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Tree Breeding for Forest Health ndash Current Successes
How can Biotechnology Help
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Richard A Sniezko
USDA Forest Service
Dorena Genetic Resource Center
Cottage Grove OR
rsniezkofsfedus
Western white pine amp White pine blister rust
Port-Orford-cedar amp Phytophthora lateralis
Information Brief
bull Requested Overview my work in breeding trees to address forest health concerns
bull What gaps if any exist in traditional breeding that may be addressed by biotechnology
bull What are the logistics of apply biotechnology tools in the content of tree breeding
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Invasion
Chestnut blight
White pine blister rust
1000 canker disease
Sudden oak death
Phytophthora cinnamomi
WHO ARE YOU
GOING CALL
USDA Forest Service
-Genetics amp FHP
amp partners
Solution
CLIMATE
CHANGE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora austrocedrae
Rapid ohia death
Saving the Forests ndash ACTION NEEDED
bull Exclude new pests or pathogens
bull Confine spread or eradicate
bull Biocontrol
bull Silvicultural management
bull Harness Genetic Resistance bull RestorationReforestation needed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 - lsquoEarly detection ndash Rapid Response ndash more tools needed
Envision the Future
bull How to help shape the future for society bull Do nothing
bull Do something
bull Genetics is the key
or
Dying forest Healthy forest
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
GOAL
bull Want trees to be on the landscape for 100rsquos of years
bull And be progenitors of future generations
bull Donrsquot want start massive restoration effort with lsquotemporaryrsquo resistance
bull (eg any non-durable major gene resistances)
bull Use all available types of resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Research
Tree Improvement Reforestation or
Restoration
Management Commitment over Time
SUCCESS
Using Genetics for Forest Health - The road to success
Successful program takes several components ndash all must be present Partnerships public support and lsquotimersquo also essential Continuity essential ndash long-term commitments can be vital
Time
BACKGROUND
26 years in AppliedOperational Development of
Resistance - For Restoration or Reforestation
bull EXISTING PROGRAMS
ndash WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST ndash 8 western NA species of 5-needle (lsquowhitersquo) pines ndashWWP amp SP since 1991
ndash PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT DISEASE ndash Port-Orford-cedar (since ~1993 designedinitiated operational program in 1997)
ndash KOA WILT ndashkoa (designedinitiated in 2003)
bull POSSIBLE NEW PROGRAMS ndash Sudden oak death (SOD) ndash tanoak
ndash Rapid lsquoŌhilsquoa death (ROD) - lsquoŌhilsquoa
bull Dorena GRC program has been active for 51 years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7
-
Solution GENETIC RESISTANCE
bull lsquoGreenrsquo natural solution to a disease problem
bull Is there genetic resistance ndash Is there lsquotolerancersquo
ndash Resistance vs tolerance
bull What types and levels of resistance are available
bull What level is needed
bull What level is achievable
bull Correlations with other adaptive traits
bull Impacts of climate change on resistance
bull Is it durable resistance
bull Tree Improvement ndash producing seed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RESISTANCE North American Examples
bull Major Gene Resistance
ndash Sugar pine (Kinloch)
ndash Western white pine (BarnesSniezkoKinloch)
ndash Southwestern white pine amp limber pine (KinlochSniezko)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Quantitative Resistance (partial resistance)
ndash All 9 NA white pine species (HoffSniezkoKinlochhellip)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Otherunknown
ndash Koa (DudleySniezko) RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for
Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
virulence in pathogen (vcr1 vcr2) now limits utility in some areas
Major Gene Resistance (Single dominant gene)
Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance)
MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
greenhouse root dip test
Resistance Types and Levels (Note generally no 100 resistant orchard mixes)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Information Brief
bull Requested Overview my work in breeding trees to address forest health concerns
bull What gaps if any exist in traditional breeding that may be addressed by biotechnology
bull What are the logistics of apply biotechnology tools in the content of tree breeding
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Invasion
Chestnut blight
White pine blister rust
1000 canker disease
Sudden oak death
Phytophthora cinnamomi
WHO ARE YOU
GOING CALL
USDA Forest Service
-Genetics amp FHP
amp partners
Solution
CLIMATE
CHANGE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora austrocedrae
Rapid ohia death
Saving the Forests ndash ACTION NEEDED
bull Exclude new pests or pathogens
bull Confine spread or eradicate
bull Biocontrol
bull Silvicultural management
bull Harness Genetic Resistance bull RestorationReforestation needed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 - lsquoEarly detection ndash Rapid Response ndash more tools needed
Envision the Future
bull How to help shape the future for society bull Do nothing
bull Do something
bull Genetics is the key
or
Dying forest Healthy forest
