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The Oral Rabies Vaccine ProgramThe Oral Rabies The Oral Rabies Vaccine ProgramVaccine Program

Keith WehnerKeith WehnerRabies Field CoordinatorRabies Field Coordinator

National Rabies Management ProgramNational Rabies Management Program

What is Rabies?What is Rabies?

Virus NOT found in blood, urine, feces, or skunk sprayVirus NOT found in blood, urine, feces, or skunk spray

Rabies Virus Facts…

How is Rabies TransmittedHow is Rabies Transmitted??

What is RabiesWhat is Rabies??Deadly virus that attacks the central nervous system and Deadly virus that attacks the central nervous system and

infects all mammalsinfects all mammals

Primary exposure = direct contact with a rabid animal via a Primary exposure = direct contact with a rabid animal via a bite or scratchbite or scratch

Secondary exposure = fresh infectious material contacts a Secondary exposure = fresh infectious material contacts a wound that has bled in the last 24 hourswound that has bled in the last 24 hours

Infectious material = saliva, brain matter, spinal cordInfectious material = saliva, brain matter, spinal cord

Rabies is Fatal…Rabies is Fatal…

50,000 50,000 –– 100,000 people 100,000 people die annually worldwide, die annually worldwide, mostly in developing mostly in developing countriescountries

In the USA, only 27 In the USA, only 27 people died from rabies people died from rabies between 1990between 1990--20002000

Common Rabies SymptomsCommon Rabies Symptomsin Animals:in Animals:

Change in behaviorChange in behavior--Become aggressive or docileBecome aggressive or docile

Paralysis of throatParalysis of throat

--Cannot eat or drinkCannot eat or drink--Drool and strange vocal soundsDrool and strange vocal sounds

Change in motionChange in motion--Paralysis of hind endParalysis of hind end

Incubation phase3-15 weeks.

Rabies Symptoms Rabies Symptoms in Humansin Humans

3 different steps3 different stepsStep 1 Step 1 –– fever, headache, general fever, headache, general malaisemalaise

Step 2 Step 2 –– insomnia, anxiety, confusion, insomnia, anxiety, confusion, partial paralysis, excitation, partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, hallucinations, agitation, agitation, hypersalivation, difficulty hypersalivation, difficulty swallowing, hydrophobiaswallowing, hydrophobia

Step 3 Step 3 –– Death Death -- within 10 days of within 10 days of onset of symptomsonset of symptoms

PrePre--exposure vaccinationexposure vaccinationPostPost--exposure prophylaxisexposure prophylaxis

Surveillance (mostly passive)Surveillance (mostly passive)Laboratory diagnosticsLaboratory diagnosticsCase investigationsCase investigationsPublic educationPublic educationDog, cat & livestock vaccinationsDog, cat & livestock vaccinationsAnimal and wildlife controlAnimal and wildlife control

Raccoon Strain RabiesRaccoon Strain Rabies

Distribution of Major Terrestrial Reservoirs Distribution of Major Terrestrial Reservoirs of Rabies in the United Statesof Rabies in the United States

U.S. Animal Rabies Cases U.S. Animal Rabies Cases –– 20052005(6417 Reported Cases: (6417 Reported Cases: 92%92% in Wildlife)in Wildlife)

40% RaccoonsSkunksBatsFoxesAll Others

Data from CDCData from CDC

Nettles, V.F., J.H. Shaddock, R.K. Sikes, andC.R. Reyes. 1979. Rabies in translocated raccoons.Am J. Public Health. 69(6):601-602.

Distribution of Raccoon Variant of Rabies

in the late 1970’s

CDC

TX

MT

NM

COIL

WY

KS

IANE

SDMN

ND

OK

FL

WI

MO

AL GA

AR

MI

IN

LA

NY

NC

PA

TN

MS

VAKYOH

SC

ME

Spread RateSpread Rate----25 Miles Per Year25 Miles Per Year

50 yrs 40 yrs 30 yrs 20 yrs 10 yrs

Kemere et al. 2000

Raccoon rabies has a much greater impact Raccoon rabies has a much greater impact than other terrestrial rabies variants in U.S.than other terrestrial rabies variants in U.S.

