The Skeleton Ch. 7. 206 bones in human body 206 bones in human body Skeleton is divided into: Axial...

The SkeletonThe Skeleton

Ch. 7Ch. 7

206 bones in human body206 bones in human body

Skeleton is divided into:Skeleton is divided into:

Axial skeleton (80) - Skull, Thoracic Axial skeleton (80) - Skull, Thoracic Cage, Cage, and Vertebral and Vertebral ColumnColumn

Appendicular skeleton (126) - Arms, Appendicular skeleton (126) - Arms, Legs, Pectoral Girdle, and Pelvic Legs, Pectoral Girdle, and Pelvic GirdleGirdle

Shape:Shape:

Long bones: limbsLong bones: limbs

Short bones: carpals and tarsalsShort bones: carpals and tarsals

- sesamoid short bone that forms in a - sesamoid short bone that forms in a tendontendon

Flat bones: cranium, sternum and Flat bones: cranium, sternum and scapulascapula

- two layers of compact with spongy - two layers of compact with spongy bone in between (diploe)bone in between (diploe)

Irregular bones: vertebrae Irregular bones: vertebrae

Bony landmarks:Bony landmarks:

Depression: (blood vessels and nerves to Depression: (blood vessels and nerves to pass)pass)

Fissure - narrow, slitlike opening Fissure - narrow, slitlike opening

Foramen - round or oval opening through Foramen - round or oval opening through the bone the bone

Fossa - shallow and may serve as an Fossa - shallow and may serve as an articular surface articular surface

Sulcus/meatus/canal - canal-like passageway Sulcus/meatus/canal - canal-like passageway

Sinus: cavity within a boneSinus: cavity within a bone

Groove - furrow Groove - furrow

Processes: Bony prominences (muscle Processes: Bony prominences (muscle and and ligament attachment)ligament attachment)

Tuberosity - large rounded projection; Tuberosity - large rounded projection; may be roughened. may be roughened.

Crest - narrow ridge of bone Crest - narrow ridge of bone Trochanter - very large, blunt, irregulary Trochanter - very large, blunt, irregulary

shaped process (femur)shaped process (femur)Line - narrow ridges of bone; less Line - narrow ridges of bone; less

prominent than crest prominent than crest Tubercle - small rounded projection Tubercle - small rounded projection Epicondyle - raised area above a condyle Epicondyle - raised area above a condyle Spine - sharp, slender, often pointed Spine - sharp, slender, often pointed

Processes: form jointsProcesses: form joints

Head - bony expansion carried on a Head - bony expansion carried on a narrow neck narrow neck

Facet - smooth and nearly flat articular Facet - smooth and nearly flat articular surface surface

Condyle - rounded articular projection Condyle - rounded articular projection

Ramus - armlike bar of a bone Ramus - armlike bar of a bone

Gross Anatomy of the human Gross Anatomy of the human skeletonskeleton

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton

1. Skull1. Skull   a. Cranial bones   a. Cranial bones      1-       1- frontalfrontal            (a) sinus            (a) sinus            (b) supra-orbital ridge            (b) supra-orbital ridge            (c) supra-orbital foramen             (c) supra-orbital foramen               

(d) coronal suture (between (d) coronal suture (between frontal and anterior frontal and anterior

border of border of parietals)parietals)(e) glabella(e) glabella

    2- 2- parietalparietal                    (a) sagittal suture: b/w parietals(a) sagittal suture: b/w parietals

       (b) lambdoid suture: b/w posterior parietals        (b) lambdoid suture: b/w posterior parietals and occipital boneand occipital bone

       (c) squamous suture: b/w parietals        (c) squamous suture: b/w parietals and squamous of temporal and squamous of temporal

(d) diploe(d) diploe

3- 3- occipitaloccipital         (a) occipital condyles         (a) occipital condyles         (b) foramen magnum         (b) foramen magnum         (c) superior and inferior nuchal lines         (c) superior and inferior nuchal lines          (d) external occipital protuberance (EOP)  (d) external occipital protuberance (EOP)

(e) hypoglossal canal (XII: Hypoglossal)(e) hypoglossal canal (XII: Hypoglossal) (f) pharyngeal tubercle(f) pharyngeal tubercle (g) basion(g) basion (h) opisthion(h) opisthion (i) clivus(i) clivus (j) internal occipital protuberance (IOP)(j) internal occipital protuberance (IOP)

