Treasures Lurking in Acoustic Data

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Primary funding is provided by

The SPE Foundation through member donations

and a contribution from Offshore Europe

The Society is grateful to those companies that allow their

professionals to serve as lecturers

Additional support provided by AIME

Society of Petroleum Engineers

Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl

“Diamonds in the Noise”Treasures Lurking in Acoustic Data

Jennifer MarketSenergy

Society of Petroleum Engineers

Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl

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Diamonds in the Noise

• Waveform data recorded by modern sonic

tools is full of hidden treasures, such as

fracture characterisation, permeability,

wellbore stability, hole size, production

optimisation and much more.

• This presentation considers the gems that can

be mined from taking a second look at sonic

data.

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Treasures Lurking in Acoustics Data

• Did you know that the LWD sonic data

acquired for seismic correlation also contains a

cement bond log and a “calliper”?

• Would you be surprised to learn that within the

wireline crossed-dipole data obtained for

wellbore stability analysis lurk images of

fractures 20 ft from the wellbore?

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Overview

• Applications

• Sonic Tool Flavours

• Are the Data Suitable?

• The Importance of the Right Deliverables

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Classic Sonic Applications

• Pore Pressure Prediction

• Seismic Correlation

• Porosity

• Hydrocarbon Indicator

• Hole Size Indicator

• Cement Bond Indicator

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Pore Pressure Prediction

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Bachrach, 2007

Compressional Velocities (Vp) can be used to predict pore pressure.

These pressures can then be used to determine a safe hole size and

mud weight.

Seismic Correlation

Chiburis, 1993

Hashem, 1999

8

Vp (& density) are used to compute synthetic seismograms for

tying wellbore data to seismic.

Adding shear velocities (Vs) allows for AVO analysis.

McCalmont, 2008

Porosity

9

Sonic Porosity (pu)

Neutron Porosity (pu)

Vp can be used to estimate

porosity.

Differences between neutron

porosity and sonic porosity

are often indicative of pore

structure.

Hydrocarbon/Lithology Indicator

Williams, 1990

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The Vp/Vs ratio can be used as a lithology and hydrocarbon

indicator.

This method is particularly well suited for identifying gas.

Williams, 1990

Hole Size Indicator

Market, 2011

11

Sonic waveform data can be used to estimate hole size –

particularly useful when a true calliper is impractical.

Market, 2004

Cement Bond Logging (CBL)

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Top of Cement

The amplitude of the

signal reflected from

casing can be used as

an indicator of cement

bond.

Note – it isn’t the

equivalent of a hi-res

ultrasonic scanning

tool!

Digging a Little Deeper

• Permeability

• Fracture Detection

• Wellbore Stability

• Mud Selection

• Geosteering

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Canady, 2005

Permeability

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Fracture Detection

Fogel, 2002

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Measure

d D

epth

Time (us)

N E S W N

Geosteering

Market, 2012 16

Top

Bottom

Top

Top

Bottom

Top

Azimuthal Vp & Vs data can be used for geosteering as a

complement to more traditional methods.

Wellbore Stability and Mud Selection

www.Halliburton.comwww.Halliburton.com 17

Vp and Vs can be used to

determine at which wellbore

inclination and mud weight the

wellbore will be stable, collapse, or

break out.

30 60 90

Hidden Gems

• Radial Profiling

• Deep Fracture Imaging

• Unconventional Reservoir Production

Optimisation

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Radial Profiling

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Depth of Investigation, ft.

Measure

d D

epth

Wireline DTC

Shallow DTC

Deep DTC240 us/ft 40

Deep Imaging

www.Schlumberger.com Tang, 201020

Unconventional Reservoirs –

Production Enhancement

Pitcher, 201121

Top

Bottom

Top

Top

Bottom

Top

Top

Bottom

Top

Wireline Tool Flavours

• Monopole

– Compressional, Shear (Fast Formations)

– Stoneley, CBL

– Short Spaced, High Frequency

• Crossed-Dipole

– Compressional, Shear (Fast and Slow

Formations)

– Stoneley, CBL, Anisotropy

– Long Spaced, Broad Frequency

X Y M

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LWD Tool Flavours

• Unipole/Monopole

– Compressional, Shear (Fast Formations)

– Stoneley, CBL

• Dipole & Quadrupole

– Compressional, Shear (Fast and Slow

Formations)

• Azimuthal

– Wellbore Images

– Anisotropy

Mickael,SPE 2012 24

Classic

Monopole

(WL/LWD)

WL

Crossed-

Dipole

LWD

Multipole

Azimuthal

LWD

Pore Pressure Prediction

Seismic Correlation/AVO

Hydrocarbon detection

Lithology Indicator

Porosity

Top of Cement

Permeability

Fracture Characterisation

Wellbore Stability

Production Optimisation

Hole Size Indicator

Geosteering

Invasion Profiling

What Can We Mine From Each Tool?

