Transitions In Hydraulic Engngineering

Krystian W. Pilarczyk(former) Rijkswaterstaat

Hydraulic Engineering Institute, Delftkrystian.pilarczyk@gmail.com

Transitions in Hydraulic Engineering

Impact of the Delta Works on the Recent Developments in Hydraulic Engineering

Transitions in Hydraulic Engineering

Content:• Introduction• (brief) History of Netherlands

in coping floods• Delta Works overview• Impact of Delta Works on

recent developments in hydraulic engineering

• Conclusions

- erosion – scour - closures – bottom protection – revetments – filters – geotextiles

The NetherlandsIntroduction

Low-lying country

"God created the world, and the Dutch created the Netherlands"

With dikes

Without dikes

Dutch History "God created the world, and the Dutch created the Netherlands"

Flood protection in

The Netherlands through the centuries

Dutch history

(MSL)

Watersystem & Rainfall problems in NLS

ea

Sto

rag

e

land

Sto

rag

e

Sto

rag

e

Riv

er

Polder

wate

r

wate

rw

ate

r"God created the world, and the Dutch created the Netherlands."

Zeeland about 1500

Turning point: Disaster 1953

Dike breaches andinundation

Road and Hydraulic Engineering Devision, Delft

Flood events:flood event damage victims

Sea 1953 ƒ 1.500 106 1835

Meuse 1993 ƒ 250 106 ----

Rhine 1995 ƒ 500 106 ----

Meuse 1995 ƒ 165 106 ----

Rainfall 1998 ƒ 1.100 106 ----

We can not avoid the floodsbut we can/must minimize the consequences(victims, economical damage)

Why is flood defenceimportant ?

1 US $=2 f

High safety standards needed

From Disaster 1953

to Delta Works

Deltaplan

Antwerp

1997

Western Scheldt

(open)EasternScheldt barrier

Closure Techniques

Caisson-closure

scour

Dikewheel

Cable-line

(also during the 1st stage Eastern Scheldt closure)

Scour hole

Bottomprotection

Eastern Scheldt ProjectEnvironment & Ecology

1973 start discussion on environmental issues

!974 stop execution full closure

1976 decision Open Storm Surge Barrier

http://foto.telenet.be/photo-gallery/tags/label-oosterschelde.html

From Closed to Open

Storm-surge barrier Eastern Scheldt

Final

From the past to the present

http://www.zierikzee-monumentenstad.nl/

ZierikzeeCity rights 1248

EasternScheldt

Vlissingen

View from the Expo CenterEastern Scheldt Storm Surge BarrierVlissingen

Zierikzee

Rotterdam

Eastern Scheldt

TechniquesOverview of the Eastern Scheldt

Storm Surge Barrier

scour – bottom protection – foundation –superstructure – high tolerance requirements

Techniques

TechniquesFrom traditional to

modern

Modern Techniques

TechniquesStorm-surge barrierRotterdam (1997)

Transitions in hydraulic engineering

Impact Delta Works

Soil –Water –Structure interactions

but alsoEnvironment

Transition into integrated/multidisciplinary approach

Environmental Impact Assessment

Design Philosophy & Methodology

<Typ naam hier><Typ titel hier>

<Typ naam hier><Typ titel hier>

<Typ naam hier><Typ titel hier>

<Typ naam hier><Typ titel hier> ResistanceLoading

Risk

Failure modes & Failure tree

Transition from deterministic to probabilistic approach

Failure or inundation

Closing techniques

• Gradual closures– Horizontal– Vertical

• Sand closures– Pipe discharged– Dumped

• Sudden closures– Caissons

Transition from traditional to modern techniques

Closure by dumped method

(rock, blocks, bags) using cable-line

Principles of closuretechniques

Sand ClosuresTransition to innovative techniques

Techniques & problems

Grevelingen Dam and sluice(Siphon)

Densitycurrentand erosionLow salinity

High salinity

Low salinityHigh salinity

600m

Scour and Bottom

protection

Scour and Bottom protectionEastern Scheldt Barrier

Scour researchScour prediction

Research as design tool

Scour research

Prototype tests BrouwersdamDischarge sluice

Scour prototyperesults

Prediction instability of upper slope

- still a problem

undermining

Flow slides Flow slide (Zeeland)

schematic view of a flow-slide

After flow-slide

Before flow-slide

Liquefaction and flow slide in sand

maximum 200m

after flow slide in sand

Average slope

Shear failure30 m

30 m

after flow slide with clay on top

maximum 50 m

clay

loose sand

average slope

Scour & bottom

protection design rules

RevetmentsTransition in design techniques of revetments

From Hudson: Hs/∆Dn50 = (KD cotα)1/3

Into Van der Meer: ξ 0.5-m

0.20.18

50n

s NS P 6.2 =

DH ⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎝

⎛∆

Riprap/rubble mound structures

Block Revetments

Internal erosion

From riprap into pitched stone/blocks

Bank Protection

Prototype tests

Basic research Model tests

Application

To Rotterdam

To Antwerp

AlsoPIANC guidelines

Techniquesenvironmental

Salt-fresh water separation

Various test facilities

Granular Filters

Transition in filter design: fromgeometrically closed into load-based design extension of design criteria for filters

Filtersgeotextiles

From granular filters into geotextiles and composite filters ; from geometrically open to hydrodynamically sandtight (based on loading)

FiltersPossible extension of design criteria for filters

Some other aspects

• Geosynthetics• Geosystems• Waste & Alternative materials• Technology Transfer

Dissemination of knowledge

Validation

Knowledge development: Laboratory tests

Simulation of the flow through a dike gapTesting grass cover as revetment

Delta flume

Alternative TechniquesSand and clay bags closure

Granular filters frombrick material

Transition into

Conclusions Conclusions

A systematic & comprehensive A systematic & comprehensive approach must be taken to solve approach must be taken to solve

stream & shoreline problemsstream & shoreline problems

Large projects (like Delta Works) Large projects (like Delta Works) need usually some specific solutions. need usually some specific solutions.

It stimulates new research and It stimulates new research and innovation, which contribute strongly innovation, which contribute strongly to new developments in hydraulic & to new developments in hydraulic &

coastal engineeringcoastal engineering

Knowledge is always going

ahead

We are always in

Transition

Knowledge cycles

Thank you for your attention

Further information:

www.Tawinfo.nlwww.deltawerken.com

I wish you a pleasant stay in the Netherlands

The end

www.enwinfo.nl, (english, downloads)