4- 4- temporaltemporal        (a) external acoustic (auditory)         (a) external acoustic (auditory)

meatusmeatus        (b) internal acoustic meatus         (b) internal acoustic meatus

(VIII: Vestibulocochlear)(VIII: Vestibulocochlear)                  (c) styloid process(c) styloid process

        (d) petrous portion        (d) petrous portion        (e) jugular foramen         (e) jugular foramen (IX:Glossphrayngeal)(IX:Glossphrayngeal)

(X: Vagus)(X: Vagus)(XI: Accessory) (XI: Accessory)

             (f) carotid canal                             (f) carotid canal                                     (g) foramen lacerum        (g) foramen lacerum (h) zygomatic process (h) zygomatic process

(i) mastoid process(i) mastoid process (j) infratemporal fossa(j) infratemporal fossa (k) mandibular fossa(k) mandibular fossa (l) stylomastoid foramen (CN VII: (l) stylomastoid foramen (CN VII:

Facial)Facial)

    5- 5- sphenoidsphenoid       (a) greater and lesser wings       (a) greater and lesser wings       (b) pterygoid processes       (b) pterygoid processes

- medial- medial- lateral- lateral

(c) anterior clinoid process(c) anterior clinoid process       (d) sella turcica       (d) sella turcica

- dorsum sellae- dorsum sellae- posterior clinoid process- posterior clinoid process- hypophyseal fossa- hypophyseal fossa

        (e) optic canal (CN II: Optic nerve)        (e) optic canal (CN II: Optic nerve)        (f) superior orbital fissure        (f) superior orbital fissure

- CN III, IV, VI- CN III, IV, VI (g) foramen ovale (CN V: Trigeminal)(g) foramen ovale (CN V: Trigeminal) (i) foramen spinosum(i) foramen spinosum (j) foramen rotundum (CN V: (j) foramen rotundum (CN V:

Trigeminal)Trigeminal)

6- 6- ethmoidethmoid            (a) perpendicular plate            (a) perpendicular plate            (b) crista galli            (b) crista galli            (c) cribriform (horizontal) plate            (c) cribriform (horizontal) plate

- CN I (olfactory) - CN I (olfactory)                        (d) middle nasal concha(d) middle nasal concha

b. Facial bonesb. Facial bones 1- 1- nasalnasal bones bones   2-    2- lacrimallacrimal bones bones

(a) lacrimal fossa(a) lacrimal fossa   3-    3- zygomaticzygomatic bones bones            (a) orbital plate                    (a) orbital plate        

(b) frontal process   (b) frontal process       (c) temporal process(c) temporal process

            (d) maxillary process            (d) maxillary process

4- 4- maxillamaxilla     (a) alveolar margin     (a) alveolar margin     (b) infra-orbital foramen     (b) infra-orbital foramen     (c) palatine processes     (c) palatine processes

(d) incisive fossa(d) incisive fossa(e) anterior nasal spine(e) anterior nasal spine

  5- 5- palatine bonespalatine bones

(a) greater palatine foramen(a) greater palatine foramen (b) choanae (posterior nares)(b) choanae (posterior nares)

6- 6- mandiblemandible    (a) ramus    (a) ramus    (b) condyle    (b) condyle    (c) angle    (c) angle   (d) body   (d) body    (e) coronoid process    (e) coronoid process    (f) alveolar margin    (f) alveolar margin    (g) mental foramen     (g) mental foramen

(h) mandibular foramen(h) mandibular foramen

(i) lingula(i) lingula

7- 7- vomervomer

8- 8- inferior nasal conchainferior nasal concha

c. c. Paranasal sinusesParanasal sinuses              (1)  frontal(1)  frontal       (2)  ethmoid       (2)  ethmoid       (3)  sphenoid       (3)  sphenoid       (4)  maxillary       (4)  maxillary

2.2. hyoid bone hyoid bone  (a) greater horn(a) greater horn(b) lesser horn(b) lesser horn

3. 3. ribsribs (12 pairs) (12 pairs)1-7: true ribs1-7: true ribs8-10: false ribs8-10: false ribs11,12: floating ribs11,12: floating ribs

a. heada. head b. neckb. neck c. tuberclec. tubercle d. bodyd. body e. costal cartilagee. costal cartilage