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
GOAL
bull Want trees to be on the landscape for 100rsquos of years
bull And be progenitors of future generations
bull Donrsquot want start massive restoration effort with lsquotemporaryrsquo resistance
bull (eg any non-durable major gene resistances)
bull Use all available types of resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Research
Tree Improvement Reforestation or
Restoration
Management Commitment over Time
SUCCESS
Using Genetics for Forest Health - The road to success
Successful program takes several components ndash all must be present Partnerships public support and lsquotimersquo also essential Continuity essential ndash long-term commitments can be vital
Time
BACKGROUND
26 years in AppliedOperational Development of
Resistance - For Restoration or Reforestation
bull EXISTING PROGRAMS
ndash WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST ndash 8 western NA species of 5-needle (lsquowhitersquo) pines ndashWWP amp SP since 1991
ndash PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT DISEASE ndash Port-Orford-cedar (since ~1993 designedinitiated operational program in 1997)
ndash KOA WILT ndashkoa (designedinitiated in 2003)
bull POSSIBLE NEW PROGRAMS ndash Sudden oak death (SOD) ndash tanoak
ndash Rapid lsquoŌhilsquoa death (ROD) - lsquoŌhilsquoa
bull Dorena GRC program has been active for 51 years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7
-
Solution GENETIC RESISTANCE
bull lsquoGreenrsquo natural solution to a disease problem
bull Is there genetic resistance ndash Is there lsquotolerancersquo
ndash Resistance vs tolerance
bull What types and levels of resistance are available
bull What level is needed
bull What level is achievable
bull Correlations with other adaptive traits
bull Impacts of climate change on resistance
bull Is it durable resistance
bull Tree Improvement ndash producing seed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RESISTANCE North American Examples
bull Major Gene Resistance
ndash Sugar pine (Kinloch)
ndash Western white pine (BarnesSniezkoKinloch)
ndash Southwestern white pine amp limber pine (KinlochSniezko)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Quantitative Resistance (partial resistance)
ndash All 9 NA white pine species (HoffSniezkoKinlochhellip)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Otherunknown
ndash Koa (DudleySniezko) RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for
Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
virulence in pathogen (vcr1 vcr2) now limits utility in some areas
Major Gene Resistance (Single dominant gene)
Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance)
MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
greenhouse root dip test
Resistance Types and Levels (Note generally no 100 resistant orchard mixes)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Invasion
Chestnut blight
White pine blister rust
1000 canker disease
Sudden oak death
Phytophthora cinnamomi
WHO ARE YOU
GOING CALL
USDA Forest Service
-Genetics amp FHP
amp partners
Solution
CLIMATE
CHANGE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora austrocedrae
Rapid ohia death
Saving the Forests ndash ACTION NEEDED
bull Exclude new pests or pathogens
bull Confine spread or eradicate
bull Biocontrol
bull Silvicultural management
bull Harness Genetic Resistance bull RestorationReforestation needed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 - lsquoEarly detection ndash Rapid Response ndash more tools needed
Envision the Future
bull How to help shape the future for society bull Do nothing
bull Do something
bull Genetics is the key
or
Dying forest Healthy forest
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
GOAL
bull Want trees to be on the landscape for 100rsquos of years
bull And be progenitors of future generations
bull Donrsquot want start massive restoration effort with lsquotemporaryrsquo resistance
bull (eg any non-durable major gene resistances)
bull Use all available types of resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Research
Tree Improvement Reforestation or
Restoration
Management Commitment over Time
SUCCESS
Using Genetics for Forest Health - The road to success
Successful program takes several components ndash all must be present Partnerships public support and lsquotimersquo also essential Continuity essential ndash long-term commitments can be vital
Time
BACKGROUND
26 years in AppliedOperational Development of
Resistance - For Restoration or Reforestation
bull EXISTING PROGRAMS
ndash WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST ndash 8 western NA species of 5-needle (lsquowhitersquo) pines ndashWWP amp SP since 1991
ndash PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT DISEASE ndash Port-Orford-cedar (since ~1993 designedinitiated operational program in 1997)
ndash KOA WILT ndashkoa (designedinitiated in 2003)
bull POSSIBLE NEW PROGRAMS ndash Sudden oak death (SOD) ndash tanoak
ndash Rapid lsquoŌhilsquoa death (ROD) - lsquoŌhilsquoa
bull Dorena GRC program has been active for 51 years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7
-
Solution GENETIC RESISTANCE
bull lsquoGreenrsquo natural solution to a disease problem
bull Is there genetic resistance ndash Is there lsquotolerancersquo
ndash Resistance vs tolerance
bull What types and levels of resistance are available
bull What level is needed
bull What level is achievable
bull Correlations with other adaptive traits
bull Impacts of climate change on resistance
bull Is it durable resistance
