The Scientific Revolution Chapter 22 Section 1 Pages 545-550

The Scientific Revolution

Chapter 22

Section 1

Pages 545-550

Main Idea

In the mid 1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation.

Scientists’ questioning led to the development of the scientific method still in use today.

Terms and Names

Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentric theory Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Scientific method Francis Bacon René Descartes Isaac Newton

The Roots of Modern Science

Before 1500, scholars referred to: The Greeks The Romans The Bible

Aristotle was seen as the ultimate authority in many areas.

Aristotle

4 Elements Objects move in

straight lines Specific Gravity

Earth down, fire up

Heavens move in perfect circle Aither/ether Unchanging

Heavier objects fall faster

The Medieval View

Geocentric Theory =The earth is a fixed object in the center of the universe.

This idea was shared by Aristotle, Ptolemy, and contemporary Christian doctrine.

Ptolemy

Council of Trent (1545-63)

Met in response to the Reformation Also charged with revising the Calendar

Calendar based on lunar cycles with intercalary months

19-year cycle Did not correspond with Jewish lunar

calendar In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII determined

Oct. 4 was to be followed by Oct. 15 Here’s why. . .

A New Way of Thinking

The Scientific Revolution involved careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.

The Scientific Revolution

Adds to the sense that humans can know Suggests Humans are perfectible Reverses Thomas Aquinas’ formulation on

the compatibility of science and religion Moves reason & scientific method into

social realm

Medieval universities add courses in astronomy, physics, and mathematics based on translated works from Muslim scholars.

Renaissance scholars discover classical manuscripts.

The printing press speeds up the spread of the world’s knowledge.

Age of Exploration Fuels Research

Navigators need new instruments. New discoveries don’t always agree with

accepted beliefs.

A Revolutionary Model of the Universe

Heliocentric Theory The sun is at

the center of the universe.

Heliocentric Model

Aristarchus of Samos (310?-250? BC)

Greek astronomer

The first to assert that the earth revolves around the sun.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Studies stars and planets for over 25 years.

Develops the heliocentric view.

Did not publish his findings until the year of his death. (1543)

Tycho Brahe

Danish astronomer.

Records more information to support the heliocentric theory.

Tycho Crater on the moon.

Johannes Kepler

Brahe’s assistant Mathematical

laws apply to the orbits of planets.

Planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.

Galileo Galilei

Falling objects accelerate at a fixed and predictable rate.

Disproved Aristotle’s theory that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones.

Improved the telescope. Discovered the moons of Jupiter. Supported the heliocentric theory.

Conflict With the Church

Galileo publishes works supporting Copernicus and Ptolemy.

Summoned to stand trial before the Inquisition. (1633)

Forced to recant his published work.

“But it does move……..

Pope Paul V

Pope John Paul II

On October 31, 1992, the Pope officially apologized to Galileo and admitted he was right.

Oooops!!!Sorry Dude!!

The Scientific Method

Begins with a problem or question arising from an observation.

A hypothesis is then formed. The hypothesis is then tested. The data is interpreted. The conclusion supports or disproves the

hypothesis.

Francis Bacon Criticized how

Aristotle and others reasoned from abstract theories.

Scientists should observe the world first, then draw conclusions.

Empiricism – or the experimental method.

René Descartes

Developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry.

Used mathematics and logic instead of experimentation.

Everything should be doubted until proven by reason.

“I think, therefore I am.”

Isaac Newton Law of universal gravitation

– all object in the universe attracts every other object. Degree of attraction

depends on mass.

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. God is like a clockmaker

who set the universe moving.

Newton’s Telescope

Newton is said to have developed his theory of gravity after watching an apple fall from a tree.

Newton’s Death Mask

The Scientific Revolution Spreads

Scientific Instruments Medicine and the Human Body

Zacharias Janssen – Microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoeck

Used microscope to see bacteria, red blood cells, immature insects.

Evangelista Torricelli

Mercury barometer.

Gabriel Fahrenheit

Mercury thermometer. Water freezes at 32°

Anders Celsius

New scale for the mercury thermometer.

Water freezes at 0°.

Andreas Vesalius

Dissected human corpses.

Proved Galen was wrong (Swine anatomy is very different from human).

William Harvey

Showed the heart as a pump that circulates blood through the body.

Described the function of blood vessels.

Edward Jenner

Smallpox vaccine

Robert Boyle

Founder of modern chemistry.

Matter is made up of smaller primary particles.

Boyle’ Law - explains how volume, temperature, and gas pressure affect each other.

Joseph Priestley

Separated oxygen from air.

Antoine Lavoisier

Identified and named oxygen.