4. 4. sternumsternum        a. manubrium        a. manubrium        b. jugular notch        b. jugular notch        c. angle of Louis        c. angle of Louis        d. body        d. body        e. xiphoid process        e. xiphoid process        f. clavicular notch         f. clavicular notch

Auditory ossiclesAuditory ossicles         (a) Malleus (hammer)         (a) Malleus (hammer)         (b) Incus (anvil)         (b) Incus (anvil)         (c) Stapes (stirrup)          (c) Stapes (stirrup)

vertebrae: vertebrae:

          a. (7) cervical - atlas & axis(C1 & a. (7) cervical - atlas & axis(C1 & C2)C2)         axis with dens (odontoid          axis with dens (odontoid process)process)

C3-C5C3-C5     b. (12) thoracic: T1-T12     b. (12) thoracic: T1-T12     c. (5) lumbar: L1-L5     c. (5) lumbar: L1-L5

           d. sacrum (5-fused)-Alad. sacrum (5-fused)-Ala     e. coccyx (4-fused)     e. coccyx (4-fused)

C1: atlasC1: atlas

- anterior arch with tubercle- anterior arch with tubercle

- posterior arch with tubercle- posterior arch with tubercle

- lateral mass- lateral mass

- transverse process- transverse process

- transverse foramen (vertebral - transverse foramen (vertebral artery)artery)

C2: axis or epistropheus C2: axis or epistropheus - odontoid or dens - odontoid or dens - transverse foramen- transverse foramen- transverse ligament (atlas)- transverse ligament (atlas)

ADI intervalADI intervalAtlanto dens intervalAtlanto dens interval

Parts of a typical vertebrae:Parts of a typical vertebrae:

a- laminaa- lamina

b- pedicles b- pedicles

c- centrum (body)c- centrum (body)

d- spinous processd- spinous process

e- superior and inferior articulating e- superior and inferior articulating processesprocesses

f- vertebral foramenf- vertebral foramen

g- intervertebral forameng- intervertebral foramenh- transverse processes h- transverse processes

i- mamillary processes (lumbar)i- mamillary processes (lumbar)

j- costal facetsj- costal facets

Lumbar SpineLumbar Spine

Sacrum: 5 fusedSacrum: 5 fused                a. sacral canala. sacral canal

     b. sacroiliac joint     b. sacroiliac joint     c. sacral foramen     c. sacral foramen     d. median sacral crest     d. median sacral crest     e. sacral hiatus     e. sacral hiatus     f. sacral promontory     f. sacral promontory     g. apex     g. apex     h. ala     h. ala

Coccyx: 4 fusedCoccyx: 4 fused a. coccygeal cornua. coccygeal cornu

Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton

B. B. APPENDICULAR SKELETONAPPENDICULAR SKELETON          Bones of the pectoral Girdle Bones of the pectoral Girdle          1-           1- scapula  (right or left)scapula  (right or left)             a. coracoid process             a. coracoid process             b. acromion process             b. acromion process             c. spine             c. spine             d. supraspinous fossa             d. supraspinous fossa             e. infraspinous fossa             e. infraspinous fossa             f. glenoid fossa (cavity)             f. glenoid fossa (cavity)

g. supraglenoid tubercle g. supraglenoid tubercle                         h. subscapular fossa h. subscapular fossa

             i. suprascapular notch             i. suprascapular notch             j. vertebral (medial) border             j. vertebral (medial) border             k. axillary (lateral) border             k. axillary (lateral) border             l. inferior angle             l. inferior angle

Shoulder dislocation Shoulder dislocation (skateboard injury)(skateboard injury)

2- Clavicle2- Clavicle

a. acromial extremitya. acromial extremity

b. sternal extremityb. sternal extremity

c. conoid tuberclec. conoid tubercle

      Bones of upper extremity: arm and Bones of upper extremity: arm and forearmforearm       1-        1- humerus  (right or left)humerus  (right or left)          a. head          a. head          b. neck: surgical and anatomical          b. neck: surgical and anatomical          c. greater and lesser tubercle          c. greater and lesser tubercle

                      d. intertubercular grooved. intertubercular groove          e. deltoid tuberosity          e. deltoid tuberosity          f. medial and lateral epicondyles          f. medial and lateral epicondyles          g. trochlea          g. trochlea          h. capitulum          h. capitulum          i. olecranon fossa          i. olecranon fossa          j. coronoid fossa          j. coronoid fossa

k. k. radial fossa radial fossa

l. radial groovel. radial groove

2- 2- radius radius (right or left)(right or left) a. heada. head

                  b. neckb. neck      c. shaft      c. shaft      d. styloid process      d. styloid process      e. ulnar notch      e. ulnar notch

f. radial tuberosityf. radial tuberosity g. area for lunate and scaphoid boneg. area for lunate and scaphoid bone