bull Tree Improvement ndash producing seed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RESISTANCE North American Examples
bull Major Gene Resistance
ndash Sugar pine (Kinloch)
ndash Western white pine (BarnesSniezkoKinloch)
ndash Southwestern white pine amp limber pine (KinlochSniezko)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Quantitative Resistance (partial resistance)
ndash All 9 NA white pine species (HoffSniezkoKinlochhellip)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Otherunknown
ndash Koa (DudleySniezko) RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for
Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
virulence in pathogen (vcr1 vcr2) now limits utility in some areas
Major Gene Resistance (Single dominant gene)
Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance)
MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
greenhouse root dip test
Resistance Types and Levels (Note generally no 100 resistant orchard mixes)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Saving the Forests ndash ACTION NEEDED
bull Exclude new pests or pathogens
bull Confine spread or eradicate
bull Biocontrol
bull Silvicultural management
bull Harness Genetic Resistance bull RestorationReforestation needed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 - lsquoEarly detection ndash Rapid Response ndash more tools needed
Envision the Future
bull How to help shape the future for society bull Do nothing
bull Do something
bull Genetics is the key
or
Dying forest Healthy forest
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
GOAL
bull Want trees to be on the landscape for 100rsquos of years
bull And be progenitors of future generations
bull Donrsquot want start massive restoration effort with lsquotemporaryrsquo resistance
bull (eg any non-durable major gene resistances)
bull Use all available types of resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Research
Tree Improvement Reforestation or
Restoration
Management Commitment over Time
SUCCESS
Using Genetics for Forest Health - The road to success
Successful program takes several components ndash all must be present Partnerships public support and lsquotimersquo also essential Continuity essential ndash long-term commitments can be vital
Time
BACKGROUND
26 years in AppliedOperational Development of
Resistance - For Restoration or Reforestation
bull EXISTING PROGRAMS
ndash WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST ndash 8 western NA species of 5-needle (lsquowhitersquo) pines ndashWWP amp SP since 1991
ndash PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT DISEASE ndash Port-Orford-cedar (since ~1993 designedinitiated operational program in 1997)
ndash KOA WILT ndashkoa (designedinitiated in 2003)
bull POSSIBLE NEW PROGRAMS ndash Sudden oak death (SOD) ndash tanoak
ndash Rapid lsquoŌhilsquoa death (ROD) - lsquoŌhilsquoa
bull Dorena GRC program has been active for 51 years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7
-
Solution GENETIC RESISTANCE
bull lsquoGreenrsquo natural solution to a disease problem
bull Is there genetic resistance ndash Is there lsquotolerancersquo
ndash Resistance vs tolerance
bull What types and levels of resistance are available
bull What level is needed
bull What level is achievable
bull Correlations with other adaptive traits
bull Impacts of climate change on resistance
bull Is it durable resistance
bull Tree Improvement ndash producing seed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RESISTANCE North American Examples
bull Major Gene Resistance
ndash Sugar pine (Kinloch)
ndash Western white pine (BarnesSniezkoKinloch)
ndash Southwestern white pine amp limber pine (KinlochSniezko)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Quantitative Resistance (partial resistance)
ndash All 9 NA white pine species (HoffSniezkoKinlochhellip)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Otherunknown
ndash Koa (DudleySniezko) RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for
Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
virulence in pathogen (vcr1 vcr2) now limits utility in some areas
Major Gene Resistance (Single dominant gene)
Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance)
MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
greenhouse root dip test
Resistance Types and Levels (Note generally no 100 resistant orchard mixes)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Envision the Future
bull How to help shape the future for society bull Do nothing
bull Do something
bull Genetics is the key
or
Dying forest Healthy forest
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
GOAL
bull Want trees to be on the landscape for 100rsquos of years
bull And be progenitors of future generations
bull Donrsquot want start massive restoration effort with lsquotemporaryrsquo resistance
bull (eg any non-durable major gene resistances)
bull Use all available types of resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Research
Tree Improvement Reforestation or
Restoration
Management Commitment over Time
SUCCESS
Using Genetics for Forest Health - The road to success
Successful program takes several components ndash all must be present Partnerships public support and lsquotimersquo also essential Continuity essential ndash long-term commitments can be vital
Time
BACKGROUND
26 years in AppliedOperational Development of
Resistance - For Restoration or Reforestation
bull EXISTING PROGRAMS
ndash WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST ndash 8 western NA species of 5-needle (lsquowhitersquo) pines ndashWWP amp SP since 1991
