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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ADVANCED OIL RECOVERY PROGRAM. CLASS II SHALLOW-SHELF CARBONATE RESERVOIRS 1992 -1995 DE-FC22-93BC14983. Recovery of Bypassed Oil in the Dundee Formation Using Horizontal Drains 1994-1997 James R. Wood Department of Geology Michigan Technological University. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYU.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYADVANCED OIL RECOVERY ADVANCED OIL RECOVERY
PROGRAMPROGRAM
CLASS IISHALLOW-SHELF CARBONATE RESERVOIRS
1992 -1995DE-FC22-93BC14983
Recovery of Bypassed Oil in the Recovery of Bypassed Oil in the Dundee Formation Using Horizontal Dundee Formation Using Horizontal
Drains Drains 1994-19971994-1997
James R. WoodJames R. WoodDepartment of GeologyDepartment of Geology
Michigan Technological UniversityMichigan Technological University
TOW 1-3 HD1 WELL SITETOW 1-3 HD1 WELL SITECRONUS EXPL.CRONUS EXPL.
•SPUDDED SEPT. 25, 1995SPUDDED SEPT. 25, 1995
•COMPLETED OCT. 18, 1995COMPLETED OCT. 18, 1995
•DEPTH 3518’ MD DEPTH 3518’ MD (3185’TVD) (3185’TVD)
•FLOWING 50-100 BBLS/DAY FLOWING 50-100 BBLS/DAY
•NO WATER CUTNO WATER CUT
MICHIGAN PROJECTMICHIGAN PROJECTTECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES
Horizontal Drilling Well Logging Modern Reservoir Management Compile Database of All Historical,
Geologic, Engineering, Production Data Correlate Historical Reservoir
Management with Production Histories
LOCATIONLOCATION MAPMAP
CRYSTALCRYSTAL FIELDFIELD
STUDY AREA
PROJECT OBJECTIVES Evaluate the Potential for
Additional Recovery of Hydrocarbons in Michigan
Develop: Partnerships with
Industry to Test New Technologies for Improving Hydrocarbon Recovery in Existing Fields
Resource Center for Technology and Information Transfer
MICHIGAN PROJECTMICHIGAN PROJECTCentral Basin Study AreaCentral Basin Study Area
CLARE
ISABELLA
MECOSTA
MISSAUKEE
MONTCALM
OSCEOLA
Crystal FieldBelly Achers
Douglas ReynoldsCato
Hardy Dam
Fork
Coldwater
Sherman
Broomfield
GilmoreIsabella
Leaton
RosebushVernonCurrie Wise
Freeman-ReddingLake George
Winterfield
SylvanEvart
& Prosper South
Prosper
Cranberry Lake& Cranberry Lake East
SkeelsCedar
Cat Creek
Riverside
CRYSTAL FIELDCRYSTAL FIELD
WELLS USED IN STUDYWELLS USED IN STUDY(231)(231)
Regional Distribution of Reservoir Regional Distribution of Reservoir Lithology in DundeeLithology in Dundee
LimestoneDolomite
Dolomite + Anhydrite
MICHIGAN BASINMICHIGAN BASINSTRATIGRAPHIC STRATIGRAPHIC
COLUMNCOLUMN
MAJOR PRODUCING MAJOR PRODUCING HORIZONSHORIZONS
TRAVERSETRAVERSEDUNDEEDUNDEE
NIAGARANNIAGARANTRENTONTRENTON
PDCPDC
F CA RBONA T E
G
C
E
H3 SA LT
H1 SA LT
F
F
C
H2
H1
H2
A N H Y D R I T E
S H A L E
L I M E S TO N E
D O L O M I TE
S A L T
V ERTICAL SCALE: 1/4" = 2 50FT.0 250 500 750
BELL SHALE
ROGERS CITY LS.REED CITY ANH.
REED CITY DOLOMITE
ROGERS CITY LS.
LUCUAS FM.
CRYSTAL FIELD
FREEMAN MB.
DU
ND
EE
FM
.L
UC
AS
FM
.
