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5/28/2018 Transmission From Animals
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Transmission (Viral and Bacterial)
From Animals
Titiek Djannatun
Bagian Mikrobiologi FKUY
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Types of Transmission: Human to human
Transmission from animals Arthropode
borne infection and Zoonoses: Vector arthropod (biting arthropod)-HumanVBD
Vector (invertebrate/arthropod)-vertebrate
reservoir-humanVBD Vertebrate reservoir-human Zoonoses
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Vector arthropods Insects: houseflies, sandflies,
mosquitoes, blackflies, lice (kutu), fleas
(pinjal), tick
Biting arthropod
ARBO Virus
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Examples of Arthropod Vectors
Aedes AegytiAssorted Ticks
Phlebotmine SandflyCulex Mosquito
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Man-Arthropod-Man Cycle
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Animal-Arthropod-Man Cycle
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Arthropod-Borne PathogenArthropode Pathogens Types Diseases
Mosquitoes, ticks Viruses Flaviviruses Yellow fever, Dengue, febrile diaseses,
encephalitides (Japanesse B encephalitis)
Bunyaviruses Hemorrhagic fever
Togaviridae Chikungunya, EEE,VEE, WEE
Lice, Fleas, ticks,mites
Bacteria Yersinia Plaque, Tularemia
Rickettsias Q fever, spotted fever, typhus, rickettsial pox
Spirochaetes Relapsing fever, lyme disease
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Yersinia,%20Francisella%20dan%20Pasteurella.ppthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Yersinia,%20Francisella%20dan%20Pasteurella.ppt5/28/2018 Transmission From Animals
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Transmission from vertebrate Transmitted from infected animals:
Direct (by contact or eating) Indirect (via an invertebrate vector)
Routes of transmission: contact,
inhalasion, bites, scratches,contamination of food or water,
ingestion as food
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Zoonoses-Human Infections Transmitted fromVertebrates
Pathogens Vertebrate vector Diseases
Viruses
Arenaviruses Mammals Lassa fever, Lymphocytic
choriomeningitis, Bolivian
hemorrhagic fever
Poxviruses Mammals Cowpox, Orf
Rhabdoviruses Mammals RabiesBunyaviridae Rodentia (Mammals) Hanta fever (ROBOVIRUS)
Bacteria
Bacillus anthracis Mammals Anthrax
Brucella Mammals Brucellosis
Chlamydia Birds Psittacosis
Leptospira Mammals Leptospirosis (Weils disease)
Listeria Mammals Listeriosis
Salmonella Birds, Mammals Salmonellosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mammals Tuberculosis
Pasteurella multocida Mammals Pasteurellosis
Francisella tularensis Mammals Tularemia
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Arthropod-borne Viruses
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are viruses that can be transmitted
to man by arthropod vectors. The WHO definition is as follows
Viruses maintained in nature principally, or to an important
extent, through biological transmission between susceptible
vertebrate hosts by haematophagus arthropods or through transovarian and
possibly venereal transmission in arthropods.
Arboviruses belong to three families
1. Togaviruses e.g. Chikungunya, EEE, WEE, and VEE2. Bunyaviruses e.g. Sandfly Fever, Rift Valley Fever, Crimean-Congo
Haemorrhagic Fever3. Flaviviruses e.g. Yellow Fever, dengue, Japanese Encephalitis
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Arthropod Vectors
MosquitoesJapanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, St. Louis
encephalitis, EEE, WEE, VEE etc.TicksCrimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, various tick-borne
encephalitides etc.SandfliesSicilian sandfly fever, Rift valley fever.
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Animal Reservoirs
In many cases, the actual reservoir is not known. The
following animals are implicated as reservoirs
Birds Japanese encephalitis, St Louis encephalitis,EEE, WEE
Pigs Japanese encephalitis
Monkeys Yellow Fever
Rodents VEE, Russian Spring-Summer encephalitis
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Flaviviridae
Genus Flavivirus
Spesies penting:
Virus Dengue
Virus Japanesse B Encephalitis
Virus Yellow Fever
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Sifat Virus
Bulat, Diameter 40nm,
Genom RNA polaritas positif
Memiliki envelope (glikoprotein dan lipidtunggal)
Memiliki 3-4 polipeptida struktural, 1-2
terglikosilasi Replikasi di sitoplasma, perakitan di dalam
retikulum endoplasma
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Infection Chain FLAVIVIRUS
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PATHOGENESIS FLAVIVIRUS
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MORPHOGENESIS FLAVIVIRUS
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Japanese Encephalitis
First discovered and originally restricted to Japan. Now large scale
epidemics occur in China, India and other parts of Asia. Flavivirus, transmitted by culex mosquitoes.
