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TIMBER FRAME STRUCTURES

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INAR 237 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

LECTURE 09

TIMBER FRAME STRUCTURES – PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES – FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURES

The Basics

• Timber Framing is a light frame

construction.

• In a wood frame building or structure, the

framework consists mostly of wood load-

bearing members that are joined together

to form an internal supporting structure,

much like the skeleton of a human body.

• Generally, a building has two main parts: the FOUNDATION (substructure) and that part above the foundation, called the SUPERSTRUCTURE.

• The framework of a wooden superstructure is subdivided into

– floor framing,

– wall framing, and

– roof framing.

– FLOOR FRAMING consists, for the most part, of horizontal structural members called joists,

– WALL FRAMING, for the most part, of vertical members called studs.

– ROOF FRAMING consists of both horizontal and vertical structural members.

• In other words: The structure itself is a

series of

– (vertical) posts and

– (horizontal) beams, combined with

– corner braces and

– connecting joints to create a trussing action.

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GIRDER

STUD

JOIST

RAFTER

PLATE

SILL

BOARD

POST

Trussing action

• Trusses are based on a right angle triangle and by

combining triangles, we create a simple truss.

• By adding bracing, we create more triangles and in turn

every triangle increases the strength of the truss.

Therefore, timber framing can be seen as a series of

large trusses.

• Foundation: The framed structure sits atop a concrete

(most common), stone or treated wood foundation.

Braces

• Braces are used to stiffen

framed construction and help buildings resist the twisting or straining effects of wind or storm.

• Good bracing keeps corners square and prevents shifts resulting from lateral and external forces that would otherwise tend to distort the frame.

• BALLOON FRAME SYSTEMS

• PLATFORM FRAME SYSTEMS

TYPES OF FRAME CONSTRUCTION:

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TYPES OF FRAME CONSTRUCTION

•PLATFORM FRAME SYSTEMS •BALLOON FRAME SYSTEMS

GIRDER

STUD

JOIST

RAFTER

PLATE

SILL

BOARD

POST

Balloon Framing

• In Balloon framing the posts run in a

continuous piece and hand-carved joinery

is used to connect the beams into the

posts.

• Balloon framing structures work with the

true characteristics of the tree.

•It utilizes long continuous framing members (studs) that run from sill to eave line with intermediate floor structures nailed to them.

Balloon Framing

requirement for long framing members

Balloon Framing

Platform Framing

• Platform is a light-frame construction system and

the most common method of constructing the

frame for houses and small apartment buildings

today.

• Post and beam structures are constructed in

layers, with each floor built independently from

the others. Metal brackets are used to connect

the beams together.

Platform framing

• A two-story wooden-frame house under construction—the location of the upper floor platform is readily discerned by the wide joists between the floors, and it can be easily seen the upper structure rests on this platform.

Platform Framing

• The main difference between platform and

balloon framing is at the floor lines.

• The balloon wall studs extend from the sill

of the first story all the way to the or end

rafter of the second story.

• The platform-framed wall, on the other

hand, is independent for each floor.

Framing Around Floor Openings

A common joist must be cut away to give way for floor

openings, such as stairways. The wall-opening ends of

cripple joists are framed against HEADERS.

Specifications usually require that headers be doubled—

sometimes tripled.

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Partitions

• The inside space of a building is divided by partition walls. In most cases, these walls are framed as part of the building.

• There are two types of partition walls:

– BEARING and NONBEARING.

– Partition walls of the bearing type support the ceiling joists and all other loads imposed upon them;

– those of the nonbearing type support only themselves and are usually installed after the other framework is put in.

– Partition walls are framed in the same manner as outside walls, and door openings are framed as outside openings.

– CORNER POSTS or T-POSTS are used at corners or where one partition wall joins another. They provide nailing surfaces for the inside wall finish.

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roofs

roofs

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DETAILS

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DETAILS

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• LIGNAMATIC Projects - Expo 2000, Hannover, Germany

• LIGNAMATIC Projects Exhibition grounds

• LIGNAMATIC Projects The Millennium Tower

• LIGNAMATIC

Projects

Wooden Bridge

at Kössen

• LIGNAMATIC Projects - Elephant Park, Cologne Zoo