ndash PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT DISEASE ndash Port-Orford-cedar (since ~1993 designedinitiated operational program in 1997)
ndash KOA WILT ndashkoa (designedinitiated in 2003)
bull POSSIBLE NEW PROGRAMS ndash Sudden oak death (SOD) ndash tanoak
ndash Rapid lsquoŌhilsquoa death (ROD) - lsquoŌhilsquoa
bull Dorena GRC program has been active for 51 years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7
-
Solution GENETIC RESISTANCE
bull lsquoGreenrsquo natural solution to a disease problem
bull Is there genetic resistance ndash Is there lsquotolerancersquo
ndash Resistance vs tolerance
bull What types and levels of resistance are available
bull What level is needed
bull What level is achievable
bull Correlations with other adaptive traits
bull Impacts of climate change on resistance
bull Is it durable resistance
bull Tree Improvement ndash producing seed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RESISTANCE North American Examples
bull Major Gene Resistance
ndash Sugar pine (Kinloch)
ndash Western white pine (BarnesSniezkoKinloch)
ndash Southwestern white pine amp limber pine (KinlochSniezko)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Quantitative Resistance (partial resistance)
ndash All 9 NA white pine species (HoffSniezkoKinlochhellip)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Otherunknown
ndash Koa (DudleySniezko) RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for
Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
virulence in pathogen (vcr1 vcr2) now limits utility in some areas
Major Gene Resistance (Single dominant gene)
Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance)
MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
greenhouse root dip test
Resistance Types and Levels (Note generally no 100 resistant orchard mixes)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
GOAL
bull Want trees to be on the landscape for 100rsquos of years
bull And be progenitors of future generations
bull Donrsquot want start massive restoration effort with lsquotemporaryrsquo resistance
bull (eg any non-durable major gene resistances)
bull Use all available types of resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Research
Tree Improvement Reforestation or
Restoration
Management Commitment over Time
SUCCESS
Using Genetics for Forest Health - The road to success
Successful program takes several components ndash all must be present Partnerships public support and lsquotimersquo also essential Continuity essential ndash long-term commitments can be vital
Time
BACKGROUND
26 years in AppliedOperational Development of
Resistance - For Restoration or Reforestation
bull EXISTING PROGRAMS
ndash WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST ndash 8 western NA species of 5-needle (lsquowhitersquo) pines ndashWWP amp SP since 1991
ndash PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT DISEASE ndash Port-Orford-cedar (since ~1993 designedinitiated operational program in 1997)
ndash KOA WILT ndashkoa (designedinitiated in 2003)
bull POSSIBLE NEW PROGRAMS ndash Sudden oak death (SOD) ndash tanoak
ndash Rapid lsquoŌhilsquoa death (ROD) - lsquoŌhilsquoa
bull Dorena GRC program has been active for 51 years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7
-
Solution GENETIC RESISTANCE
bull lsquoGreenrsquo natural solution to a disease problem
bull Is there genetic resistance ndash Is there lsquotolerancersquo
ndash Resistance vs tolerance
bull What types and levels of resistance are available
bull What level is needed
bull What level is achievable
bull Correlations with other adaptive traits
bull Impacts of climate change on resistance
bull Is it durable resistance
bull Tree Improvement ndash producing seed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RESISTANCE North American Examples
bull Major Gene Resistance
ndash Sugar pine (Kinloch)
ndash Western white pine (BarnesSniezkoKinloch)
ndash Southwestern white pine amp limber pine (KinlochSniezko)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Quantitative Resistance (partial resistance)
ndash All 9 NA white pine species (HoffSniezkoKinlochhellip)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Otherunknown
ndash Koa (DudleySniezko) RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for
Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
virulence in pathogen (vcr1 vcr2) now limits utility in some areas
Major Gene Resistance (Single dominant gene)
Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance)
MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
greenhouse root dip test
Resistance Types and Levels (Note generally no 100 resistant orchard mixes)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Research
Tree Improvement Reforestation or
Restoration
Management Commitment over Time
SUCCESS
Using Genetics for Forest Health - The road to success
Successful program takes several components ndash all must be present Partnerships public support and lsquotimersquo also essential Continuity essential ndash long-term commitments can be vital
Time
BACKGROUND
26 years in AppliedOperational Development of
Resistance - For Restoration or Reforestation
bull EXISTING PROGRAMS
ndash WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST ndash 8 western NA species of 5-needle (lsquowhitersquo) pines ndashWWP amp SP since 1991
ndash PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT DISEASE ndash Port-Orford-cedar (since ~1993 designedinitiated operational program in 1997)