The virus is maintained in nature in a transmission cycle involving
mosquitoes, birds and pigs.
Most human infections are subclinical: the inapparent to clinical cases
is 300:1
In clinical cases, a life-threatening encephalitis occurs. The disease is usually diagnosed by serology. No specific therapy is
available.
Since Culex has a flight range of 20km, all local control measures will
fail. An effective vaccine is available.
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YELLOW FEVER
Penyakit demam akut Penularan melalui nyamuk
Kasus yang berat ditandai ikterus, proteinuria dan perdarahan
Berkembang biak dalam berbagai tipe hewan dan dalam
NyamukAfrika, Amerika tengah dan selatan, Karibia
1640Pertukaran budak di Yukatan (Amerika)
Urban Yellow FeverManusia ke manusia melalui nyamuk
Junggle Yellow FeverKera ke manusia melalui nyamuk
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Yellow Fever
After a period of 3 to 4 days, the more severely ill patients with aclassical YF course will develop bradycardia (Faget's sign),
jaundice, and haemorrhagic manifestations.
50% of patients with frank YF will develop fatal diseasecharacterized by severe haemorrhagic manifestations, oliguria andhypotension.
Diagnosis is usually made by serology
There is no specific antiviral treatment
An effective live attenuated vaccine is available against yellowfever and is used for persons living in or traveling to endemic areas.
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RANTAI INFEKSI (INFECTION CHAIN)
A. SIKLUS INFEKSI PADA DEMAM KUNING URBANDAN DEMAM DENGUE :
MANUSIA
NYAMUK DOMESTIK NYAMUK DOMESTIK
(Aedes aegypti) (Aedes aegypti)
MANUSIA
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YELLOW FEVER
LaboratoriumTumbuh pada telur berembrio/kultur sel
embrio ayam
Strain isolasi segar bersifat pantropikvirus menginfeksi
berbagai tipe sel
menimbulkan infeksi berat (fatal)dengan kerusakan hati yang mencolok pada kera setelah
inokulasi parenteral
Setelah lintasan berseri dalam otak kera dan tikusstrain
kehil kemampuan menginvasi viscera, hanya menyebabkan
infeksi asimtomatis setelah suntikan subkutan
VaksinStrain avirulen 17Dstrain pantropik virus
yang alami lintasan berseri pada kultur jaringankehil
kemampuan untuk menyebabkan penyakit yang menyerang
organ dalam atau syaraf
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PATOGENESA DAN PATOLOGI
VIRUS (KULIT MELALUI GIGITAN NYAMUK)
LIMFONODULI SETEMPAT (BERKEMBANG-BIAK)DARAH
ORGAN (HATI, LIMPA, GINJAL, SUMSUM TULANG,
KELENJAR LIMFE)MENETAP BEBERAPA HARI
KEMATIANLESI NEKROTIK PADA HATI DAN GINJAL
PERDARAHANMUKOSA UJUNG PILORUS LAMBUNG
HATINEKROSIS BERUPA BINTIK-BINTIK, BANYAK PADA
ZONA TENGAH LOBULUS
GINJAL
DEGENERASI LEMAK EPITEL TUBULUSDEGENERASI PADA LIMPA, LIMFONODULI DAN JANTUNG
OTAKINFILTRASI PERIVASKULER SEL-SEL
MONONUKLEAR
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GEJALA KLINIS
MASA INKUBASI 3-6 HARI
DEMAM, KEDINGINAN, NYERI KEPALA, NYERI PUNGGUNG,
MUAL, MUNTAH
HARI KE-4PERIODE INTOKSIKASIDENYUT NADILAMBAT, DEMAM TINGGI, IKTERUS SEDANG
KASUS BERATPROTEINURIA, PERDARAHAN, MUNTAH
