The Use of Minerals · by chemical means. To understand what a ... of the atoms within the crystal....

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Chapter 3

The Use of Minerals

• Metallic Minerals are good

conductors of heat and electricity.

They can be processed for various

uses, including building aircraft,

automobiles, and communications

and electronic equipment.

• Examples of useful metallic

minerals include gold, silver, and

copper.

Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of

Minerals

Chapter 3

• Nonmetallic Minerals are good

insulators of electricity. They have uses

that range from glass-making to

producing computer chips.

• Calcite, one nonmetallic mineral, is a

major component of concrete, which is

used in building roads, buildings,

bridges and other structures.

Minerals

Chapter 3

• Gemstones are highly valued for

their beauty and rarity, than for their

usefulness.

• Important gemstones include

diamond, sapphire, ruby, emerald,

aquamarine, topaz, and tourmaline.

Minerals

Section 1 What Is a Mineral?Chapter 3

Key Points Notes

Hi, Mrs. Parsons’ class! My

name is Ruby Redding. I’ll be

helping you take notes .

Mineral Structure

• A mineral is a naturally formed, inorganic solid

that has a definite crystalline structure.

You can ask 4

questions to

determine if an

object is a mineral!

• Is it a nonliving material?

• Is it a solid?

• Does it have a crystalline structure?

• Is it formed in nature?

Let’s

practice!

Is coal a

mineral?

Is sugar a

mineral?

Is salt a

mineral?

Elements are pure substances that cannot be

separated or broken down into simpler substances

by chemical means.

To understand what a

crystalline structure is,

you need to know about

the atoms that make up

a minerals.

• Solid, geometric forms of minerals produced by a

repeating pattern of atoms that is present through-

out the mineral are called crystals.

• A crystal’s shape is determined by the arrangement

of the atoms within the crystal.

• The arrangement of atoms in turn is determined by

the kinds of atoms that make up the mineral.

What does it look like

when crystals form into

a mineral?

Let’s make minerals and take a look

at their crystalline structures…

Two Groups of Minerals

• Minerals are divided into two groups based on their

chemical composition.

• Silicate minerals are minerals that contain a

combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more

metals.

• Examples of silicate minerals are quartz, feldspar,

and mica.

Two Groups of Minerals, continued

• Nonsilicate minerals are minerals that do not

contain compounds of silicon and oxygen. There

are six main classes of nonsilicate minerals.

• Native Elements

• Carbonates

• Halides

• Oxides

• Sulfates

• Sulfides

Key Points Notes

Make sure to

keep notes with

their key points!

Mineral Structure

Silcates/

nonsilicate

Seven ways to

identify minerals

Section 2 Identifying MineralsChapter 3

Identifying Minerals

• You can determine the identity of a mineral by

noting different properties.

• Color Minerals display a wide variety of colors,

and often the same mineral can be found in many

different colors.

• Because of this, color is usually not the best way

to identify a mineral.

• The way a mineral reflects light is called luster.

There are three types of mineral luster:

• Metallic

• Submetallic

• Nonmetallic

• The color of a mineral in powdered form is called

the mineral’s streak.

• A mineral’s streak can be found by running the

mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain

called a streak plate.

• The color of a mineral’s streak is not always the

same as the color of the mineral sample.

Mineral Color, Luster, and Streak

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Cleavage and Fracture

• Different types of minerals break in different ways.

• Cleavage is the tendency of some minerals to

break along smooth, flat surfaces.

• Fracture is the tendency of some minerals to

break unevenly along curved or irregular surfaces.

Hardness

• A mineral’s resistance to being scratched is called

hardness.

• To determine the hardness of minerals, scientists

use Mohs hardness scale, shown on the next slide.

Density

• Density is the measure of how much matter is

in a given amount of space. Density is a ratio of

an object’s mass to its volume.

• Different minerals have different densities.

Special Properties

• Some properties are particular to only a few types

of minerals.

• The properties shown on the next slide can help

you quickly identify some minerals.

Minerals

Activity

Look at a mineral resource map of your

state and locate the mines closest to

where you live. Which mineral

commodities are mined there?

Chapter 3

Formation of Minerals

• Minerals form in a variety of environments in the Earth’s crust. Each environment has a different set of physical and chemical conditions that determine the minerals’ properties.

1) Evaporating Salt Water When a body of salt water dries up, minerals such as gypsum and halite are left behind.

Minerals

Chapter 3

2) Metamorphic Rocks When changes in pressure, temperature, or chemical makeup alter a rock, metamorphism takes place.

Minerals that form in metamorphic rock include calcite, garnet, graphite, hematite, magnetite, mica, and talc.

Minerals

Chapter 3

3) Limestones Surface water and groundwater carry dissolved materials into lakes and seas, where they crystallized on the bottom.

• Minerals that form in this environment include calcite and dolomite.

Minerals

Chapter 3

4) Hot-Water Solutions Groundwater works its way downward and is heated by magma, and then reacts with minerals to form a hot liquid solution.

• Dissolved metals and other elements crystallize out of the hot fluid to form new minerals, such as gold, copper, sulfur, pyrite, and galena.

Minerals

Chapter 3

5) Pegmatites As magma rises upward from the Earth’s crust, it can form teardrop-shaped bodies called pegmatites.

• Many gemstones such as topaz and tourmaline, form in pegmatites.

Minerals

Chapter 3

6) Plutons As magma rises upward through the crust, it sometimes stops moving before it reaches the surface and cools slowly, forming millions of mineral crystals.

• Eventually, the entire magma body solidifies, forming minerals such as mica, feldspar, magnetite, and quartz.

Minerals

Chapter 3

Mining

• Many kinds of rocks and minerals must be mined

to extract the valuable elements they contain.

• Geologists use the term ore to describe a mineral

deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined

for profit.

Minerals

The Use of Minerals · by chemical means. To understand what a ... of the atoms within the crystal....

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