmfpsS A[o\Xbnepff hfw Xs

Fs\ aptmv t]mI W sa Xn Abmv hyX \Ipw

Adnbphm km [n pw. Hcp Im jn I Aym ]I\v `qan bn Fp

sNWsap ]Xn Ahy ambn am {Xsa ap Iq n ]dbp hm

km[npIbpq. ImcWw apIqn Xocpam\nphm\pw hyIvXamb \S]Sn

sbSpphm \pw ]m km lNcyw ]etm gpw Dcpncnbpw.

Fmep sasd DXamb FgppImsc ! \n C{]Im cw hn thN\

cln Xam bn am n adn p Ifn apw aWepw hffpw Fmw a\p jy

cm sWv Hm Ww. Ah \n v kam cm Wv. Ah \n sf

tmse Xs _pnbp, kzX{cmb a\pjycmWv. \nsftmseXs

Ah pw \n co np hm \pw Nn n p hm \pw ap Iq n Bkq {XWw

sNm\pw Xv thn Xo cp am \saSp m\pw Dff Ign hv ssZhwsIm Sp n p v.

Xm ev m en I GIm [n ]Xyw

\n bahpw \n mXmhpw F hn jbn ""an'' (Mably)]dbpXvtI q. Dcn hm Iy v ap v , kp csb Xr WhXv cn p

pXpsIm v \n baw tXp am p t]m Ip sav an knm n

p p. Atlw hmb\m tcmSv C{]Im cw ]dbpp.

""Cu kmlNcyn kmcnsd {]h\w hfsc A]cym]vXamsWv

hfsc hy Iv XamWv. k mcn\v ]p Xn b {]iv\ sIm Spp sIm n cp

m Cu {]iv\w X\nsb ]cnlcnsSpw sXpIsf innpXn\p

]I cw A`nej Wo b ambsXtm AXn\v IqSp X {]Xn ew \Im

{inp. A{]Imcw sNbvXm \n \nfpsS cmPys bu\kar

ampw. kzX{ a\p jy Cu \S]Sn{Iasn Acmbncp Xn\m Ahv AhcpsS kzmX{yw Xs \jvSambn! km[mcW km

\S]Sn I sIm v \in n m ]m {X Xn hep Xm bn p sn


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58

henb iIvXn Dsmp Akm[mcWamb Hcp tImSXn m]npI

Hcp sNdn bIm etbv v . ]u cm cp sS `m h\bvv iIv Xn v I\

{]lcw Xs \IWw.

20 `m Kfn em bn an Xs d Z i\w C{]Im cw kan pp.

]ucm Wn I hn Zym ym kn \n v Dcpn cn n p Cu Nn Ifp sS

kzm[o \waqew HcpImev Fm hy IvXnIfpw Ahscs a\p jycm

inbpsS apIfn kz bw {]XnjvTnm, AXp hgn Ahcp tSXmb hgn v

Im cy \n b{nm \pw kwLSnn m\pw , Binp.

kv Xpey am bn ho XnpI F tkmjy env Bh iyw\n ba\n m Xm tfbpw a\p jy cm in tbbpw ]n bp sIm n bm n

(Condillac)s A`n {]m bw \ap v {ihn mw. sseK n tbpw

tkmf tbpw thjaWn mepw {]t`m!

Cu teJ\w hm bn p Xo cp Xn \p ap p Xs Atacn bn tebpw

B{^n bn tebpw Im Sm v \n baw \nnp \In ckn p I.

B \mtSmSnIsf kvYncamb hoSpIfn XfnSpI. Ahsc BSphfm

]TnnpI. Ahcn {]IrXymep kmaqly Aht_m[w hfphm

{ianpI. a\pjyklPamb ISaI \nlnm Ahsc \n_n

X cmmw. Ahv cpNn m hn[ ap ff in I Ah v

sImSppI. As\ Hmtcm \nbatmsSmw Cu {]mIrXv Hcp Xn

ssItamiw hcnIbpw Hcp\ ssIhcnpIbpw sNbvXp. Fmhpw

\nba Dmbncpp Fm hfscpdmfpIam{Xta kwXr]vXcm

bn cp p q. Fm Wn Xn \p Im cWw? s]m Xp hmb Xm ev ]cy nsASnm\n IpSpw_sf Hnv \npI FXv kaqlns

bYm Dtiysav \nba\nmXmv Xsbp AXbmWv

Imc Ww.