ndash KOA WILT ndashkoa (designedinitiated in 2003)
bull POSSIBLE NEW PROGRAMS ndash Sudden oak death (SOD) ndash tanoak
ndash Rapid lsquoŌhilsquoa death (ROD) - lsquoŌhilsquoa
bull Dorena GRC program has been active for 51 years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7
-
Solution GENETIC RESISTANCE
bull lsquoGreenrsquo natural solution to a disease problem
bull Is there genetic resistance ndash Is there lsquotolerancersquo
ndash Resistance vs tolerance
bull What types and levels of resistance are available
bull What level is needed
bull What level is achievable
bull Correlations with other adaptive traits
bull Impacts of climate change on resistance
bull Is it durable resistance
bull Tree Improvement ndash producing seed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RESISTANCE North American Examples
bull Major Gene Resistance
ndash Sugar pine (Kinloch)
ndash Western white pine (BarnesSniezkoKinloch)
ndash Southwestern white pine amp limber pine (KinlochSniezko)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Quantitative Resistance (partial resistance)
ndash All 9 NA white pine species (HoffSniezkoKinlochhellip)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Otherunknown
ndash Koa (DudleySniezko) RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for
Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
virulence in pathogen (vcr1 vcr2) now limits utility in some areas
Major Gene Resistance (Single dominant gene)
Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance)
MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
greenhouse root dip test
Resistance Types and Levels (Note generally no 100 resistant orchard mixes)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
BACKGROUND
26 years in AppliedOperational Development of
Resistance - For Restoration or Reforestation
bull EXISTING PROGRAMS
ndash WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST ndash 8 western NA species of 5-needle (lsquowhitersquo) pines ndashWWP amp SP since 1991
ndash PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT DISEASE ndash Port-Orford-cedar (since ~1993 designedinitiated operational program in 1997)
ndash KOA WILT ndashkoa (designedinitiated in 2003)
bull POSSIBLE NEW PROGRAMS ndash Sudden oak death (SOD) ndash tanoak
ndash Rapid lsquoŌhilsquoa death (ROD) - lsquoŌhilsquoa
bull Dorena GRC program has been active for 51 years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7
-
Solution GENETIC RESISTANCE
bull lsquoGreenrsquo natural solution to a disease problem
bull Is there genetic resistance ndash Is there lsquotolerancersquo
ndash Resistance vs tolerance
bull What types and levels of resistance are available
bull What level is needed
bull What level is achievable
bull Correlations with other adaptive traits
bull Impacts of climate change on resistance
bull Is it durable resistance
bull Tree Improvement ndash producing seed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RESISTANCE North American Examples
bull Major Gene Resistance
ndash Sugar pine (Kinloch)
ndash Western white pine (BarnesSniezkoKinloch)
ndash Southwestern white pine amp limber pine (KinlochSniezko)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Quantitative Resistance (partial resistance)
ndash All 9 NA white pine species (HoffSniezkoKinlochhellip)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Otherunknown
ndash Koa (DudleySniezko) RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for
Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
virulence in pathogen (vcr1 vcr2) now limits utility in some areas
Major Gene Resistance (Single dominant gene)
Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance)
MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
greenhouse root dip test
Resistance Types and Levels (Note generally no 100 resistant orchard mixes)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Solution GENETIC RESISTANCE
bull lsquoGreenrsquo natural solution to a disease problem
bull Is there genetic resistance ndash Is there lsquotolerancersquo
ndash Resistance vs tolerance
bull What types and levels of resistance are available
bull What level is needed
bull What level is achievable
bull Correlations with other adaptive traits
bull Impacts of climate change on resistance
bull Is it durable resistance
bull Tree Improvement ndash producing seed
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RESISTANCE North American Examples
bull Major Gene Resistance
ndash Sugar pine (Kinloch)
ndash Western white pine (BarnesSniezkoKinloch)
ndash Southwestern white pine amp limber pine (KinlochSniezko)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Quantitative Resistance (partial resistance)
ndash All 9 NA white pine species (HoffSniezkoKinlochhellip)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Otherunknown
ndash Koa (DudleySniezko) RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for
Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
virulence in pathogen (vcr1 vcr2) now limits utility in some areas
Major Gene Resistance (Single dominant gene)
Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance)
MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
greenhouse root dip test
Resistance Types and Levels (Note generally no 100 resistant orchard mixes)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RESISTANCE North American Examples
bull Major Gene Resistance
ndash Sugar pine (Kinloch)
ndash Western white pine (BarnesSniezkoKinloch)
ndash Southwestern white pine amp limber pine (KinlochSniezko)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Quantitative Resistance (partial resistance)
