The World At War The War for North Africa and Europe Ch 17 Sec 2

The World At War

The War for North Africa and Europe

Ch 17 Sec 2

Ch 17 Sec 2 - Essential Questions

What was the Allies’ overall plan for winning the war?

What was the US strategy in Europe and Asia?

What were the key events of the war in Europe?

How was Europe finally liberated by the Allies?

The US and Britain Join ForcesWinston Churchill met with FDR to map out

war plans on Dec 22, 1941Germany and Italy were perceived as the

greater threat so it was decided to concentrate on Europe first then the Pacific

Axis Gains by 1942

By 1942 Hitler’s forces held the European continent and pounded England with aerial bombardments while driving deep into Russia and across Northern Africa to attempt to take the Suez Canal in Egypt

Allied HopeThe Situation was bleak in 1942 but the

Allies had:Natural ResourcesSkilled Workforce with significant

reservesAbility to produce massive amounts

of weapons and ammunitionsDetermination of millions of anti-

fascistsThe capacity of the USSR to endure

immense loses

Soviets Halt Nazi DriveThe size of the USSR, resistance from

civilians, and the Russian winter all contributed to the first Nazi setback of the war

The Battle of Stalingrad pitted the Red Army vs. the Germans in bitter house to house fighting over a city of rubble

100,000 Germans surrenderedThe USSR lost more troops in the

battle than the US lost the whole war2nd defeat outside of Kursk, forced

Nazi retreat

The North African FrontWhile Stalingrad was pounded

Stalin pressured the US and Britain to open a second front in Europe

The Allies decided on Operation Torch the Allied invasion of North Africa led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower

In Nov. 1942 107,000 mainly US troops landed in Casablanca, Oran and Algiers

Winning North AfricaThe US forces attacked from the East, the

British forces from the West in an effort to pinch the German Afrika Corps led by General Erwin Rommel “The Desert Fox”

The Afrika Corps surrendered in May 1943,

after the Battle of El Alamein

The Casablanca Conference In January 1943 FDR and Churchill met in

Casablanca in French Morocco to agree to accept only an unconditional surrender from the Axis Powers

They also decided after North Africa not to open an second front in France but to attack Italy

The Italian CampaignSummer of 1943 the Allies captured

SicilyOn July 25, 1943 Mussolini was

stripped of power, and Hitler flooded Italy with troops

The Allies landed near Anzio outside of Rome

“Bloody Anzio” 25,000 Allied, 30,000 German Causalities

Fighting in Italy raged until early 1945Mussolini was killed by Italian citizens

Famous Allied Generals Patton Montgomery

The Moscow ConferenceIn October 1943 Sec. of State Cordell

Hull, Anthony Eden of Great Britain, and Foreign Minister Molotov of the USSR met in Moscow

They issued The Moscow Declaration that a World Organization for the maintenance of peace would be set-up after the war

The Bombing of GermanyBritish bombers flew night missions and US

B-17’s flew day missions over GermanyBombing missions over the Rhineland and

the Ruhr successfully took out factoriesThe British began targeting civilian targets

as Germany had doneHamburg was leveled – 60,000 – 100,000

people were killed ( 60 other cities were bombed) Munich, Berlin and Cologne

Dresden- 650,000 incendiary bombs were dropped, 135,000 killed, 8 sq. miles destroyed

The Cairo ConferenceIn Nov. 1943 FDR and Churchill met in Cairo

with Gen. Chaing Kai-shek the political and military leader of China

They promised to make Japan give up all territory it had acquired especially in China

The Teheran ConferenceIn Nov. 1943 FDR, Churchill and Stalin

met for the first time and pledged to work together to win the war but also the peace

Plans for the opening of a second front were discussed

D-Day The Battle for FranceUnder IKE”s command the US, Britain,

and Canada assembled 3 million troops to attack Normandy in Northern France.