\n bans ] cmlnXyw ssIhcn m cp Im cy thWw. AXv

]u cm Xn kz n epw An epw Dff kaXz am Wv. \n baw

]u cmsc F{XIv kamcm p p thm A{XIv ]ucmv AXv

Wn I am Ipw. Fm P\fpw kz n s dbpw An s dbpwImcy n kam cm IpI; B kaXzs An c s Sp m\pw

]gpXpIsfmw \nbaw sImv aqSpIbpw sNpI FmsWn P\


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59

B n, AXn tam lw , aSp v Ip ip v , [m cm fn w, ]I, Akq b,

DZm ko\X Xp Snbh sIm v Akz cm hpI bn tm?

kv]m F cmPysn \n t\Snb Adnhv Ccn \nsfklm bn mw. Im cWw tem Iv asm cn Sv kaXz n eq n b kzm m

hnI \nbatmSv C{Xam{Xw tNv \np \nba Dmbnn.

tkm jy en kvv v Fgpp Im cp sS sXp I

a\p jy cmin Xs Ne\anm Hcp hkvXp hm sWpw AXv alm \m b

Hcp cm Pm hn \n tm, \n ba\n mXmhn \n tm, Hcp AXn _p n

am\n \n tm apJam Is, iIv Xn bm Is Ne\m XvaIXbm Is, Po hXsbm Is kzo Icn p hm Xm dm sWpw Dff hn izm kw. 17 18

\qm p I fn \ne \n n cpp FXv hnNn {X am bn cp n . ImcWw

Cu \qmpI ]ucm Wn IXsb Ipdn p ff ]T\w sImv kp jvSam

bn cp p. Cu ]ga {Ko kn epw tdm an epw Cu Pn ]v Xn epw Fmw Zr iy am bn

cpp. Icpntbpw NXnbptSbpw _en XfpsS CjvS{]Imcw

a\pjycminsb hmsSpp a\pjy km{XnIambncpp. Fm

AXp sImv Cu kv Yn Xn hn tijw \Xm sWv sXfn bn sn n .a\p jy cpw kaq lhpw sa sSm Ign hpXm bXpsImv Ncn{Xn

s d Bcw n sXp Ifpw, AXbpw, ASn aXzhpw, Ahn izm

kfpw, GIm[n]Xyhpw IqSpX Afhn Itmw Fv am{Xta AXv

sXfn bn p p ffq. ap t {]Xn ]m Zn n p Fgp p Im {]m No \

kwhn[m\sf ta hnhcn {]Imcw a\nemnbXn sXn. Fm

Ahv sXv ]n bXv ta ]d ]gIn b kw hn [m \ Xs

BZchn\pw A\p I c W n \p ambn shp \o p Xn em Wv. _men ihpwFpw hniz kn p Xp amb am\ kn Im h tbmsS Ir {Xn aXzw \n d

]ucmWnI kaqlns Apw [mnI aqeyfpw ktmjfpw

BUw cfpw kXy am sWpXs hn iz kn p. Im ew Ign bp tm dpw

Adnhv shfnsSpIbpw hfcpIbpw sNpsapw Adnhnsd hfv

B\p]mXnIambn Icpv icntbmsSmw \npsapw kaqlw AXns\

Xs Xncnv ]nSnp sapw Ah a\nemnbn .

kzm X{y sam sem Wv ?

\mw Ctm Im Wp cm jv {Sob kacw FmWv ? kzmX{y n\pthn


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bp P\fpw ss\knIambn kacamIpXv. B t]cpsImpXs

temIs ]nSnp IpeppIbpw lrZbanSnv hnnpIbpw sNp

kzmX{yw FmWv ?

bYmn AXvFm kzmX{yfptSbpw, AXmbXv a\mn\p

krXambn {]hnpXn\p kzmX{yw, hnZym`ymk, kwLS\, bm{X,

kzmX{yw, sXmgnseSpm\pXpw IhSw sNpXn\pamb kzmX{yw

Ch bpsS Hcp ktf\at? Np cp n , kzm X{yw FXv Hcp

hyIvXnv A\ysd kzmX{ys ISpIbdmsX, Xsd hnhn[fm

b IgnhpI {]tbmKnphm\p AhImiat ? kzmX{ysaXv Fm

GIm [n ]Xy {]hWXItfbpw , \n ba]cam

The Law (Translated to Malayalam)

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Malayalam 36

Foundation of Free Society (Translated to Malayalam )

islam matha thathwajnanam · Islam Matha Thathwanjnanam (Malayalam Translation of an Urdu work) Religion Author Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad(A) Translated by: N. Hamid, Kannur Printed

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Waqf-e-nou Padhadiyum Nammude Utharavadithyathangalum · Waqf-e-nou Padhadiyum Nammude Utharavadithyathangalum (Malayalam) Translated : Mohammad Najeeb Khan, Vazhakkala Cover Design

General Theory of Law and State - Hans Kelsen , Translated by Anders Wedbergs

dhikre ilahi new - IslamAhmadiyya · 2 ZnIvsd Cemln DHIKRE ILAAHI (Malayalam Translation of an Urdu work) Author Hadhrath Mirza Bashirudhin Mahmood Ahmad (R) Translated by: Siddique

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Islamika Padavali Part 1 - Ahmadiyya...Islamika Padavali (Malayalam) Author : Moulana Muhammad Sherif Sahib Translated by : Moulana Muhammad Abul Wafa Printed at: BRB Offset, Thav