3- ulna 3- ulna (right or left)(right or left)      a. olecranon process      a. olecranon process      b. trochlear notch      b. trochlear notch      c. radial notch      c. radial notch      d. coronoid process      d. coronoid process      e. head      e. head       f. styloid process        f. styloid process 

g. area for triquetral boneg. area for triquetral bone

4- 4- carpals carpals (8)(8)- Scaphoid- Scaphoid- Lunate- Lunate- Triquetral- Triquetral- Pisiform- Pisiform- Trapezium- Trapezium- Trapezoid- Trapezoid- Capitate- Capitate- Hamate- Hamate

              metacarpalsmetacarpals (5) (5)       phalanges phalanges (14) (14)                a. proximal                a. proximal                b. middle (not on thumb)                b. middle (not on thumb)                c. distal                 c. distal 

  Bones of the pelvic girdle (Bones of the pelvic girdle (os coxaeos coxae))

1- 1- iliumilium      a. iliac crest      a. iliac crest      b. anterior superior and inferior       b. anterior superior and inferior iliac iliac spinespine      c. posterior superior and inferior       c. posterior superior and inferior iliac iliac spinespine      d. iliac fossa      d. iliac fossa      e.  sacroiliac joint      e.  sacroiliac joint      f. greater sciatic notch      f. greater sciatic notch

2. 2. ischiumischium       a. ischial spine       a. ischial spine       b. lesser sciatic notch       b. lesser sciatic notch       c. ischial tuberosity       c. ischial tuberosity

d. ramus of ischiumd. ramus of ischium3. 3. pubispubis

       a. pubic rami       a. pubic rami       b. pubic symphysis       b. pubic symphysis

c. pectineal linec. pectineal line d. pubic tubercled. pubic tubercle               I) acetabulum (acetabular fossa)I) acetabulum (acetabular fossa)

        II) obturator foramen II) obturator foramen 

Bones of thigh and legBones of thigh and leg    4.     4. femur  (right or left)femur  (right or left)         a. head         a. head         b. fovea capitis         b. fovea capitis         c. neck         c. neck         d. greater and lesser trochanter         d. greater and lesser trochanter         e. gluteal tuberosity         e. gluteal tuberosity

f. calcar f. calcar                  g. shaftg. shaft         h. linea aspera         h. linea aspera         i. epicondyles         i. epicondyles         j. medial and lateral condyles         j. medial and lateral condyles         k. intercondylar fossa         k. intercondylar fossa         l. patellar surface         l. patellar surface

m. nutrient foramen m. nutrient foramen

5.  5.  tibia (right or left)tibia (right or left)      a. tibial condyles      a. tibial condyles      b. intercondylar eminence      b. intercondylar eminence      c. medial malleolus      c. medial malleolus      d. shaft      d. shaft      e. tibial tuberosity      e. tibial tuberosity

f. Gerdy’s tuberclef. Gerdy’s tubercle g. fibular notchg. fibular notch

6. 6. fibulafibula      a. head      a. head      b. shaft      b. shaft      c. lateral malleolus      c. lateral malleolus

7. 7. patellapatella  

Bones of ankle and footBones of ankle and foot8- 8- tarsustarsus (7) tarsal bones (7) tarsal bones

     a. calcaneus     a. calcaneus- sustentaculum tali- sustentaculum tali- tuber calcanei- tuber calcanei

b. talusb. talus c. cuboidc. cuboid d. naviculard. navicular e. medial, intermediate and lateral e. medial, intermediate and lateral

cuneiformscuneiforms9. metatarsals9. metatarsals (5 (5

- tuberosity of 5- tuberosity of 5thth metatarsal metatarsal 10. 10. phalangesphalanges (14) (14)

           (1) proximal           (1) proximal           (2) middle (for four toes)           (2) middle (for four toes)           (3) distal           (3) distal