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The Skeletal System- Day 1The Muscular System-Day 2The Nervous System- Day 3
Review- Day 4Test- Day 5
The Skeletal System
The skeletal system provides a living structure for the body.
cartilage
ossification
ligament
tendon
scoliosis
osteoporosis
The skeletal system consists of bones and connective tissue.
Your skeletal system consists of 206 bones and the attached connective tissues.
Skeletal System Functions
Providing support for the body
Protecting internal tissues and organs from damage
Acting as a framework for attached muscles
Allowing movement of limbs and digits
Producing new red and white blood cells
Storing fat and minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus
Bone tissue is surrounded by calcium phosphate and other minerals.
Bone shapes include long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
Long bone(humerus)
Flat bone(rib)
Short bone(wrist)
Three Types of Connective Tissue
Cartilage Ligaments Tendons
Cartilage can act as a cushion between two bones or as a flexible structure for soft parts of the body, such as the tip of the nose.
CartilageA strong, flexible connective tissue
All bones begin in the embryo as cartilage. Early in development, the cartilage hardens in a process called ossification.
OssificationThe process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired
Ligaments attach to bones to create joints.
LigamentA band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another
Muscles and tendons work together to move parts of the body.
TendonA fibrous cord that attaches muscle to the bone
Joints are points at which bones meet. Some joints are flexible and some do not move.
The structure of a joint relates to the type
of motion it can produce.
Flexible Joints
Ball-And-Socket Joints
HingeJoints
PivotJoints
EllipsoidalJoints
A ball-and-socket joint is a movable joint, with one bone that is rounded and fits within another bone
Hip(ball-and-socket joint)
The knee joint is one example of a hinge joint.
Knee(hinge joint)
A healthy diet, exercise, protective gear, and regular checkups are ways to care for your skeletal system.
Your overall health depends on the health of your skeletal system.
Caring for the Skeletal System
Eat a healthy diet, including foods high in calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus.
Get regular physical activity, including weight-bearing exercises.
Have regular checkups to keep your skeletal system healthy.
Wear protective gear during sports.
During regular checkups, your doctor can screen you for skeletal disorders such as scoliosis.
ScoliosisA lateral or side-to-side curvature of the spine
Injuries and disorders harm the skeletal system.
Degenerative disorders, poor nutrition, infections, sports injuries, and poor posture can lead to problems of the skeletal system.
Compound Fractures
SimpleFractures
The broken end of the bone breaks through the skin.
The broken bone does not break through the skin.
A fracture is any type of break in a bone.
Hairline Fractures
Transverse Fractures
Parts of the bone do not separate.
The fracture is completely across the bone.
Comminuted Fractures
The bone shatters into more than two pieces.
Fractures are also classified by the pattern of the break.
Dislocation
Torn Cartilage
Occurs when a bone slips out of place, tearing the ligaments that attach the bone at the joint.
Can result from a sharp blow to a joint or a severe twisting of a joint.
Bursitis Painful inflammation of bursa, a fluid-filled sac that helps reduce friction in joints.
Bunions Painful swellings of the bursae in the first joints of big toes.
Arthritis Inflammation of a joint, resulting from an injury, natural wear and tear, or autoimmune disease.
Prolonged, repeated movements can damage tissues.
Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when
ligaments and tendons in the wrist swell, causing numbness, a tingling sensation in the thumb and forefinger, pain, and weakness in the hand.
A bone scan can detect signs of osteoporosis, a condition that causes bones to become weak and brittle.
OsteoporosisA condition in which there is a progressive loss of bone tissue
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
The skeletal system provides support for the body, protects internal tissues and organs from damage, acts as a framework for attached muscles, allows movement of limbs and digits, produces new red and white blood cells, and stores fat and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
1. How does the skeletal system affect other body systems?
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
2. How do bones form?
All bones begin in the embryo as cartilage. Early in development, the cartilage hardens into bone through ossification.
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
3. How can you help avoid injury to your bones and joints?
Eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, wearing protective gear during physical activity, and getting regular checkups
The Muscular System
The muscular system enables the limbs and other parts of the body to move.
smooth muscles
skeletal muscles
flexor
extensor
cardiac muscle
tendinitis
hernia
The muscular system allows for voluntary and involuntary movements.
Your muscular system allows you to move.
Involuntary muscle movements help you breathe, make your heart beat, and move food through your digestive system.
Skeletal muscles work in pairs to produce movement.
Muscles consist of long, fibrous cells that can shorten and stretch to make muscles move.
