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The Reformation
1. Excommunication = act depriving a person from belonging to a church body or group
2. Hierarchy = a ranking of clergy, each subordinate to the rank above it :
* Pope* Cardinal* Archbishop* Bishop* Priest
3. Dogma = something held as established opinion (but not necessarily correct)
4. Papacy= the office of the pope
5. Celibacy= avoidance of all sexual relations
6. Concubinage = people living together who are not legally married
7. Pilgrimage = a journey to a sacred place
8. Relic = an object that remains behind but is valued because of its connection with a saint or a martyr
9. Penance = show sorrow for committing a sin
10. Simony = the practice of selling Church positions to the highest bidder
11. Indulgence = a Church pardon that removes punishment for sinful acts
12. Purgatory = state where souls that are not insured of salvation reside awaiting a final destination in heaven or hell.
• Church Corruption
• Desire for Political Power
• Wealth and Nationalism
• Intellectual Changes
• Advances in Technology
• Breaking vows of celibacy• Illegitimate children• Extravagant lifestyles• Unethical practices
– Simony– Selling of relics– Selling of indulgences– Abuses of excommunication
• Scandals– The Babylonian Captivity– The Great Schism
The Babylonian Captivity (1305-1375)
Philip IV (France) quarreled with pope overpower to tax clergy
Pope Boniface kidnapped in 1296 and replaced with French pope, Clement V
7 popes ruled Church from Avignon, France
Many thought these popes were only puppets of French king
The Great Schism (1378-1417)
Begins with Avignon Papacy
• Papacy moved back to Rome in 1376
• French cardinals elected a new pope, Clement VII
• Now 2 popes: both Urban VI and Clement VII claimed to be rightful pope
• Caused Christians to question integrity and honesty of pope’s authority
Monarchs stood to gain power if they could “get out from under the Pope’s thumb”
3. Wealth and Nationalism
Monarchs could take Church’s lands People’s money would not leave
country to go to Rome
The Renaissance encouraged people to think in new, critical ways:HumanismSecularismScientific Method
This caused people to think for themselves and begin questioning the Church’s practices
Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press in 1440 allowed new ideas of Reformation to spread throughout Europe
Church Corruption(Social)
Political Power
Economic Reasons
Technology
Immoral behavior
Worldly Lifestyle
Corrupt Practices
Monarchs” desire to be free from Pope
Monarchs could take Church’s lands
Money would stay in home country
Invention of printing press
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