UNCLOS Article 82: A Review and the Hurdles to Implementation › sites › colp.virginia.edu ›...

UNCLOS Article 82: A Review and the Hurdles to Implementation

Wylie Spicer QC

June 27, 2016

Legal Order in the World’s Oceans: UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 40th Annual Conference of the Center for Oceans Law & Policy

The Continental Shelf Historically

1958 Geneva Continental Shelf

Convention

The Continental Shelf

Convention UNCLOS Package

The Continental Shelf

Convention

UNCLOS Package

Art. 76-82

Art. 82 Application

Outer Continental Shelf

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Impact of Technological Change

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Art. 82 Potential Application

beyond 200 nm

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UNCLOS Art. 82

Coastal State

UNCLOS State Parties

Contribution of Payments or

In-Kind

Distribution to Convention

State Parties

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• Annual payment or contribution in-kind via Authority

• Commence in 6th year of production @ 1% & rise each year until 7%

• Based on all production except that consumed in the operation

• Calculated on value or volume • Gross royalty

Payment Obligation

Coastal State

Contribution of Payments or In-

Kind

• Domestic legislation as tool to resolve textual ambiguity of terms (ISA Study 15)

• Limitations – Tax regimes (Norway,

UK)

– Incompatible legislation (e.g. Brazil, resources used for operations)

“Collection” Issues

Domestic legislation (Art. 82 Compatible)

• Minimally treated, marketable condition “resource”

• Exclusion of reasonable losses, reinjected gas, production uses

“All Production/ Volume”

• Market value; Transportation & Processing allowance “Value”

• State Parties • “Equitable sharing

criteria” • Interests & needs of

developing States, particularly least developed & landlocked States

Entitlement to Funds

Distribution to Convention State

Parties

“Distribution” Issues

Distribution to Convention

State Parties

Common Heritage of Mankind?

ISA Role

COUNCIL ASSEMBLY

Art. 160 Regs

“equitable sharing” recommendations

Intra Vires

Art. 162(2)(o) Art. 160(2)(f)

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• Available to State Parties (Art. 291)

• Other entities only as specifically per UNCLOS (Art. 291)

• Can be used to resolve Art. 82 dispute (Arts. 286, 288)

• Binding if used (Art. 296)

State-State Disputes

UNCLOS

Part XV Mechanism

ISA-State Disputes

• Art. 187 Criteria

Excess Jurisdiction Alleged State – Authority Dispute Part XI Activity in the Area

• ISA immune from legal process (Art. 178)

• No remedy for ultra vires regs through UNCLOS (Arts. 187-189)

• Possible advisory opinion (Arts. 159, 191)

ISA-State Disputes

UNCLOS

Part XI Mechanism

Questions?

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

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UNCLOS Article 82: A Review and the Hurdles to Implementation › sites › colp.virginia.edu ›...

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