Major muscles in the body are made up of hundreds of bundles of muscle fibers.
When bundles of muscles are stimulated by nerve impulses, or signals, they contract, or shorten.
When they relax, the bundles extend, or
stretch.
Three Types of Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles.
Smooth musclesMuscles that act on the lining of the body’s passageways and hollow internal organs
Most of your muscle tissue is skeletal, and almost all skeletal muscles are under voluntary control.
Skeletal musclesMuscles attached to bone that cause body movements
When you bend and straighten your arm at the elbow, the biceps is the flexor.
FlexorThe muscle that closes a joint
When you bend and straighten your arm at the elbow, the triceps is the extensor.
ExtensorThe muscle that opens a joint
Cardiac muscle is involuntary and is responsible for the contraction of your heart. Your heart beats 100,000 times each day.
Cardiac muscleA type of striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart
Eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise will help you care for your muscular system.
Muscle tone is the natural tension in the fibers of a muscle.
Get regular exercise.
Eat high protein foods to build muscle.
Practice good posture to strengthen back muscles.
Use proper equipment and wear appropriate clothing to protect muscles during any physical activity.
Warm up properly and stretch before exercising, and cool down after exercising to prevent injury.
Prepare your muscles by stretching before beginning a workout.
Caring for the muscular system can help prevent health problems and injuries.
Recovery from muscle injuries varies according to the type and severity of the injury or disease.
Bruises are areas of discolored skin that appear after an injury that causes the blood vessels beneath the skin to rupture and leak.
Large bruises can be treated with an ice
pack to reduce initial swelling.
Muscle strains or sprains result when muscles are stretched or partially torn from overexertion.
Apply ice to strains to reduce swelling,
and rest the affected area.
Tendinitis can be caused by injury, overuse, or natural aging.
TendinitisThe inflammation of a tendon
Hernias commonly occur in the abdomen from straining to lift a heavy object. Surgery can usually repair hernias.
HerniaAn organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle
Muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively destroyed.
There is no cure, but with early detection,
muscle weakness can be delayed through exercise programs.
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
The muscular system allows for voluntary and involuntary movements.
1. What are the functions of the muscular system?
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
2. Where is smooth muscle found?
Smooth muscle is found in the lining of the body’s passageways and hollow internal organs, such as in the digestive tract, the urinary bladder, the lining of the blood vessels, and passageways into the lungs.
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
3. What is a hernia? How can you get one?
A hernia occurs when an organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle. A hernia in the abdomen can be caused by straining to lift a heavy object.
The Nervous System
The nervous system sends messages through the nerves to coordinate all the body’s activities.
neurons
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
epilepsy
cerebral palsy
The nervous system coordinates all of the activities in the body.
Your nervous system is a complex network that allows communication between the brain and parts of the body.
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves work together, transmitting messages between organs, tissues, and cells.
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
gathers information from inside and outside your body.
The PNS includes nerves that extend from the brain, spinal cord, and sensory receptors, such as those in the skin.
The CNS receives messages from the
nerves in the PNS, interprets them, and sends out a response.
Neurons transmit messages from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
Neurons transmit messages to and from the spinal cord and brain.
NeuronsNerve cells
The Three Types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons
Motor Neurons
Interneurons
Carry messages from receptors in the body to the CNS.
Carry messages from the CNS back to muscles or glands in response to an impulse.
Communicate with and connect other neurons.
The Three Main Parts of a Neuron
Cell Body Dendrites Axons
The cell body of a neuron contains the nucleus, which regulates the production of proteins within the cell.
Dendrites are branched structures that extend from the cell body in most neurons.
Dendrites receive information and
transmit impulses toward the cell body.
Axons transmit impulses away from the cell body and toward another neuron, muscle cell, or gland.
A nerve impulse begins when a sensory receptor is stimulated. The impulse travels to the CNS and is interpreted with the help of an interneuron.
Then an impulse is sent to a muscle cell
or gland in response to the stimulus.
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
The brain and spinal cord send and receive impulses to and from nerves in the body.
The brain coordinates and controls the activities of the nervous system.
Your brain helps you to receive and
process messages; to think, remember, reason, and feel emotions; and to coordinate muscle movements.
Three Main Divisions of the Brain
The Cerebrum
The Cerebellum
The Brain Stem
Billions of neurons in the cerebrum are the center of conscious thought, learning, and memory.
cerebrumThe largest and most complex part of the brain
The cerebrum’s right and left sides, or hemispheres, communicate with each other to coordinate movement.