ndash All 9 NA white pine species (HoffSniezkoKinlochhellip)
ndash Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko)
bull Otherunknown
ndash Koa (DudleySniezko) RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for
Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
virulence in pathogen (vcr1 vcr2) now limits utility in some areas
Major Gene Resistance (Single dominant gene)
Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance)
MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
greenhouse root dip test
Resistance Types and Levels (Note generally no 100 resistant orchard mixes)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Major Gene Resistance (Single dominant gene)
Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance)
MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
greenhouse root dip test
Resistance Types and Levels (Note generally no 100 resistant orchard mixes)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry
FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL ndash Region 6 has largest array of field trials of
any program in NA (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest
trees) Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion 1
bull Tree Breeding is the key
ndash Is Biotech useful wo tree breedingtree
improvement support bull NO ndash need integrating not piecemeal solution
ndash More support for Tree Breeding is needed bull Very precarious status
bull More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed ndash or no need for biotech
bull One model Dorena GRC ndash 50 years celebration in 2016
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Conclusion2 bull Tree Breederrsquos Biotech tool lsquowishrsquo list
ndash Help define what is durable resistance
ndash Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation
ndash Speed up breeding (lsquoinsertrsquo geneshellip)
ndash Use lsquonewrsquo of genes (chestnut example) properly vetted
ndash Tools to help determine genetic control amp mechanisms of resistance ndash are similar phenotypes controlled by same genesalleles
ndash Develop biocontrols Utility of endophytes hellip in combination with quantitative resistance
And needs to be inexpensive easy to use hellip RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address
pestpathogen pressures
bull Depends on the species
ndash And level of resistance lsquoneededrsquo ndash And when lsquoseriousrsquo effort is made
bull Depends on the background research ndash Port-Orford-cedar example
bull Original thought lsquo NO RESISTANCErsquo
ndash Whitebark pine example bull Originally thought lsquoMOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIESrsquo
ndash Koa example ndash Sugar pine amp western white pine examples
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Maunawili Trial 07-01
Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23
FamiliesProvenances
provenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
m
ort
ality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Koolau Mts
a-c
a-c
cd
d
b-d
a-d
a
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-c
a-d
a-d
a-c
d
a-c
ab
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-d
a-c
TIMELINE 1999 koa provenance trial at Maunawillli
2003 Sniezko R 2003 Potential for selecting
for genetic resistance to F oxysporum (koa
wilt) in koa for conservation restoration and
utilization in Hawaii Trip Report (8232003)
Cottage Grove OR USDA Forest Service Dorena
Genetic Resource Center 13 p
2007 First inoculation trial confirmation of
Acacia koa family variation in resistance to
FOXY the putative causative agent of koa wilt in
Hawaii (Dudley Sniezko James Cannon unpub)
2008-2017 Evaluate 100rsquos of families setup seed
orchards setup seed zones produce first seed
PROBLEM SOLVED
Limitation Continuity of Funding amp staff
How fast can a program proceed
KOA WILT RESISTANCE
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What are the effects of traditional
breeding on local genetic diversity and
local adaptation in forests
LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)
Do those effects differ and if so how
from the effects of genetic engineering
on local genetic diversity and local
adaptation in forests
POSSIBLY but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged
with tree breeders at a very early stage
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
White pine blister rust resistant
whitebark pine seed that is
1) Resistant to WPBR
2) Locally adapted
3) Genetically diverse
(seed from parent trees in forest or
from orchards)
NOTE only Oregon amp Washington portion of geographic range is shown ndash programs vary somewhat by Region
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance)
Make selections from each zone
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
OBJECTIVE
1) Phytophthora lateralis
resistant seed
2) adapted to planting areas
3) genetically diverse
13 Breeding Zones
Selections within each
breeding zone
- over 14000 selections
Goal Seed Orchards for
each BZ
PORT-ORFORD-CEDAR (Phytophthora root disease resistance)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Do you see new or different risks presented
by using genetic engineering in trees to
address pestpathogen pressures versus
using traditional breeding
Do properly ndash no shortcut for commercial or publication expediency
Aim for lsquodurablersquo resistance
Fully integrate with traditional breeding program ndash hopefully from early stage