The Allies tricked Hitler to think the invasion would come at Calais 150 miles away

Operation Overlord the largest land, sea, and air invasion in history was launched on June 6th 1944

German resistance was brutal in some spots like Omaha Beach

U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower                                                                   

Eisenhower Decides on D-Day

The Allies Gain ControlAfter 7 days of fighting the Allies

held an 80 mile strip of FranceWithin a month the Allies landed

1million troops, 567,000 tons of supplies and 170,000 vehicles

August 1944 Paris was liberatedSeptember 1944 Belgium and

Luxembourg were liberated

American Generals Patton Bradley

The Election of 1944FDR ran for an unprecedented 4th Term

against Thomas E. Dewey Republican Governor of NY

Senator Harry S. Truman was added to the ticket as a vice-presidential compromise candidate

The Battle of the BulgeIn October 1944, the Allies entered

GermanyOn December 16 Hitler launched his last

major counterattack of the war (B of the B) On Dec. 16th 1944 Eight German tank

divisions broke though US defenses along an 80 miles front

SS troopers murdered 120 American POW’sThe Germans ran out of gas and without air

cover they lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks, 1600 planes and were forced to retreat

The Yalta ConferenceIn February 1945 FDR, Churchill and Stalin

met in the Soviet port of Yalta in the Crimea Sea

They agreed to call an Allied Conference to draft the UN Charter in San Francisco

They agreed to divide Germany into American, Soviet, French, and British Occupation Zones

They agreed to allow free elections in Poland and adjust its border

They agreed to ensue the establishment of a democratic form of government for all liberated European nations

Yalta Conference IISecretly the USSR agreed to declare war on

Japan after the Germany surrender in exchange for an occupation zone in Northern Korea

FDR’s DeathWhile posing for a posing for a portrait FDR

complained of a headache and took a napHe died of a stroke or a cerebral

hemorrhageVice-President Harry S. Truman took over

V-E DayBy April 25th the Red Army was

storming BerlinHitler blamed the Jews for staring the

war and his Generals for losing itOn April 29th he married Eva BraunThey both committed suicide and had

their bodies burnedOn May 8th, Germany surrenderedV-E day was celebrated through the US

and the world

Germany Surrenders!

Ch 17 Sec 3-The War in the Pacific

The Japanese had overran the Philippines, Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand much of China, the Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, the Solomon Islands, and two of the Aleutian Islands which were part of Alaska.

Essential Questions:• What were the key turning points in

the war in the Pacific?

• What was the Allied plan to fight Japan?

• How was the atomic bomb developed and why was it used?

• What where the challenges facing the Allies in building a just and lasting peace?

The Bataan Death MarchJust hours after Pearl Harbor the

Japanese attacked the Philippines, and drove US forces to the Bataan Peninsula

“I shall return” General Douglas MacArthur

Bataan Death March – 80 mile march of US POW’s and Filipinos

Allies Stem the Japanese Tide After Pearl Harbor and Macarthur’ fleeing

the Philippines the US was looking for a victory

On April 18th, Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle led 16 bombers on a bombing raid of Tokyo. The Doolittle Raid lifted US spirits

Battle of the Coral SeaIn May 1942 the US and Australians stopped

the Japanese drive to invade Australia in a 5-day carrier battle

The Battle of MidwayThe US broke the Japanese Code and

knew that Midway Island northwest of Hawaii was to be the target

Admiral Chester A. Nimitz commanded the US fleet

The Japanese lost four carriers, a cruiser and 250 planes

After Midway the Allies began their “Island Hopping Campaign” to Japan

Midway was a turning point in the Pacific

Admiral Chester A. Nimitz

Allies on the OffensiveIn August 1942 the Allies launched

their counter offensive on the Solomon Islands and Papua , near New Guinea

Us Marines engaged in a bitter 6 month fight on the island of Guadalcanal

In November 1943 1,000 Marines died fighting for the island of Tarawa

Early in 1944 American forces occupied Guam, Saipan, and Tinian in the Marianas Islands

June 1944 the Japanese are defeated at the Battle of the Philippines Sea

Battle of Leyte GulfIn October 1944 178,000 Allied troop, 738

ships converged on Leyte Island in the Philippines, the Japanese lost 3 battleships, 4 carriers, 13 cruisers and almost 500 planes

Gen. MacArthur – “People of the Philippines: I have returned.”

