View
26
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
The Revival, Regeneration and Conservation Master Class: Focus Water. Suresh Kumar Rohilla Programme Director – Water Management Centre for Science & Environment, Delhi. Environment and Energy Conclave 29th and 30 th August 2014 at ITC Sonar, Kolkata. Structure of the Presentation. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
The Revival, Regeneration and Conservation Master Class: Focus WaterEnvironment and Energy Conclave 29th and 30th August 2014 at ITC Sonar, KolkataSuresh Kumar RohillaProgramme Director Water ManagementCentre for Science & Environment, Delhi
Structure of the Presentation
Summary assessment of water management in India based on CSE research focus on urban water Agenda for change mainstreaming revival, regeneration and reuse/recycle for sustainable water management.
CSEs Recent Publication
http://cseindia.org/content/excreta-matters-0
Buy online at http://csestore.cse.org.inVolume 1 - dwells on how urban India is soaking up water, polluting rivers and drowning in its own waste ( 296 pages).
Volume 2 - contains a very detailed survey of 71 cities, and presents an assimilation of the survey's results (496 pages).
Growing Water crisis Asia In the last hundred years world population tripled .... but human use of water increased six times
Worldwide, the consumption of water is doubling every 20 years - more than twice the rate of increase in population.
Crisis is more evident in India as major population share is accommodated here
Is India Water-stressed ?
Per capita availability of fresh water has fallen from 6042 cubic meters in 1947-50. Reduced to 1545 cubic meters in 2011 within five decades Based on the mark fixed (i.e.1700 cu.m) by the United Nations. India has already become a "water-stressed nation.
Emerging Water Scenario
Emerging Wastewater Scenario
Condition of Rivers and Lakes
The urban water crisis
Most cities are water stressedMany places industry is given sewage (in place of water)Every summer, there are riots, protests and sometimes killings Urban water bodies (lakes/ponds)disappearingRivers polluted / deadWhen rains come, it leads to floodingIs available water safe ?
Urban Water Challenges in India
Urban Water Challenges in India
Not a single town/city has 24-7 Water Supply in India
Not single city ranked health and clean city
Water Resources Scenario
Water for growth?Cities-industries need water for growth. Where will this come from?
What are the options ?
Indian town/cities need to become prosperous without more water - How is that possible?
The conventional way:
Bring water into the city storage, diversion, pipe, pump, treat from further and further away.
Flush and carry the waste out of the city pipe, pump, divert, treat further and further away. The water-sewage connection
Location of WTPs and Sources of Water - DelhiAbove 250 kms
Relentless search for water
Vaitarna cum Tansa 90 km105 kmMumbaiBhatsa
Manjira damHyderabad Nagurjuna 105 km100 km
Ajai 3Ajai 2Ajai 1Nyari dam 1Nyari dam 2Bhadar dam 75 km
Bisalpur dam 120 km 1088 cr
Indira Gandhi canal204 kmRajivgandhi lift canal
How is urban water supply need calculated in India ?Source: Ministry of Urban Development, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, Third Edition -Revised and Updated (May 1999), New Delhi.