Need to field test over long-term
MAYBE
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Example USFSrsquos Dorena Genetic Resource Center
bull Lead role in development of applied resistance
bull USDA Forest Service amp Cooperators
bull gt50 year history and continuity (50th in 2016)
bull Interface between Research and RestorationReforestation
bull Works closely with Forest Health Protection amp partners
bull Examines all types of resistance simultaneously
bull Facilitates the development of resistance in useable form
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
USDA Forest Service -- Dorena Genetic Resource Center
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
whitebark
limber
WWP
Sugar pine
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Strategy
bull Simultaneously evaluate both MGR and Partial Resistance
bull Aim for long-term effectiveness
bull More difficult and longer term seedling trials
bull Unknown at onset what types exist bull And may vary geographically in the range of the species
bull Field validation needed
bull Incorporate both types into orchard production population
bull Breed to increase level and mix of resistances
bull Maintain Genetic Variability
bull Maintain Adaptability
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The proportion of western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees from 12 families with stem symptoms over time in one field trial in western
Oregon Family 4 is a susceptible control Families 11 amp 12 have major gene resistance but a virulent race of white pine blister rust pathogen is
known to be present in this area (graph from Figure 2 Sniezko et al 2012b) Note not all lsquoinfectedrsquo trees will die
How much resistance is there Is it durable
Infection over time
WPBR example
ONLY A SUBSET OF TREES FROM ORCHARDS WILL BE RESISTANT
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Port-Orford-cedar (a) tree in urban area (b) large healthy tree in southern Oregon (c) dead trees in forest along a creek in southwest Oregon (d) dead and dying trees along Highway 101 in southwest Oregon (e) resistant parent tree (510015) surrounded by dead Port-Orford-cedar (Photo credits Richard Sniezko a to d Chuck Frank e) [from Figure 1 Sniezko et al 2012]
Port-Orford-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Phytophthora lateralis
resistance
Original investigators
determined there was
no resistance but
turned out wrong
Operational breeding
program started in ~1996
(FHP proposal)
Both MGR and
quantitative resistance
present (Sniezko)
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Durability of resistance (survival) to Phytophthora lateralis over time for 16 Port-Orford-cedar families at Foggy Eden
trial in western Oregon (graph adapted from Figure 3 Sniezko et al 2012)
DURABILITY of P lateralis Resistance ndash FIELD RESULTS
Family variation in survival over time
Extreme genetic variation in field resistance
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoring Port-Orford-cedar using resistance to Phytophthora lateralis
1)Selectbreed for resistance 2) Maintain genetic diversity 3) Use adapted seed sources
SUCCESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
Photo C Frank
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE
July 2011 ndash status under
Endangered Species Act
US Fish amp Wildlife Service agreed that the whitebark pine a wide-ranging tree species found on mountain tops in much of western North America faces an imminent risk of extinction The species was found warranted for protection but currently precluded due to limited budgets Development of genetic resistance at Dorena Genetic Resource Center and elsewhere is a key step to successfully restoring the species in many areas
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Partnerships in the Pacific Northwest help save an endangered species
whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) an example of dynamic genetic conservation
httpswwwfsfeduspnwpubspnw_gtr963_065pdf
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Cankering ndash Whitebark pine families in SY2007R3 ndash early data
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
What level of blister rust resistance is there
Large differences among families
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Surprisingly high levels of genetic
resistance to the non-native rust exist
(in some areas)
o Example in map below where
parent trees have been inoculated
with the disease and given a
lsquoGradersquo of A-F where A indicates
higher level of resistance and F
indicates low resistance
Region 6 has the highest levels of
resistance in whitebark pine recorded
to date
Restoration plantings have begun on
FS amp NPS lands
Is there GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATION in occurrence of
Genetic Resistance
Results shown are from SY2007 trial at USFS R6
Dorena Genetic Resource Center (Sniezko
unpublished) v10 Draft
Contact Richard Sniezko rsniezkofsfedus for
more information
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Genetic variation among seed sources in percentage of seedlings with early blister rust stem symptoms ~15 months post-inoculation The number of half-sib families represented in each seed source mean is indicated above the bar (varies from 1 to 42) The 18 Oregon and Washington sources refer to individual National Forest National Park and Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs boundaries from which the seedlots were collected (Sniezko unpub)
WHITBARK PINE - Resistance to white pine blister rust