KamikazeIn the Philippines, 424 kamikaze pilots sunk

16 ships and damaging another 80

The Battle of Iwo Jima• In February 1945 the US

launched an attack on Iwo Jima “Sulfur Island” to secure a heavy bomber launching base

• 20,700 Japanese troops were entrenched in tunnels and caves

• More than 6,000 Marines died and only 200 Japanese survived

The Battle for OkinawaIn April 1945 US Marines invaded

Okinawa1,900 Kamikaze attacks sunk 30 ships,

damaging 300, and killing almost 5,000 sailors

By June 21,1945, 7,600 Marines had died, while 110,000 Japanese perished some in ritual suicides

Estimates Allied losses for a mainland Japan invasion was 1 million Americans and 500,000 British

The Manhattan ProjectIn 1939 Albert Einstein wrote a letter to FDR

stating that a Uranium bomb could be produced and that Germany might develop it first

FDR established the Advisory Committee on Uranium, which became The Manhattan Project

In 1942 Italian scientist Enrico Fermi successfully controlled a chain reaction in Chicago

Plutonium was then needed to mold the bomb

The Manhattan Project IIThe top secret project involved building 37

installations in the US and Canada, it employed 120,000 people and cost $2 billion

The military leader of the project was General Leslie Groves and the research director was J. Robert Oppenheimer

On July 16th 1945 after research tests at Los Alamos the first atomic bomb was detonated on the Trinity Test Site in Alamogordo, NM

Oppenheimer “ Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.”

Decision to Drop the BombA Massive Invasion of Japan was scheduledPresident Truman while attending the

Potsdam Conference in Germany with Churchill and Stalin learned of the test and issue the Potsdam Declaration that Japan unconditionally surrender or face “prompt and utter destruction”

The Interim Committee was made up of government leaders and scientists they discussed options besides the bomb, but in the end decided to advice President Truman to drop the bomb

The Bombs in JapanOn August 6th, 1945 the B-29 Bomber Enola

Gay dropped “Little Boy” a uranium bomb on Hiroshima , 180,000 people were killed or wounded

On August 9th, “Fat Man” a plutonium bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, 80,000 people were killed or

injured

Unconditional Surrender V-J DayOn August 14th after the second

bomb and a Soviet attack in Manchuria the Japanese surrendered

On September 2nd on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay General Douglas MacArthur presided over the signing of the formal surrender

President Truman declared September 2nd, 1945 V-J Day

Occupation of JapanDuring the seven year occupation Allied

Commander General Douglas MacArthur introduced a free-market economy, changed the government, guaranteed basic freedoms, and wrote the Japanese Constitution

During the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunals over 1,100 Japanese were arrested, seven put to death including Hediki Tojo

The Nuremberg TrialsTwenty –Four surviving Nazis leaders were

put on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes

12 of the 24 were sentenced to death: Joachim Von Ribbontrop, Rudolph Hess, Herman Goering and Albert Speer were convicted, others went to prison

The US Supreme Court Justice Robert Jackson was the prosecuting attorney

Nearly 500,000 Nazis were tried later for lesser crimes

War TotalsBetween 40-50 million deaths, one half the

causalities were women and childrenMore than 405,000 Americans died, 670,000

were wounded20-25 million Soviets were killed6 million Jews were killed during the

Holocaust, 10 million people totalOver 200,000 were killed from the atomic

bombsHundreds of thousands were killed in aerial

bombings

Towards a United NationsIn July 1944 representatives of 44 Allied

Nations met in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire and established the World Bank, The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) and established a foundation for The Global Agreement on Tariff and Trade ( GATT)

In Late summer and Fall of 1944 representatives of the USSR, Great Britain, and China met with delegates of the US at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference outside Washington to discuss the UN Charter

The United NationsDuring April to June 1945, 300

representatives from 51 countries met in San Francisco to draw up the UN Charter

Seven Bodies of the UN:General AssemblySecurity Council – US, RUS,FRA,GB,CHINASecretariatEconomic and Social CouncilInternational Court of JusticeTrusteeship CouncilSpecialized Agencies (Ex. WHO)