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Optimising Data Acquisition

• Is the Tool Healthy?

• Tool Set-up

• Source & Receiver

Configuration

• Tool Position

• Centralisation

• Accurate Depth Tracking

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Quality Control

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Deliverables

• Archive everything!

– Raw waveforms

– Processed data

– Processing parameters

– Tool QC plots

– LWD: Include all data (Drilling & Non-drilling)

• Standardize QC plots and digital

deliverables

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Summary

• With the wealth of acoustic data acquired today, there are many opportunities to “mine” the data for additional applications.

• Optimising the data collection will maximise the amount of information that can be extracted from the waveforms.

• Archive the full dataset. Who knows what new applications will be developed tomorrow?

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Thank You!

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References• Bachrach, R., Noeth, S., Banik, N., et al., 2007, “From Pore Pressure Prediction to

Reservoir Characterization: A Combined Geomechanics –seismic Inversion Workflow

Using Trend-kriging Techniques in a Deepwater Basin”, The Leading Edge, May 2007,

pp. 590-595.

• Buller, D., Hughes, S., Market, J., Petre, E., Spain, D., and Odumosu, T. 2010.

Petrophysical Evaluation for Enhancing Hydraulic Stimulation in Horizontal Shale

Gas Wells. Paper SPE 132990 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference

and Exhibition held in Florence, Italy, 19–22 September.

• Canady, W., Spooner, P., Vasquez, R., 2005. “Permeability Estimation From Stoneley

Amplitude, Corrected for Borehole Geometry and Rugosity”, SPE96598.

• Chiburis, E., Leaney, S., Skidmore, C., Franck, C., McHugo, S., 1993, “Hydrocarbon

Detection with AVO”, Oilfield Review, Jan 1993.

• Fogel, J., Kessler, C., Varsamis, G., 2002. “Application of Shear Anisotropy from a New

Generation Crossed Dipole Acoustic Tool”, SPE77792.

• Hashem, M., Ince, D., Hodenfield, K., and Hsu, K., 1999, “Seismic tie using sonic-

while-drilling measurements,” SPWLA 40th Annual Logging Symposium.

• McCalmont, S., Chittick, S. Nurgaliev, R., Russo, J., Deady, R., Market, J., 2008, “

Optimal FE Acquisition in a Complex Carbonate Reservoir: a Case Study on the

Karachaganak Field, Kazakhstan”, SPWLA 49th Annual Logging Symposium.

• Market, J., 2013, “Choosing the Right Sonic Service”, SPWLA 54th Annual Symposium.31

References

• Market, J., Bilby, C., 2011. “Introducing the First LWD Crossed-Dipole Imaging

Service”, SPWLA 52nd Annual Symposium.

• Market, J., Canady, W., 2009. “Multipole Sonic Logging in High Angle Wells”, SPWLA

50th Annual Symposium.

• Market, J. And Parker, T., 2011. “Reliable LWD Callipers”, SPE 146245.

• Market, J. Schmitt, D.P., Deady, R., 2004. “LWD Sonic Logging in Cased Holes”,

SPWLA 45th Annual Symposium.

• Mickael, M., Barnett, C., Diab, M., 2012. “Azimuthally Focused LWD Sonic Logging

for Shear Wave Anisotropy Measurement and Borehole Imaging”, SPE160133.

• Pitcher, J., Market, J., Hinz, D., 2011. “Geosteering with Sonic in Conventional and

Unconventional Reservoirs”, SPE 146732.

• Tang, X., Bolshakov, A., Patterson, D., 2010. “Integrated Acoustic Evaluation of

Reservoir Fractures: From Borehole Out into Formation”, SPWLA 51st Annual Logging

Symposium.

• Williams, D.M., 1990, “The Acoustic Log Hydrocarbon Indicator,” SPWLA 31st Annual

Symposium.

• www.Schlumberger.com (BARS brochure)

• www.Halliburton.com (CBL, BAT and Drillworks brochures)32

Society of Petroleum Engineers

Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl 33

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