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TOPIC-STONE
MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
GROUP MEMBERS
1 . SALONI DHIMMAR
2. AANAL SANKESARA
3. MAITRI SHAH
4. DIVYA PANDYA
5. MAHIMA SHAH
STONE
Properties of stone:-
It is har
d s
oli
d
non
metallic
mi
neral
matter
of
whic
h r
ock is
ma
de es
pecially as a
buil
di
ng
material.
LIMESTONE
DEFINITION
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium
carbonate (CaO3) in the form of the mineral calcite
FORMATION
It most clearly form in clear, warm, shallow marine waters. It is form from the accumulation of shell, coral, algae.
WHERE IT IS FOUND
Today Earth has many limestone forming environment. Most of them are found in shallow water areas between 30 degrees south latitude. It is found in Caribbean Sea, Indian ocean, Persian gulf, Gulf of Mexico.
COMPOSTION
Lime stone is by definition a rock that contains at least 50% calcium carbonate in the form of calcite by weight. It contains small material of quarts, feldspar clay minerals pyrite, siderite
USES
Limestone is a rock with an enormous diversity of uses. It could be the one rock that is used in more ways than any other. Most limestone is crushed and used as a construction material . It is used as crushed stone for road base
Pyramid of gizaCourt house
ADVANTAGES
Elegance Carving Porous and soft
DISADVANTAGES
Very expensive Very heavy Difficult to maneuver
COST
Limestone can be fairly expensive to install. The materials usually cost between $3 to $10 per square foot and it is strongly recommended that it be installed by a professional as limestone very heavy and difficult to maneuver.
GRANITE
DEFINITION OF GRANITE
Granite is common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock which is a
granular and phaneritic in texture.
COMMERCIAL GRANITE
CHEMICAL CONTAINS
Granite containing potassium feldspar , plagioclase feldspar , quarts and biottite and/ or amphibole minerals.
It is the potassium feldspar that gives many granites a distinctive pink color.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The average density of granite is between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm3
Its copressive strength usually lies above 200mpa.
Melting temprature is 1215-1263 C
USESEXTERIOR USES:-Rough –cut and polished granite is used in
buildings , bridges , paving , monuments.
INTERIOR USES:-Indoors polished granite slabs and tiles are used
in counters , tile floors and decorative features.
ORBICULAR GRANITE
MOUNT-RUSHMORE
ADVANTAGES
Granite is hard and toughPlacing hot items or cutting on granite will
never damage the surfaceStain resistantAdds value of your home.The color of your granite countertop will never
fade.
DISADVANTAGES
Granite needs to be sealed once every 2 years.
MARBLE
DEFINITION
Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock
composed of recrystalized carbonate minerals , most
commonly limestone or dolomite rock.
PROPERTIESWhiteness of marble is due
metamorphism.Many colored marble varieties are usually
due to various mineral impurities such as clay , silt , sand, iron oxides or chert.
USES
It is used for making different antiques and sculpturesIt is also used for construction .
Taj mahal
ADVANTAGESVery few rocks have as many uses as
marble .It is used as it is an abundant , low cost
commodity in construction projects.Marble is translucent stone that allows
light to enter and produce a soft “glow”.It also has the ability to take a very high
polish.
PRODUCTION Following 4 countries have almost half of world
production of marble and decorative stones . Italy is the leading country in marble production with
20 % world production. China is second leading country with 16 % total world
production. India is third ranking with 10% of total world
production. Spain is in fourth position with 6% of world
production.
ARTIFICIAL MARBLEMarble dust is combined with cement or
synthetic resins to make reconstituted or cultured marble.
The appearance of marble can be simulated with faux marbling, a painting technique that imitates the stone's color patterns.
SLATE
slate is naturally durable stone consisting of many layers.
Slate is fine-grained homogeneous metamorphic rock.
Derived from shale type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash
WHAT IS SLATE
propertiesGrey in colour Durable and electrical insulatorHas low water absorption index about
less than %.Resistant to frost damage and breakage
due to freezingNatural slate is also fire resistant and
energy efficient
USES
Slate faced churches
Also used in kitchen countertops , blackboards , slates for writing , electrical switchboards
AVALABILITY
Slate is mostly found in brazil ,United states,Africa, spain and china.It is available at U.P ,M.p, bihar,Madras , rajasthan and mysore In india.
KOTA STONE
DEFINITION
Kota stone is a fine granited
variety of limestone.
WHERE IT IS FOUND?
It is found in kota district Rajasthan,INDIA.
Kota stone of greenish blue and brown colours is very popular in Rajasthan
USES
Exterior
Pathways
Corridors
DrivewayBalconies
Commercial buildings
Chemical industries as
flooring
ADVANTAGES
Tough
Non water absorbent
Non slip
Affordable pricesAvailable in all sizes
Easily available
Long durablity.
sandstoneSandstone ( arenite) is a type of sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized minerals.Most sandstone is composed of quartz and feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust. sandstone may be any colour, like tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white and black.
Properties and uses Sandstone has been used for domestic construction and housewares since prehistoric times. It is soft, making it easy to carve hence being used around the world in constructing temples, homes, and other buildings.
sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work making sandstone a common building and paving material including in asphalt concrete. . The paving stone made up of sandstone is strong and durable, making it a popular choice for pavers. The stone is tough, but can be easily cut to preferred size and shapes.
USES The smooth sandstones used for formations of walls, pillars, ceilings and balustrades. When used, it conveys elegance and class to the room is it used. Sandstone with a rough texture can be used for fireplaces, walkways and walls.• For Pavements and Tile works. Sandstone uses include floor and wall tiles within the construction. It is used as decorative tiles and paves in the walkwaysCompared to concrete and clay, sandstones can withstand any weather, even during extreme hot climates and cold ones. They can also withstand heavy traffic, making it an excellent material for pavers. Because of that, maintenance and replacement of these tiles and pavers are minimal. The smooth sandstones used for formations of walls, pillars, ceilings and balustrades.
DOORWAY MADE OF SANDSTONE TYPE OF SAND STONE
Forms of artificial stones1) cement concrete : mixture of cement ,
fine aggregate , coarse aggregate and water . It is known as R.C.C.
2)mosaic tiles: it is pre-cast concrete tiles with marble chips at top surface.
3)terrazo : mixture of marble chips and cement . Used in bathrooms , residential buildings , temples ,etc
terrazo Mosaic tiles
THANK YOU……
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