The Social and Economic Impacts of Immigration

The Social and Economic Impacts of Immigration

J.S. Onésimo SandovalAssociate Professor and Director of Sociology

Saint Louis UniversityEmail: jsandov3@slu.edu

Five Insights• Population Curves of Immigrants

• Diversity of the Immigrant Population

• Demographic and Economic Transitions

• Latino Immigrants

• Demographic Impacts of S. 744

DEMOGRAPHY IS DESTINY

DEFINITIONS

Who is a foreign-born person?• Foreign-born persons

include anyone who was not a U.S. citizen at birth. – This includes

respondents who indicated they were a U.S. citizen by naturalization or not a U.S. citizen.

– Persons born abroad of American parents or born in Puerto Rico or other U.S. Island Areas are not considered foreign born.

Who is a foreign-born person?• The foreign-born

population includes: – naturalized U.S. citizens– lawful permanent

residents (i.e., immigrants)

– temporary migrants (e.g., foreign students)

– humanitarian migrants (e.g., refugees)

– unauthorized migrants (i.e., people illegally present in the United States)

POPULATION CURVES OF IMMIGRANTS

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2.24.1

5.66.7

9.210.3

13.513.914.2

11.610.3 9.7 9.6

14.1

19.8

31.1

40

9.7

13.2

14.4

13.3

14.8

13.6

14.7

13.2

11.6

8.8

6.9

5.44.7

6.2

7.9

11.1

12.9

Tends of the U.S. foreign-born populationFo

reig

n-B

orn

Popu

lati

on(M

illio

ns)

Percent of Total Population

Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1850- 2000 Decennial Census and 2010 American Community Survey

Foreign-Born White Latino Black Asian

13%

63%

17%12%

5%

19%

47%

29%

13%9%

What does the future look like?

2012 2050

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates and 2050 are from the Pew Report entitled, U.S. Population Projections: 2005-2050 by Jeffrey S. Passel and D’Vera Cohn

Native87%

FB: Citizen6%

FB: Non Cit-izen7%

Composition of the U.S. Population

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Miami

San Jo

se

Los A

ngele

s

El Cen

tro

Salina

s

San Fra

ncisc

o

New Yor

k

McAlle

n

Lared

oYum

a

Saint L

ouis

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

38%37%

34%32% 31% 30% 29% 29%

27% 27%

4%

Metropolitan regions with the highest percent foreign-born population

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates

Miam

i

San J

ose

Los A

ngele

s

El Cen

tro

Salin

as

San F

ranc

isco

New Yo

rk

McA

llen

Lare

doYu

ma

Saint

Louis

53% 52% 49% 48%

27%

55% 53%

27% 30%40%

46%

47% 48% 51% 52%

73%

45% 47%

73% 70%60%

54%

Citizenship status of the foreign-born popu-lation by metropolitan region

FB Citizen FB - Non Citizen

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates

DIVERSITY OF THE IMMIGRANT POPULATION

2010 or Later4%

2000 to 200932%

1990 to 199927%

Before 199037%

Slightly more than 1 out 3 foreign-born res-idents arrived after 2000

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Mexico

India

Philipp

ines

China,

exclu

ding H

ong K

ong a

nd Taiw

an

El Salv

ador

Vietna

mCub

aKor

ea

Domini

can R

epub

lic

Guatem

ala

28%

5% 5% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2%

Fifty-eight percent of the foreign-born population in the U.S. is from ten countries

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates

Mexico

India

Philipp

ines

China,

exclu

ding H

ong K

ong a

nd Taiw

an

El Salv

ador

Vietna

mCub

aKor

ea

Domini

can R

epub

lic

Guatem

ala

11,563,374

1,967,998 1,868,316 1,710,424 1,271,859 1,258,979 1,113,901 1,084,662 957,376 858,530

The largest number of foreign-born residents in U.S. are from Mexico

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates

Europe12%

Asia29%

Africa4%

Oceania1%

Americas54%

More than half of the foreign-born population is from the Americas

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates

DEMOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT OF IMMIGRANTS

Population pyramid forforeign-born citizens and native-born citizens

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Under 5 years

5 to 17 years

18 to 24 years

25 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 to 74 years

75 to 84 years

85 years and over

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30

7

19

10

24

14

12

7

4

2

-1

3

4

31

22

18

12

7

3

FB: Citizen Native

Population pyramid forforeign-born non-citizens and native-born

citizens

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Under 5 years

5 to 17 years

18 to 24 years

25 to 44 years

45 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 to 74 years

75 to 84 years

85 years and over

40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30

7

19

10

24

14

12

7

4

2

0

3

4

31

22

18

12

7

3

FB: Non-Citizens Citizen Native

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85+

15 10 5 0 5 10

10.1

9.5

9.0

9.0

8.6

8.5

8.2

7.6

6.8

6.0

4.8

3.6

2.7

1.9

1.4

1.0

0.7

0.5

5.2

5.5

5.8

6.3

6.3

6.2

5.8

6.1

6.7

7.8

8.0

7.3

6.5

4.9

3.7

3.0

2.4

2.4Latino White

Population (%)

