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Individual DifferencesThose work-relevant characteristics, both innate and acquired, that account for work behavior differences
Earlier: technical-interpersonal-conceptual differences in skill-sets
KSAO’s : HRM acronym Knowledge Skills Abilities Other Characteristics
Knowledge & SkillsSimilar in that they are both:
acquired, changeable through practicerelatively easily and precisely measuredeasily made observable
Knowledgepossession of specific information
traffic laws, accounting practices, market value
Skilllearned psycho-motor behaviorbehavioral application of knowledge
driving test, report taxable income, residence
Abilities & Other Characteristics
Similar in that they are:not easily changed; stableusually difficult to measure accuratelyinferred; not directly observed
Abilitiesmental (cognitive ability-IQ, verbal, math)physical (stamina, explosive strength)
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Cognitive Ability Examples in the Workplace
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Physical Ability Taxonomy
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City of San Diego Police Officer Physical Abilities Test
120 yards
Stairs
150 yards
3 ft barrier 6 ft
barrier
150 lb.Dummy Drag
75 lb. Handcuff Apparatus
Other Characteristics
Personalityrelatively enduring behavioral predispositions that reflect both genetic and environmental influencesstabledifficult to changeinferred
Biographical Data (Biodata)
Experiential and accomplishment differenceseducation level, work history, leadership, group membership
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16 Personality Factor Questionnaire Source Traits
Raymond Cattell• chemistry major• sought ‘elements’ of
behavior• personality traits as
basic elements• ERGs
• internal drives• Sentiments
• cultural socialization• ERGs & Sentiments
combine to (direct) behavior
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16PF Profiles
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The Big 5 or More?
•Compliant; sensitive to opinion; yielding; trusting; altruistic
Agreeableness•Org
anized; controlled; deliberate; disciplined; dutiful; focused
Conscientiousness
•Well-adjusted; unworried; calm; confident; content
Emotional Stability
•Outgoing; optimistic; gregarious; vigorous; active; assertive; warm
Extraversion
•Dreamer; intellectually curious; open to ideas & values; tolerant; imaginative
Openness
•Integrity; rule-follower; uninterested in lavish wealth or material gain; non-entitled
Honesty-Humility
FacetsFacets are components of the Factors
Conscientiousness
Dutiful
Desire to fulfill obligations
Desire to express loyalty
Organized Desire for routine
Heritability of TraitsTrait Heritability Sex
DifferencesExtraversion .54 Perhaps
Agreeableness .42 Probably not
Conscientiousness .49 Probably not
Emotional stability .48 No
Openness .57 Probably not
Intelligence .80s+ (in adults) No
Vocational Interests .30s+ (.40 artistic) NA
Schizophrenia .80 No
Depression .37 Mixed Findings
Anti-social behavior .40+ (in adults) No
Anxiety Disorder .30 No
Thomas Bouchard (2004). Genetic Influence on Human Psychological Traits.
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Validity for Big 5 by Occupational Category
Personality Dimension Sales CustomerService Managers
Skilled andSemi-skilled
JOB Training
Performance
Conscientiousness .29 .27 .19 .17 .24 .03
Emotional Stability .15 .13 .13 .09 .15 .09
Agreeableness .06 .19 -.04 .11 .12 .21
Extraversion .16 .11 .13 .01 .09 .19
Openness .04 .17 -.03 -.02 .06 .14
Hurtz & Donovan 2000
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Big 5 and Academic Performance
How might each B5 factor be implicated in academic performance?
- managing anxiety and evaluation apprehension- socializing or studying- curious; tolerant of opposing ideas- compliant; meeting expectations of others- deliberate; organized
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Negative Affectivity
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Self-Monitoring
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Holland’s Hexagonal Model of Occupational PersonalitiesAre your personal interests compatible with those of others who populate different occupations?
Occupational themes may be ‘oppositional’ or ‘congenial’
Hexagonal Model Themes
https://www.skillsone.com
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SVIB1
The Strong-Campbell Vocational Interest Blank
28 year-old female psychologist
Page 1
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SVIB2
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KSAOs?
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