••Larger number of rabid animalsLarger number of rabid animals••More spillover to other speciesMore spillover to other species••More impact on agricultureMore impact on agriculture••Greater risk of exposure to people/petsGreater risk of exposure to people/pets••More indirect ‘exposures’More indirect ‘exposures’——saliva on saliva on

surfaces, pet’s fur, etc. resulting surfaces, pet’s fur, etc. resulting in PEPin PEP

2002 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2002 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION

2003 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2003 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION

1st Tennessee case in Johnson County in April 2003. 5 total cases in Johnson and Carter Counties in 2003.

2004 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2004 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION

1st case in Chattanooga in January 2004. During 2004 there were 14 cases in TN, all in Hamilton County.

2005 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2005 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION

Unicoi County became positive in early May 2005 when a woman was attacked by a rabid gray fox near Erwin. In June 2005 a rabies positive raccoon attacked a dog in Washington County.

2005 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2005 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION

A sick-acting red fox picked up by Knox County Animal Control in October and tested by USDA’s Enhanced Surveillance system had raccoon strain rabies, representing a several county “jump” in the disease.

2006 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2006 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES SITUATIONRABIES SITUATION

Bradley County became the 7th

Tennessee county positive for raccoon strain rabies in January 2006

2007 TENNESSEE RACCOON 2007 TENNESSEE RACCOON RABIES DEVELOPMENTS…RABIES DEVELOPMENTS…

Sullivan and Greene Counties became the 8th and 9th

Tennessee counties positive for raccoon strain rabies in May and June 2007. Washington county records 19 positive animals.

Oral Rabies VaccineOral Rabies Vaccine

More than 50 Million DistributedMore than 50 Million Distributed

Phase 1 Prevent spread of specific terrestrial Phase 1 Prevent spread of specific terrestrial wildlife rabies variantwildlife rabies variant

Phase 2 Eliminate specific terrestrial Phase 2 Eliminate specific terrestrial wildlife rabies variantwildlife rabies variant

G0ALSG0ALS

2006 RABIES ORV BARRIERS2006 RABIES ORV BARRIERS

ORV SuccessORV Success

Extensive use in Europe against rabies in red Extensive use in Europe against rabies in red foxesfoxes

Switzerland received rabiesSwitzerland received rabies--free status in 1998 free status in 1998 after extensive oral baiting, as of 2004 Italy, after extensive oral baiting, as of 2004 Italy, Belgium, Sweden, and the Czech Republic have Belgium, Sweden, and the Czech Republic have been declared rabiesbeen declared rabies--freefree

Canada has restricted the spread of raccoon Canada has restricted the spread of raccoon rabies with oral baitingrabies with oral baiting