2010 population pyramid forU.S. Latino and White populations

Source: 2010 U.S. Census

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80-84

85+

15 10 5 0 5 10

12.64

11.43

9.57

8.27

7.83

9.15

9.04

8.05

6.42

5.12

3.97

2.87

2.01

1.22

0.88

0.66

0.50

0.35

6.04

6.34

6.43

6.03

5.41

6.93

6.58

6.61

6.86

8.01

7.95

7.02

5.91

4.25

3.05

2.51

2.04

2.03

LatinoWhite

Population (%)

2010 Saint Louis population Pyramidfor Latino and White populations

Native FB: Citizen FB: Non Citizen

6%1% 2%

46%

17%

29%

21%16%

24%27%

66%

46%

School Enrollment ( Population 3 years and over enrolled in school)

Nursery school, preschool Elementary school (grades K-8) High school (grades 9-12) College or graduate school

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Native FB Citizen FB Not a Citizen

11%

21%

41%

30%

22% 23%

31%

24%

14%18% 20%

12%11%14%

9%

Educational Attainment(Population 25 years and over)

Less than high school graduate High school graduate (includes equivalency) Some college or associate's degree Bachelor's degree Graduate or professional degree

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen

34%

17%

33%

47%

64%

54%

14% 13%9%

6% 7%3%

Marital Status Never married Now married Divorced or separated Widowed

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen

2.51

3.17

3.65

3.12

3.74.04

Average Household and Family SizeAverage household size Average family size

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen

89%

21%

11%

English only Households

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

ECONOMIC PORTRAIT OF IMMIGRANTS

Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen

67% 66%

34%

Owner-Occupied Housing Units

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen

$73,636

$83,119

$57,635

Mean Households with Earnings

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen

10% 10%

27%

17%

13%

33%

19%

12%

26%

Poverty Rates for All FamiliesAll familiesWith related children under 18 yearsWith related children under 5 years only

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Native FB: Citizen FB: Not a Citizen

12% 12%

19%

With Food Stamp/SNAP Benefits

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Native FB: Citizen FB: Non-Citizen

88% 84%

53%

12% 16%

47%

Health Insurance CoverageWith Insurance Without Insurance

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

LATINO IMMIGRANTS

Native FB: Citizen FB: Non-Citizen

87%

6% 7%

64%

11%

24%

Immigration StatusU.S. Population Latino

Source: 2012 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates

Native

: 18 +

Native

: (Und

er 18

)

FB: Non

-Citi

zen (

Under

18)

FB: Non

-Citi

zen (

18+)

FB: Citi

zen (

Under

18)

FB: Citi

zen (

18+)

31% 31%

3%

24%

<1%

11%

Citizenship status by age for the Latino popu-lation

Source: 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Mexica

n

Puert

o Rica

n

Cuban

Domini

can

Costa

Rican

Guatem

alan

Hondu

ran

Nicara

guan

Pana

manian

62%66%

39% 39% 37%

30% 29%34%

43%

9%

33%36%

30%27%

17% 15%

31%

39%

29%

1%

25%

31%36%

53% 55%

35%

18%

Citizenship status for foreign-born Latinosby Ethnicity Part 1

U.S. citizen, born in the United StatesU.S. citizen, born outside of U.S.Not a U.S. citizen

Salva

dora

n

Argen

tinea

n

Bolivia

n

Chilea

n

Colombia

n

Ecuad

orian

Para

guay

an

Peru

vian

Urugu

ayan

Venez

uelan

35%31% 31%

34%31% 32%

29% 28%25% 25%

19%

29% 29%32% 33%

27%

34%31%

21%23%

46%

40% 40%

34%36%

41%37%

41%

53% 52%

Citizenship status for foreign-born Latinosby Ethnicity Part 2

U.S. citizen, born in the United StatesU.S. citizen, born outside of U.S.Not a U.S. citizen

DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACTS OF S. 744

Social Impacts of S. 744• Net increase of 10.4 million immigrants

residing in the United States– 8 million unauthorized residents

– 4 million temporary workers (1.6 million) with their dependents (2.4 million)

– 1.6 million decrease of unauthorized residents

http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/s744.pdf

Economic Impacts of S. 744(S. 744 will increase GDP)

Cost Revenue

$33 (Billion)

$276 (Billion)

Over a 10 year period, the Social Security Administration estimates that there will be a

net economic gain from the S. 744

Source: Social Security Administration

Five Insights• Population Curves of Immigrants

– Immigrants will continue to increase– Immigrants will have an indelible impact on the racial structure of the U.S.

• Diversity of the Immigrant Population– The immigrant population is diverse– Conflation of Mexicans with Immigration

• Demographic and Economic Transitions– Foreign-born citizens are doing very well

• Latino Immigrants– The majority of Latinos in the U.S. are native-born

• Demographic Impacts of S. 744• There are positive social and economic impacts

Questions

J.S. Onésimo SandovalAssociate Professor and Director of

SociologySaint Louis University

Email: jsandov3@slu.edu