The right hemisphere controls the left
side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.
The center of language, reasoning, and critical thinking skills.
The center for processing music and art and comprehending spatial relationships.
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
Each hemisphere of the brain has four lobes.
The Frontal Lobe
The Parietal Lobe
The Occipital Lobe
The Temporal Lobe
Controls voluntary movements and has a role in use of language. Possibly involved with intellect and personality.
Involved with sensory information, including feelings of heat, cold, pain, touch, and body position in space.
Controls the sense of sight.
Contains the sense of hearing and smell, as well as memory, thought, and judgment.
The cerebellum coordinates the movement of skeletal muscles and maintains the body’s posture and balance.
CerebellumThe second largest part of the brain
Incoming sensory impulses and outgoing motor impulses pass through the brain stem.
Brain stemA 3-inch-long stalk of nerve cells and fibers that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain
Parts of the Brain Stem The medulla oblongata
Regulates heartbeat, respiratory rate, and reflexes such as coughing and sneezing.
The pons
The midbrain
The thalamus
The hypothalamus
Helps regulate breathing and controls the muscles of the eyes and face.
Controls eyeball movement, pupil size, and the reflexive response of turning your head.
Relays incoming sensory impulses from the eyes, the ears, and from pressure receptors in the skin.
Regulates body temperature, appetite, sleep, and controls secretions from the pituitary gland.
The peripheral nervous system is made up of the nerves that are not in the brain and spinal cord.
The PNS carries messages between the CNS and part of the body, signaling internal and external changes.
The PNS is made up of: the autonomic nervous system the somatic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system controls such involuntary functions as digestion and heart rate.
The autonomic nervous system consists of a network of nerves divided into two smaller networks: the sympathetic nervous system
the parasympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system causes a reflex when you are startled, sending messages that cause your heart rate to increase.
Blood vessels in your muscles dilate,
allowing greater blood flow and preparing you to react in a dangerous situation.
A reflex is the body’s spontaneous response to a stimulus.
Reflexes can prevent injuries such as a
burn from a hot stove.
How Your Reflexes Work
The parasympathetic nervous system slows body functions during periods of rest to conserve energy.
It also stimulates production of saliva and
stomach secretions to promote the digestion of food.
The somatic nervous system involves voluntary responses that are under your control.
Sensory neurons relay messages from
the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the CNS, and motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.
Making healthful choices can protect your nervous system from injury.
Making healthful choices keeps a nervous system functioning properly.
Eat a well-balanced diet
Exercise regularly
Get enough sleep
Wear a safety belt when in a motor vehicle.
Never dive into shallow water
Wear a helmet and other protective gear while riding a bicycle, motorcycle, or other open vehicle, or when enjoying a contact sport.
Do not use drugs and alcohol, which can permanently damage nerve cells.
Injury to the nervous system affects the immediate tissues, and may lead to other problems, including:
Headaches
Head Injuries
Spinal Injuries
Meningitis
Headaches can be caused by muscle tension, eyestrain, exposure to fumes, a sinus infection, dehydration, or food allergies.
Migraines are recurrent headaches that
may be accompanied by sensitivity to light.
Each year, 435,000 American children and teens sustain brain injuries.
Concussion Contusion Coma
a temporary loss of
consciousness
a bruising of the brain tissues that causes swelling
caused by major trauma
Spinal cord injuries require medical care. Swelling of the spinal cord or the tissue
around it can result in temporary loss of nerve function. If the spinal cord is severed, paralysis results.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the spinal and cranial meninges caused by bacterial or viral infection.
Meningitis is very serious and can result
in death.
Degenerative nervous system diseases occur over time as cells break down.
Multiple Sclerosis Parkinson’s Disease
Alzheimer’s
Causes of epilepsy include brain damage at birth, infections, head injury, or exposure to toxins.
EpilepsyA disorder of the nervous system that is characterized by recurrent seizures—sudden episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain
Physical therapy and medication help patients cope with cerebral palsy.
Cerebral palsy A group of neurological disorders that are the result of damage to the brain before, during, or just after birth or in early childhood
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
The nucleus is located in the cell body.
1. Where is the nucleus of a neuron located?
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
2. How can a reflex prevent injury?
A reflex is a spontaneous response of the body to a stimulus. Reflexes allow a person to respond to and avoid danger.
After You ReadReviewing Facts and Vocabulary
3. What are some causes of nervous diseases and disorders?
Some diseases of the nervous system are degenerative, while others may result from head injury or neurological problems.
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