BERWARNA HITAM KRN PERUBAHAN WARNA DARAH,
LIMFOPENIAMATI/SEMBUH TOTAL
COAGULATION DEFECTDEFISIENSI PROTOMBINPERDARAHAN GIT DLL
MORTALITY RATE5-50%
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DIAGNOSA
VIRUS DPT DIISOLASI SELAMA FASE AKUT DARIDARAH
D/ POST MORTEMINCLUSION BODY PD HATI
IgMTERDETEKSI STLH 1 MINGGU
PENCEGAHAN VAKSINASI DG VAKSIN VIRUSSTRAIN 17 D ( TERUTAMA DR DAN KE DAERAHENDEMIK)DAERAH YG BANYAK NYAMUK
PERLINDUNGAN 10 TAHUNKONTROL VEKTORINSEKTISIDA JG PDSARANGNYA
MENGURANGI KEJADIANHINDARI GIGITANNYAMUKINSECT REPELLENTS
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Togaviridae
Genus: Alphavirus
Sifat: bulat, diameter 70 nm, nukleokapsid
memiliki 42 kapsomer, genom RNA untai tunggal,berenvelope. 3-4 polipeptida, 2 terglikosilasi
Replikasi: di sitoplasma. Pertunasan melalui
membran sel host
Spesies penting: virus ChikungunyaAfrika dan
Asia
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Togaviridae
Genus: Alphavirus
Sifat: bulat, diameter 70 nm, nukleokapsid
memiliki 42 kapsomer, genom RNA untai tunggal,berenvelope. 3-4 polipeptida, 2 terglikosilasi
Replikasi: di sitoplasma. Pertunasan melalui
membran sel host
Spesies penting: virus ChikungunyaAfrika dan
Asia
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Chikungunya
Chikungunyasejenis demam virus yang disebabkan
oleh gigitan nyamuk terinfeksi (Aedes aegypti)
Chikungunyabahasa Swahiliyang melengkung ke
atasgejala: tubuh yang membungkuk akibat gejala
arthritis
Juga sebabkan sakit kepala dan demam
Vaksindiciptakan dari varian virus dari partikel virus
secara percobaan pada tikus dan primata
memberikan perlindungan 100%pada manusia (??)
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ALPHAVIRUS TRANSMISSION
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RANTAI INFEKSI (INFECTION CHAIN)
C. ANTAR- HUBUNGAN ANTARA SIKLUS PEDALAMAN (RURAL) DAN
DOMESTIK PADA INFEKSI OLEH VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS LINTAS
NYAMUK :
BURUNG LIAR
NYAMUK LIAR NYAMUK LIAR MANUSIA
(C. tarsalis) (C. tarsalis)
BURUNG LIAR
BURUNG DOMESTIK
MAMMALIA NYAMUK NYAMUK MANUSIA
DOMESTIK DOMESTIK DOMESTIK
(C. pipiens) (C. pipiens)
BURUNG DOMESTIK
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PATHOGENESIS ALPHAVIRUS
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MOPHOGENESISI ALPHAVIRUS
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Rodent Born Viruses
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Hanta Virus
Familia: Bunyaviridae
Genus: Hanta virus
Spesies: Hantaan Virus Bulat, diameter 9-100nm, memiliki genom RNA
untai tunggal polaritas positif bersegmen. helikal
Memiliki envelope dengan 2 glikoprotein pada
lapisan ganda lipid dan penonjolan glikopeptida Replikasisitoplasma, perakitan pada selaput
halus sistem Golgi
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Hanta Virus
Ada 22 spesies9 spesies sebabkan penyakit pada manusia
Sebabkan infeksi persisten (harmless) pada berbagai spesies mencit
dan tikus
Vektortikus got, tikus rumah, mencit rumah 1 ekor tikus1 strain virus
Dikeluarkan: feses, urin, salivakeringdebuinhalasiserang
paru dan ginjal