CROSS SECTION ACROSS MICHIGAN BASINEW CROSS-SECTION ACROSS MICHIGAN BASINTHROUGH CRYSTAL FIELD
Reed City AnhydriteReed City AnhydriteThins and is Absent Thins and is Absent in Vicinity ofin Vicinity ofCrystal FieldCrystal Field
Part of Crystal FieldPart of Crystal FieldStructure is Thought Structure is Thought To Be Due to Salt To Be Due to Salt DissolutionDissolution
Rogers City Rogers City CarbonateCarbonateThins in VicinityThins in VicinityOf Crystal FieldOf Crystal Field
-85.5 -85.4 -85.3 -85.2 -85.1 -85 -84.9 -84.8 -84.7 -84.6 -84.5 -84.4
43.2
43.3
43.4
43.5
43.6
43.7
43.8
-3100
-3000
-2900
-2800
-2700
-2600
-2500
-2400
-2300
-2200
-2100
CRYSTAL FIELD LOCATION MAPCRYSTAL FIELD LOCATION MAPMONTCALM COUNTY, MIMONTCALM COUNTY, MI
CRYSTAL CRYSTAL FIELDFIELD
CRYSTAL FIELDCRYSTAL FIELD CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS
2000 Acre Anticlinal Structure in Central Michigan Basin
Combination Structure/Diagenetic Trap Fractured, Vuggy Dolomite Reservoir Capped With
Thin Limestone and/or Shale Strong Water Drive Reservoir Average Pay Thickness 12 Feet, Maximum of 40 Feet. Initial High Production Rates up to 9000 Bbls/Day
Resulted in Inverse Coning of Water
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE CONTOURCONTOUR
TOP DUNDEE FM.TOP DUNDEE FM.CI – 2 FT.CI – 2 FT.
TOW 1-3 HDTOW 1-3 HDFROST 1-5FROST 1-5
HAPPY HAPPY HOLIDAY 6-3HOLIDAY 6-3
CRYSTAL FIELD CRYSTAL FIELD DEMONSTRATION WELLSDEMONSTRATION WELLS
-84.9 -84.895 -84.89 -84.885 -84.88 -84.875 -84.87 -84.865 -84.86 -84.855 -84.8543.27
43.275
43.28
43.285
43.29
43.295
43.3
43.305
43.31
-2385
-2387
-2396
-2380
-2396
-2386
-2392
-2404
-2405
-2411
-2412
-2406 -2404
-2406
-2405
-2398
-2393
-2406
-2405
-2397
-2398
-2401
-2398
-2385
-2407
-2386
-23 97 -2400
-2401 -2406
-2408
-2394
-2403
-2388
-2397 -2397
-2386
-2393
-2397
-2393
-2388
-2404
-2395
-2407
-2401
-2391
-2394 -2403
-2400-2400
-2388
-2394
-2389
-2388
-2395
-2391
-2380
-2396
-2399
-2389
-2399
-2403
-2385
-23 88
-2407-2389
-2400
-2402
-2400 -2398
-2389
-2392
-2393
-2393
-2389
-2392
-2376
-2402
-2392
-2387
-2379
-2385
-2390
-2395
-2393
-2366
-2403
-2384
-2391
-2400
-2381
-2387
-2389
-2385
-2383
-2383
-2381
-2368
-2388
-23 94
-2396
-2397
-2393
-2378
-2380
-2394
-2400
-2384
-2374
-2378
-2382
-2394
-2372
-2390
-2381
-2389
-2401
-2391-2375
-2387
-2378
-23 85
-2393
-2389 -2388
-2385
-2389
-2384 -23 88-2394
-2393
-2384
-2381
-2384
-2383
-2400
-2376
-2381
-23 81
-2377
-2401
-2387
-23 75
-2386-2383
-23 97
-2378
-2388
-2386
-2400
-2406
-23 99
-2392
-2386
-2395
-24 03
-2382
-2386
-2390 -2389
-2388
-2396
-2398
-2395
-2394
-2397
-2411
-23 95 -2405
-2391
-2396
-2374
-2392-2385
-23 82
-2387
-2396
-2386
-2393
-2398
-23 82 -2397
-2412
-2408
-2404
-2400
-2396
-2392
-2388
-2384
-2380
-2376
-2372
-2368
CRYSTAL FIELDCRYSTAL FIELDSTRUCTURE CONTOURSTRUCTURE CONTOUR
TOW 1-3 HDTOW 1-3 HD
CRYSTAL FIELDCRYSTAL FIELD3D STRUCTURE3D STRUCTURE
TOW 1-3 HDTOW 1-3 HD
TOP DUNDEETOP DUNDEE
SALT COLLAPSE ??SALT COLLAPSE ??