Webb Duval

Frio

Starr

Bee

Uvalde Bexar

Hidalgo

Kinney

Zavala

Dimmit

Medina

LaSalle

KenedyZapata

Maverick

Brooks

Goliad

Lavaca

AtascosaDeWitt

VictoriaWilson

LiveOakMcMullen

JimHogg

Gonzales

Nueces

Karnes

Kleberg

Jackson

Refugio

Cameron

JimWells

Willacy

Guadalupe

SanPatricio

CalhounAransas

Webb Duval

Frio

Starr

Bee

Uvalde Bexar

Hidalgo

Kinney

Zavala

Dimmit

Medina

LaSalle

KenedyZapata

Maverick

Brooks

Goliad

Lavaca

AtascosaDeWitt

VictoriaWilson

LiveOakMcMullen

JimHogg

Gonzales

Nueces

Karnes

Kleberg

Jackson

Refugio

Cameron

JimWells

Willacy

Guadalupe

SanPatricio

CalhounAransas

Webb Duval

Frio

Starr

Bee

Uvalde Bexar

Hidalgo

Kinney

Zavala

Dimmit

Medina

LaSalle

KenedyZapata

Maverick

Brooks

Goliad

Lavaca

AtascosaDeWitt

VictoriaWilson

LiveOakMcMullen

JimHogg

Gonzales

Nueces

Karnes

Kleberg

Jackson

Refugio

Cameron

JimWells

Willacy

Guadalupe

SanPatricio

CalhounAransas

Webb Duval

Frio

Starr

Bee

Uvalde Bexar

Hidalgo

Kinney

Zavala

Dimmit

Medina

LaSalle

KenedyZapata

Maverick

Brooks

Goliad

Lavaca

AtascosaDeWitt

VictoriaWilson

LiveOakMcMullen

JimHogg

Gonzales

Nueces

Karnes

Kleberg

Jackson

Refugio

Cameron

JimWells

Willacy

Guadalupe

SanPatricio

CalhounAransas

Webb Duval

Frio

Starr

Bee

Uvalde Bexar

Hidalgo

Kinney

Zavala

Dimmit

Medina

LaSalle

KenedyZapata

Maverick

Brooks

Goliad

Lavaca

AtascosaDeWitt

VictoriaWilson

LiveOakMcMullen

JimHogg

Gonzales

Nueces

Karnes

Kleberg

Jackson

Refugio

Cameron

JimWells

Willacy

Guadalupe

SanPatricio

CalhounAransas

South Texas Coyote ORV 1995 – 2003

ORV zoneORV zone

19951995 19961996 1997

19991999 2000-20032000-2003

Webb Duval

Frio

Starr

Bee

Uvalde Bexar

Hidalgo

Kinney

Zavala

Dimmit

Medina

LaSalle

KenedyZapata

Maverick

Brooks

Goliad

Lavaca

AtascosaDeWitt

Victoria

Wilson

LiveOakMcMullen

JimHogg

Gonzales

Nueces

Karnes

Kleberg

Jackson

Refugio

Cameron

JimWells

Willacy

Guadalupe

SanPatricio

CalhounAransas

19981998

Coyote Success Story in SW TexasCoyote Success Story in SW Texas

0 cases0 cases200220021 case1 case200120010 cases0 cases20002000

10 cases10 cases199919995 cases5 cases199819986 cases6 cases19971997

21 cases21 cases1996199658 cases58 cases19951995

166 cases166 cases19941994

ORV Program in ORV Program in TennesseeTennessee

ORV Cooperators ORV Cooperators -- TennesseeTennessee

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)State and Local Health DepartmentsState and Local Health DepartmentsTennessee Department of AgricultureTennessee Department of AgricultureTennessee Wildlife Resources AgencyTennessee Wildlife Resources AgencyUSFS, TVA, and NPS Involved USFS, TVA, and NPS Involved –– EA AdoptedEA AdoptedMany Others: Local Animal Control Agencies, Federal, Many Others: Local Animal Control Agencies, Federal, State, and Private Landowners, Hunters, Nuisance State, and Private Landowners, Hunters, Nuisance Wildlife Trappers, Rehabbers, TDOTWildlife Trappers, Rehabbers, TDOT

Bait DistributionBait Distribution

OMNR OMNR –– Twin OtterTwin Otter

Dynamic Aviation Dynamic Aviation –– King AirKing Air

ORV Bait Zone ORV Bait Zone –– 20022002

ORV Bait Zones ORV Bait Zones –– 20032003

ORV Bait Zones ORV Bait Zones –– 20042004

ORV Bait Zones ORV Bait Zones –– 20052005

ORV Bait Zones ORV Bait Zones –– 20062006

ORV Bait Zones ORV Bait Zones –– 20072007

TENNESSEE BAITING SUMMARYTENNESSEE BAITING SUMMARY

3,098,839 3,098,839 baits across baits across 4,444 square miles in 4,444 square miles in 22 Counties22 Counties

TOTALTOTAL

901,253901,253GroundGround

2,197,5862,197,586AerialAerialTOTAL BAITSTOTAL BAITSBAITING TYPEBAITING TYPE