Gejalademam, hipotensi, perdarahan dan renal syndrome
Kasus yang beratsevere pulmonary diseases
Terjadi pada tentara amerika di koreaKorean Hemorrhagic fever
D/ lab: deteksi antibodi IgM/IgG spesifik
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Francisella tularensis (tularemia)
DITEMUI PADA HEWAN RESERVOIR KELINCI, TICK
MANUSIA TERTULAR GIGITAN SERANGGA ( TICKS,
DEER FLIES, MITES, BLACKFLIES, MOSQUITOES); KONTAK
LANGSUNG JARINGAN HEWAN YANG TERINFEKSI;
INHALASI AEROSOL; MAKANANMINUMAN TERCEMAR
MORFOLOGI : BATANG KECIL, NEGATIF Gram,
PLEOMORFIK, NON-MOTIL, BERKAPSUL, KOKOBASIL,
PARASIT FAKULTATIF INTRASELULER, ISOLASI PADA
MEDIA AGAR DARAH GLUKOSA SISTEIN (PADA 37 0C,
AEROB, 1-3 HARI)
JUMLAH DALAM SAMPEL BIASANYA SEDIKIT
TIDAK BISA DIBIAK PADA FASILITAS LABORATORIUM
BIASA
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SEROLOGI :
SEMUA ISOLAT MEMILIKI 1 ANTIGEN
POLISAKARIDA, 1 ATAU LEBIH ANTIGEN PROTEIN
YANG BEREAKSI SILANG DENGAN BRUCELLA
SECARA BIOLOGIK 2 STRAIN
JELLISON TIPE A AMERIKA UTARA , LETAL
BAGI KELINCI
JELLISON TIPE B EROPA, ASIA, AMERIKA
UTARA, TIDAK LETAL BAGI KELINCI
RESPON ANTIBODI BERUPA AGLUTININ,
MUNCUL 7 10 HARI SETELAH INFEKSI
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PATOLOGI DAN GAMBARAN KLINIK
SANGAT MENULAR PENETRASI INHALASI /
INTRADERMAL / SELAPUT MUKOSA DOSIS INFEKTIF 10-
50 BAKTERI
MASA INKUBASI 3-10 HARI
M.O MSK MELL KULIT LECET 2-6 HARI TIMBUL PAPULA
MERADANG DAN BERULSERASI DISERTAI DEMAM,
DINGIN, MALAISE, FATIGUE LIMFONODI REGIONAL
MEMBESAR NEKROSIS
BAKTEREMIA INTRASELULER PADA RES
INHALASI AEROSOL YANG INFEKTIF RADANG
PERIBRONCHIAL & PNEUMONITIS
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PATOLOGI DAN GAMBARAN KLINIK
ULCEROGLANDULER FORM 70-85%
JARI TERINFEKSI KONJUNCTIVA TULAREMIAOCULOGLANDULER
BENTUK LAIN LIMFADENOPATI TANPA ULCER,
TYPHOIDAL, PNEUMONIC, PHARYNGOTONCILLITIS DENGAN
LIMFADENOPATI
GEJALA CELL-MEDIATED HYPERSENSITIVITY
KAPSUL ANTIFAGOSITOSIS
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TULAREMIA
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DIGNOSA, PENCEGAHAN & TERAPI
DIAGNOSA : M.O DAPAT DIISOLASI DARI SPUTUM,
ASPIRASI LIMFONODE INOKULASI PADA AGAR DARAH
COKLAT INKUBASI SELAMA BEBERAPA HARI
SEROLOGI DENGAN ANTISERA SPESIFIK
TERAPI STREPTOMISIN / GENTAMISIN : 10 HARI
TETRASIKLIN TERJADI RELAPSING
VAKSIN VAKSIN YANG DILEMAHKAN
UNTREATED 5-15 % FATAL
PENCEGAHAN HINDARI HEWAN TERINFEKSI, JAUHKAN
TICKS, SUMBER AIR HARUS BERSIH
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PASTEURELLA
PATOLOGI PADA HEWAN, MENIMBULKAN PENYAKIT
PADA MANUSIA
MORFOLOGI DAN SIFAT PERTUMBUHAN :
KOKOBASIL, NEGATIF Gram
NON-MOTIL
BIPOLAR STAINNING
AEROB / ANAEROB FAKULTATIF
MUDAH TUMBUH MEDIA BIASA, SUHU 37 0C
OKSIDASE +, KATALASE +
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SPESIES PENTING :
Pasteurel la multo cida
Pasteurel la hemo lyt ica
Pasteurel la pneumotro pica
Pasteurel la u reae
GAMBARAN KLINIK :
KEMERAHAN, BENGKAK, SETELAH
GIGITAN NYERI, LIMFADENOPATI
REGIONAL BAKTEREMIA / INFEKSI
PERNAPASAN KRONIS
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