Per capita supply is high and completely arbitraryCPHEEO Norm
Official Water Demand, Supply, leakage loss and supply after loss
Slums : Unreached, Un-supplied
Cities Craving to Supply More 71 Indian Cities Survey by CSE reveals:
paradigm water supplyThe current paradigm water supplyMore water supplied = More waste water generated = more costs for treatment = Unsustainable
Water = WastewaterCities plan for water, forget waste
80% water leaves homes as sewage
More water = more waste
Cities have no accounts for sewage
Cities have no clue how they will convey waste of all, treat it, clean rivers
Cities only dream of becoming New York or London
Sewage : more sums30% of total sewage can be treatedBut Delhi and Mumbai alone have 40 per cent of sewage treatment capacity in the country
Planning for hardware Cities plan for treatment not sewage Treatment plants are not simple answers
Can build plants to treat, but there is no waste being conveyed for treatment
Most cities do not have underground sewerage. But engineers sell pipe-dreams of catching up with infrastructure
Politicians buy pipe-dreams
We lose rivers. Generations of lost rivers
Cities do not have drains New growth cities are growing without drains Backlog and front-log impossible to fix As cities fix one drain, another goes under
For example - Bengaluru: sewage not reaching3610 km of sewage pipes 14 sewage treatment plants = 781 mldGenerates 800-1000 mld of sewageBut treats only 300 mldRest does not reachNow plans to build 4000 km more Builds, grows and more lines need repairCatch-up that does not catch-up
Partial treatment = pollutionCities do not control pollution and Cost of building system is highCity can build sewerage system for few not allSpends on building pipes, repair and energy costs of pumping to treatment plant of this waste of some fewSpends to treat waste of some fewTreated waste of few gets mixed with untreated waste of majority The result is pollution
Has 20 drainsHas 17 STP
Capacity existsBut River Yamuna dead
Why? Delhi keeps building to catch up
CantSewage reaches riverFor example : Delhi River has no water only sewage
Funds spentSewage system coverage highLarge number of pumping stations
Why still polluted?Pumps and pumpsTakes to outskirts of cityDumps it back into canals and riversThese flow through city
Engineers say all is wellWaste is interceptedOnly stormwater flows
But not trueSewage flows , Treated sewage flows
For example : Chennai
Water-waste portrait
Urban water paradigm cause & effectWater is imported pipes, tankers, trains Raw water quality is very poor Costs for governmentCosts of treatment for government Cannot meet the demand SupplyIndiscriminate groundwater mining within and outside the city Treatment Cannot meet the demand High health impacts among poorGrowth of bottled water industrySewerage Supplied water turned into polluted water Costs of collection and treatment for govt. Cannot meet the demand Polluted rivers and lakes. Further reduction of water supply
Typical Water Production / Wastewater Treatment & Energy Use
Cost Components25-50/60 % revenuespent on water
Water financials, a dilemnaSource: Schneider ElectricWater price is a public issue (no volatility, even fixed)
Chemicals & additives will increase
Asset management need regular investments
Example : River Ganga Basin
Very Low FlowNo Flow / Highly PollutedLow Flow / Navigation DisruptedExample : River Ganga is an over extracted and polluted freshwater ecosystem
HOW DOES ALL THIS THIS COME TOGETHER? hydropowerReduced Flow & Polluted River
How to address the situation ?
When such water stress is reached, a new approach to water management within the catchment is required.
Rather than an engineering approach, these approaches seek to restore river flow through a multi-disciplinary process of managing water withdrawal.
Effective water allocation mechanisms need to be developed that manage the use of the scarce resource.
Ways need to be found to allocate water between competing needs within a catchment, while sufficient water is retained to ensure the continuation of ecosystem functions.Managing Water Stress & Variability
Reduced pesticidesReduced pollution and energy useprocessingReduced abstraction & energy usedomesticReduced pollution & energy use + better recyclingSustainably managed hydropowerIncreased flows & cleaner waterNeed of the Hour Revival, Restoration & Reuse
Cannot play catch up game
Cannot flush and forget
Have to find new approaches : affordable and sustainable
Urban Areas
Way ForwardNew Paradigm
Use less water. Do not be wasteful - Do not make cities first water-wasteful and then think efficiency. Only bring the deficit water from outside.
Some examples :
Rainwater Harvesting both recharge and storage
Decentralised wastewater treatment
Local reuse and recycle
Use of water efficient fixture ( less water consuming toilet flush system, shower and taps/faucets etc)
Future directions for addressing water variability and adaptation proposed in Indian context ?
Not a task for engineers (and water utilities) alone
Integrated planning of urban land and water
Objective of equity, economic efficiency and environmental integrity
Making water everybodys business
THANK YOU
Email: srohil@hotmail.com
**Compare this to Copenhagen; one of the worlds richest city. The per capita water consumption was: 190 litres/capita/day in 1990. But their target was to bring it down to 111 litres/capita/day in 2002.
***
Recommended