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TOXIC MATERIAL CONTROL
Objectives
Identify different states of toxic substancesIdentify routes of entranceDescribe five biological effects of toxic materialList toxic material that are a threat and their effectsList preventive measures for toxic material
Physical States
GasLiquid
VaporMist
SolidDustFume
Routes of Entry
InhalationAbsorptionIngestionInjection
Inhalation
Signs/Symptoms: Instant coughing, burning in throat and chest pain.If delayed could lead to conditions such as: Asbestosis and chronic lung disorders
Absorption
Signs/Symptoms: local reddening at skin or raised blister like lesions
Ingestion
Signs/ Symptoms: May lead to diarrhea and vomiting. May have burning lips or throat.
Injection
Most times accidentalAt times through trauma:
Needles, gas pressure line, high pressure gas lineMay occur through lacerations or puncture wounds
Biological Effects of Toxics Materials
IrritantsAsphyxiatesSystemic poisonsCarcinogens
Irritants
Cause irritation and inflammation of mouth, eyes, nose, lungs.
Typically seen with material such as: Sulfur dioxide, acetic acid, formaldehyde, etc.
Asphyxiates
Causes a displacement of oxygen or causes the body to become incapable of using oxygen.
Seen with use of: Nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, etc.
Systemic Poisons
Affects the internal organs caused by exposure to organic solvents
Material such as Methylene chloride, carbon tetrachloride.
Carcinogens
Exposure to these have been known to cause or increase the chances of causing cancer.
Formaldehyde and pesticides
Medical Threat Toxic Material
Carbon MonoxideHydrogen ChlorideBore/Gun gasesLiquid Chemicals
Carbon Monoxide
Source: Internal combustion engines, space heaters, explosivesHazard due to inability to detectSigns/Symptoms: Headache, tiring, nausea, and death
Hydrogen Chloride
Sources: Exhaust from rocket systemsProduce hydrochloric acid upon mixture with water.
Signs/Symptoms: Irritation of eyes, throat & lungs, cough, acid burn ,flu like symptoms
Bore and Gun Gases
Tank Guns and Artillery CannonsRelease carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen
Signs/Symptoms: Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning, lung irritation
Liquid Chemicals
Sources: Lubricants, solvents, fuelsWide spread use on day to day basis, unexpected exposure, may cause cancer or other harmful effects on body.
Signs/Symptoms: skin irritation, rash, burn, abnormally dry skin, infectionMay also cause organ damage
Liver Brain
Prevention of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Prevent accumulation of exhaustTurn on engines outsideProvide ventilation for work/sleep areas
Prevention of Hydrogen Chloride
Position soldiers upwindProvide respirators if necessary
Prevention of Bore/Gun Gases
Ensure on board use of ventilation systemsEnsure proper maintenance of bore evacuator systems
Prevention of Liquid Injuries
Minimize exposureUse of protection: gloves, goggles, respiratorsMedical surveillance: ensure personnel are trained on what to look out for.
Preventive Planning
Ensure as preventive medicine personnel that you are able to identify toxic material threats. Ensure that plan is in place to prevent and identify all toxic material in use.MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet takes into account all toxic material in use at unit and provides all information about it to include what to do in case of over exposure or injury.
Review Questions
1. What are the routes of entry and symptoms see with each?
2. What are the biological effects of toxic materials and what do they cause?
3. What is MSDS?
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