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
GENETICS IN ACTION Whitebark pine restoration at Crater Lake National Park
Develop resistant populations Maintain genetic diversity Maintain genetic adaptability Plant seedlings
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
SUCCESS
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Restoration planting at Crater Lake National Park (also a genetic resistance lsquovalidationrsquo trial) Opportunity for public outreach amp conservation education
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar
httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
NEEDED
Tools to fast-
track resistance
development
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The logistics of applying that tool in the context of tree breeding
- need to incorporate genetic diversity amp adaptability
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How does a tree breeder think about environmental risk What is
known about the harm fromrisk of traditional breeding
What type of risk analysis is done for trees that result from
traditional breeding
What is the federal and state regulatory oversight of traditionally
bred trees
To your knowledge when traditional tree breeding has been used to
address a pest or pathogen threat have there been unintended
consequences
Using seeds directly from existing parent trees or their early generation selected progeny ndash no new genes ndash increasing frequency of rare genes - - Field trials help confirm lsquono riskrsquo Progeny tests amp Provenance trials may give some indications
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
IMMEDIATE NEED
Forest Genetics Research
and
Seedling Production CapacityInfrastructure
Gap Forest Service genetics and breeding capacity has been declining rapidly for the last 30 years especially in the East Midwest and Rocky Mountain Regions Less so in South amp Pacific Northwest (Wheeler et al 2015 The Evolution of Forest Genetics and Tree
Improvement Research in the United States J For 113)
To develop amp deploy regionally adapted genetically diverse planting stock with durable resistance
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Applied Resistance Programs
Benefit
bull Sometimes only feasible solution
bull Solution oriented bull Public support bull Tool ndash can be combined
with silviculture etc bull lsquoGreenrsquo solution
bull Organic bull Sustainable bull Little or no side-effects
hellipbut
bull Sometimes long-term
bull Sometimes uncertain outcome
bull Not Inexpensive
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-
sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
SUCCESSES
According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species the species status of Port-Orford-cedar which was listed as lsquovulnerablersquo in 2000 has been downgraded to lsquonear threatenedrsquo as of 2013 with anticipation that it will be listed as a species of lsquoleast concernrsquo within 10 years if current conservation actions including planting resistant seedlings are successful and maintained (Farjon 2013) Whitebark pine has been proposed for listing under the US Endangered Species Act The threats to the species are ongoing and therefore imminent and are now moderate in magnitude The identification of genetic resistance to WPBR is one of the factors that has recently led to a downgrading of listing priority number (LPN) from 2 to 8 for whitebark pine in 2015 (USFS 2015hellip) The status of the species is reviewed annually Restoration with resistant seedlings will increase the level of WPBR resistant whitebark pine
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
programs are ongoing to increase resistance in all breeding zones etc but genetic resistance has been identified and is being used in first restoration andor reforestation efforts
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
The 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions Tree Resistance to Insects and Diseases Putting Promise into Practice
Welcome Make plans to attend the 6th International Workshop on the Genetics of Tree-Parasite Interactions on August 5 - 10 2018 in Mt Sterling OH USA For more information contact Jennifer Koch or Richard Sniezko
httpstreeresistance2018caukyedu
Possible discussion topic (Role of Biotechnology) at
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Acknowledgments
bull Funding from US Forest Service Region 6 Forest Health Protection and Genetic Resources Programs
bull All Cooperators partners amp colleagues
bull Co-workers at Dorena GRC
bull Photos Michael Murray Molly Oppliger Chuck Frank Scott Kolpak Richard Sniezko
bull Jennifer Koch (USDA FS ndash NRS) for many discussions over the years
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
References
bull Sniezko RA Koch J 2017 Breeding trees resistant to insects and diseases putting theory into application Biol Invasions 19(11)3377-3400 doi101007s10530-017-1482-5
bull Sniezko RA Smith J Liu J-J Hamelin RC 2014 Genetic Resistance to Fusiform Rust in Southern Pines and White Pine Blister Rust in White PinesmdashA Contrasting Tale of Two Rust PathosystemsmdashCurrent Status and Future Prospects Forests 2014 5 2050-2083 doi103390f5092050
bull Sniezko RA 2006 Resistance breeding against nonnative pathogens in forest trees mdash current successes in North America Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 S270ndashS279
RSniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest
Healthy Dec 12 2017 webinar httpnas-sitesorgdelsstudiesforest-biotech 7 -
Recommended