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The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
What is stratification?What is stratification?
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
What is race?What is race?What is race?What is race?
The idea that humans are divided into biologically-distinct “races” identifiable by
Physical characteristics?Innate behaviors?
NO!!!! This is being challenged by historians & anthropologists
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Social StratificationSocial StratificationSocial StratificationSocial Stratification
Prior to late 1700s, race was defined as•physical differences & behaviors associated with particular groups were believed to come from
oDistinctive climatesoFoodsoCultural practices
•All associated with their geographic origins•While physical & behavior characteristics were understood to be inherited in part, it was also believed that overlong periods of time in new environments, these characteristics could change
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Social StratificationSocial StratificationSocial StratificationSocial Stratification
By late 1700s•Idea was that “races” have distinct, innate and unchanging differences•Concept of “race” emerged
oin part out of the new scientific beliefs that all natural phenomena could be organized into fixed categoriesoIn part because the Ango-Europeans desired to distinguish themselves as citizens (land-owning) from the growing numbers of free people of color in the new American nation
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
What is race?What is race?What is race?What is race?
Today, race is•The meanings that have been given to physical and cultural differences at particular historical moments There is 1 race……•the Human Race; the rest is classifications we use to group ourselves and others •The concept of distinct & unchanging “races” did not become common in the US until the late 18th Century (late 1700s)
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Social StratificationSocial StratificationSocial StratificationSocial Stratification
What is social stratification?
•To stratify, or group people in a hierarchical format
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Social StratificationSocial StratificationSocial StratificationSocial StratificationUltimately, race is a way in which one group designates itself as superior and other groups as inferior Although success in America is believed to be based on a meritocratic system• Meaning if you work hard, you succeed, a system where equality of opportunity exists,
the truth is, inequalities in the distribution of income, wealth, power and prestige reflect not one’s qualification of merit but one’s racial classification.
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Social StratificationSocial StratificationSocial StratificationSocial Stratification
The crucial issue is not the equal treatment of those with equal qualifications per se, but rather, the access of minority group members to the qualifications themselves.
Stratification, for our purposes, means grouping people and only certain groups having access to the resources they need
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
CultureCulture The customary beliefs, manners, The customary beliefs, manners,
art, music, food, language and the art, music, food, language and the items commonly used by a items commonly used by a particular group can all contribute particular group can all contribute to defining a culture.to defining a culture.
CultureCultureCultureCulture
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
EthnicityEthnicityEthnicityEthnicity
Identity with or membership in a particular racial, national, or cultural group and observance of that group's customs, beliefs, and language.
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
How does America group its citizens?How does America group its citizens?How does America group its citizens?How does America group its citizens?
2. What is the person's race? White Black or African American American Indian or Alaska Native (write in tribe) Asian Indian Chinese Filipino Japanese Korean Vietnamese Native Hawaiian Guamanian or Chamorro Samoans Other Pacific Islander (write in race) Other race (write in race)
This census acknowledged that
"race categories include both racial and
national-origin groups."
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Slavery……just in the South?Slavery……just in the South?Slavery……just in the South?Slavery……just in the South?
Today, we often think of slavery as a Southern institution
Long thought of as the birthplace of the anti-slavery movement
New England has a more complex history of slavery and slave trading than many realize
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
A few minor details..A few minor details..A few minor details..A few minor details..
The transatlantic slave trade was history’s first great global industry Spain, Portugal, Britain, France, Holland
& Denmark all traveled to the African coast to load their ships with slaves
The risks were great Storms, pirates, disease & rebellions But profits were great as well Must of the wealth of modern nations flows,
either directly or indirectly, from the trade in human cargo: slaves
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Triangular TradeTriangular TradeTriangular TradeTriangular Trade
Colonial North American ships began participating in the slave trade as early as the 1640s Slave ships originated in New England Landscape was unsuitable for farming
Mercantilism (English economic policy) barred colonists from trading with other countries
Navigation Acts required colonists to trade only with other British colonies or Britain itself
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Triangular Trade, cont.Triangular Trade, cont.Triangular Trade, cont.Triangular Trade, cont.
Since most household goods had to be bought from England, colonists always in debt to England New Englanders looked to sea for their
livelihood
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Triangular Trade, cont.Triangular Trade, cont.Triangular Trade, cont.Triangular Trade, cont.
Upon arrival in the new world, labor shortages existed everywhere Looked to Native Americans as first
source of slaves High mortality from war & disease
Moved on to Africans Built the flourishing Caribbean sugar industry
By the 18th century, world demand for sugar was so great, and potential profits so immense
Planters considered it economical to work slaves to death and then import more
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Triangular Trade, cont.Triangular Trade, cont.Triangular Trade, cont.Triangular Trade, cont.
Caribbean planters Quit producing food & necessities
Making too much $$ on sugar
Had to import it Slave trade brought great wealth
Sailors Rope making, iron forging, candle
manufacturing & carpentry all slave dependent
Distilling rum
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Triangular TradeTriangular TradeTriangular TradeTriangular Trade Developed Triangular Trade, cont.
Sugar & Molasses carried from Caribbean plantation colonies TO
New England where colonists distilled it into rum, then shipped it TO
Africa where it was exchanged for slaves WHO Were carried back to the Caribbean to produce more
sugar
Some Africans were brought back to New England By 1755, more than 13,000 slaves were working
in NE Especially important to people in Rhode Island 2/3rds of their shipping fleet was engaged in the
slave trade
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Triangular Trade
http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/maps/g5s_u3/index.html
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Triangular TradeTriangular TradeTriangular TradeTriangular Trade
Slave trading worked like the stock market Slaves sold in the Caribbean for 8 to
10 times the amount paid in Africa New Englanders invested in the trade
Average working people could buy shares for very little money and thus try to build up their wealth
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Destination for slaves on RI ships, 1700-Destination for slaves on RI ships, 1700-17871787
Destination for slaves on RI ships, 1700-Destination for slaves on RI ships, 1700-17871787
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
New Englander’s View of Slave TradeNew Englander’s View of Slave TradeNew Englander’s View of Slave TradeNew Englander’s View of Slave Trade
Most English colonists viewed slave trading as a respectable business MA & RI Governors MA Judges Pres of Yale Prominent clergy members
Most whites did NOT regard it as a moral problem
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
New Englander’s View of Slave TradeNew Englander’s View of Slave TradeNew Englander’s View of Slave TradeNew Englander’s View of Slave Trade
Most New Englander’s believed in a hierarchical society Some people have power & some do not Accepted servitude as normal Expected servants & slaves to be obedient
Religious justification Believed their religion was only valid one &
all who did not accept would perish in damnation
Argued that enslaving Africans was to save their soul
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Why did West African merchants Why did West African merchants participate?participate?
Why did West African merchants Why did West African merchants participate?participate?
Culturally & linguistically diverse Noticeable religious differences
Islam & traditional religions Could be distinguished based upon occupation
Some Africans sold other Africans into slavery No unity Slavery existed in Africa before Europeans ever
travelled there Much less harsh, however Typically ransomed back to family
The Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American SocietyThe Stratification of American Society
Why did West African merchants Why did West African merchants participate?participate?
Why did West African merchants Why did West African merchants participate?participate?
Europeans traded guns for slaves African Kings and Chiefs used these
guns to gain/maintain power over other tribes
In 1723, NE introduced Rum
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