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8/18/2019 The Word (part 2)
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The Word
8/18/2019 The Word (part 2)
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• POLYSEMY
• HOMONYMY• MULTIWORD LEXEMES
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Polysemy
DEFINITION: It refers to the situation where the same
word has two or more dierent meanings.
ORIGIN: Greek- poly, ‘many’ + semeon, ‘sign’.
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E!"#$E
table
1. a pie%e of furniture
&. the persons seated at a ta'le
(. the food put on a ta'le, meals) %ooking*. a at sla' of stone or 'oard
. sla's of stone with words written on them or %ut intothem
/. Bibl. 0ords %ut into sla's of stone the ten ta'les.
1. an orderly arrangement of fa%ts, 2gures, et%.
3. part of a ma%hine-tool
4. a le5el area, plateau 67pl8t9*
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POLYSEMY
NATURE: In most %ases, only one of the meanings of
a polysemous word will 2t into the gi5en %onte;t
8. $ook at that bat under the tree.
&. ?usan may go to the bank today.
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Problems with the conceptof polysemy
@A"#$E B!>=CE:
>he num'er of
meanings
>ransferen%e of
meanings
Di%ulty in re%ogniFing
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>he num'er of meaning
o It’s di%ult to determine how many meanings a polysemous
word has
o >here is no %lear %riterion for either dieren%e or sameness of
meaning
E!"#$E: ‘eat’
Literal sense- ‘taking in through the mouth and swallowing’
eating nuts 2ngers) eating soup spoon@orresponds to ‘ drink’ ‘eat’ or ‘drink’ soup
Deried !ense- "use up, damage, or destroy something,
espe%ially 'y %hemi%al a%tion’
>he 5er' has a dierent meaning for e5ery type of food
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>ransferen%e of "eaning
DEFINITION: refers to the %ases where a word
appears to ha5e 'oth a ‘literal’ and ‘transferred’
meaning
NATURE- it is ‘irregular’, 'e%ause it applies to
indi5idual le;i%al items
Metaphor
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>ransferen%e of "eaning
Literal !ense: eye, fa%e, foot, hand, leg, tongue- #!C>?
AH >E he whole set of the words applies only to the 'ody,
while only some of them %an 'e transferred to %ertain
o'Ke%ts
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>ransferen%e of "eaning
@omparison of the use of the same metaphor a%ross
languages
>he se%ond type of transferen%e is fairly produ%ti5e
'e%ause it in5ol5es the transfer of meaning in a
predi%ta'le manner
E!"#$E:
Literal sense- ‘Lohn is sad’- e feels sadness
Trans#erred sense- ‘the 2lm is sad’- it %auses
someone to feel sad
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Di%ulty in re%ogniFing polysem
8. Celationship 'etween polysemy one word with
se5eral meanings and homonymy se5eral words
with the same shape- spelling andMor
pronun%iation
PRO$LE%: to de%ide when we ha5e polysemy and
when we ha5e homonymy
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omonymy
DEFINITION: it refers to a situation, where we ha5e
two or more words with the same shape.
NATURE: they are distin%t le;emes- they ha5e
unrelated meanings and dierent etymologies
Lead metal and lead dog’s lead- A"AGC!#
same spelling
Ri&ht' rite and (rite- A"A#ABE same sound
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omonymy @lashes
PO!!I$ILIT) : two homonyms with totally dierent
meanings may 'oth make sense in the utteran%e:
>he ro*te was 5ery long
>he root was 5ery long
elen did not see the bat animal
elen did not see the bat wooden
implementation
DIFFEREN+E: word %lass, spelling, o5erall %ontent
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omonymy @lashes
DIFFI+ULT): there is no %lear-%ut di5iding line
'etween homonymy and polysemy
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"ulti-word $e;emes
DEFINITION: a le;eme or le;i%al item is a ‘unit of
le;i%al meaning, whi%h e;ists regardless of any
ine%tional endings it may ha5e or the num'er of
words it may %ontain’
$e;eme is the headword in a di%tionary @rystal
Ane word- break, boy, down
"ore than one word: away from, brother-in-law
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"ulti-word Ner's
DEFINITION: the main 5er' and one or twoparti%les %an 'e analysed as %onstituents of a singleunit
Pre,ositional erbs: are followed 'y an o'Ke%t,
i.e. are all transiti5e) e.g. call for Lohn, look at
him
Nat*re: the o'Ke%t %an not o%%ur 'etween the
parti%le and the main 5er') e.g. %all Lohn for, $ook
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"ulti-word Ner's
Phrasal erbs: may 'e followed 'y an o'Ke%t, i.e.
transiti5e bring up, look up or intransiti5e give in,
sit down
Phrasal-,re,ositional erbs: %onstitute a 'ridge
%lass 'etween phrasal and prepositional 5er's. Nat*re: all transiti5e) ha5e two parti%les
e.g. check up on (my friend), get away with (that),
stand up for (your rights)
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oms
DEFINITION: a type of %ollo%ation in5ol5ing two or morewords in %onte;t
NATURE: multiword le;eme- %an not 'e predi%ted from
the meanings of its %onstituentT)PE!: partial idioms- some words ha5e their usual
meaning
e.g. ‘to make 'ed’- to make is not used in the usualsense of ‘to manufa%ture’
‘white %oee’- is 'rown in %olour
‘white wine ‘ is yellow in %olour
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oms
+ARA+TERI!TI+!: 8. !m'iguity and &. synta%ti%
pe%uliarities
Ambi&*ity- most idioms are %onstru%ted from
morphemes that are also used non-idiomati%ally
"$eat a dead horse.
Literal meanin&- the pro%ess of striking the %ar%ass of
an animal
Idiomati/ meanin&- wasting time dis%ussing a matter
that has already 'een %losed
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oms
+ARA+TERI!TI+!: 8. !m'iguity and &. synta%ti%
pe%uliarities
synta/ti/ ,e/*liarity- ha5e spe%ial synta%ti%
property
"0ohn 1i/1ed the b*/1et.
Literal sense- passi5e 5ariant: ‘ the 'u%ket was ki%ked
'y Lohn’
Idiomati/ e2,ression- "1i/1ed the b*/1et. means
‘died’, the e;pression does not allow the use of the
%orresponding passi5e alternati5es
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oms
+ARA+TERI!TI+!: 8. !m'iguity and &. synta%ti%
pe%uliarities
synta/ti/ ,e/*liarity- ha5e spe%ial synta%ti%
property
• Bo synonym %an repla%e a word in an idiomati%
e;pression
• Bone of the words in an idiomati% e;pression may 'e
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