TOW 1-3 HD TOW 1-3 HD WELL PLANWELL PLAN
650 FT.650 FT.8 5/8” CASING8 5/8” CASING
KICKOFF POINTKICKOFF POINT
ORIGINAL OIL/WATER CONTACT 3215 FT.ORIGINAL OIL/WATER CONTACT 3215 FT.
5 ½ “ TUBING5 ½ “ TUBING
ACTUAL HORIZONTAL LENGTHACTUAL HORIZONTAL LENGTH95 FT. BEYOND CASING95 FT. BEYOND CASING
7 7/8” HOLE7 7/8” HOLE
10 5/8” HOLE10 5/8” HOLE
3175 FT.3175 FT.
3235 FT.3235 FT.
3350 FT.3350 FT.
VERTICALVERTICALWELL.WELL.
450 FT.450 FT. 1800 FT.1800 FT.2250 FT.2250 FT.
DU
ND
EE F
M.
DU
ND
EE F
M.
BEL
L SH
.B
ELL
SH.
TRA
VER
SE L
M.
TRA
VER
SE L
M.
CO
RE
CO
RE
CRYSTAL FIELD
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
BBLS
x 1
000
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400OIL PRODUCTION(BBLS)ANNUAL WATER
PRODUCTION HISTORY-CRONUS TOW 1-3 HD-1 CRYSTAL FIELD, DUNDEE FM., MI.
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Jul-95 Oct-95 Feb-96 May-96 Aug-96 Dec-96 Mar-97 Jun-97 Sep-97 Jan-98
CU
MM
. (B
BLS
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
BO
PD
CUMM.
DAILY
TOW 1-4 HD
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Oct
-95
Dec
-95
Feb-
96
Apr
-96
Jun-
96
Aug
-96
Oct
-96
Dec
-96
Feb-
97
Apr
-97
Jun-
97
Aug
-97
Oct
-97
Dec
-97
Feb-
98
Apr
-98
Jun-
98
Aug
-98
Oct
-98
Dec
-98
bbls Oil
Water
TOW 1-3 HD-1 TOW 1-3 HD-1 CORE PHOTOCORE PHOTO
CRONUS-TOW #1-3 HD-1 - RESIDUAL OIL AND WATER SATURATIONS WITH DEPTH
0 10 20 30 40 50 603174-75
3178-79
3182-83
3186-87
3190-91
3194-95
3198-99
3202-03
3206-07
3210-11
3214-15
3218-19
3222-23
3226-27
3230-31
CO
RE
DEP
TH IN
FEE
T
PERCENT SATURATION
OIL WATER
CRYSTAL FIELDCRYSTAL FIELDTOP DOLOMITETOP DOLOMITE
-84.895 -84.89 -84.885 -84.88 -84.875 -84.87 -84.865 -84.86 -84.855
43.275
43.28
43.285
43.29
43.295
43.3
43.305
-2424
-2420
-2416
-2412
-2408
-2404
-2400
-2396
-2392
-2388
-2384
-2380
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUNDEE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUNDEE LIMESTONE & DOLOMITE AT CRYSTAL LIMESTONE & DOLOMITE AT CRYSTAL
FIELDFIELD
DOLOMITEDOLOMITE
LIMESTONELIMESTONE
Dundee Reservoir Lithologic TypesDundee Reservoir Lithologic Types
Limestone - depositional fabrics Grainstone shoal sand bodies Fenestral peritidal packstones and wackestones Stromatoporoid/coral boundstone patch reefs
Dolomite - burial diagenetic fabrics Fractured, vuggy, hydrothermal dolomite Sucrosic, laminated, dolomite with anhydrite
Limestone Limestone ReservoirReservoir Fabrics Fabrics
Stromatoporoid-coral boundstone patch reef
Intraparticle and intergranular porosity
Fractures augment moderate to high porosity/permeability
Main reservoir in one field present in others
HydrothermalHydrothermal Dolomite Cement Dolomite Cement
Piece of slabbed core from the Leonard Oil-Lee #1 - Dry hole with oil shows Northwest of Crystal Field
Abundant fractures and vugs filled with white ”Saddle” (hydrothermal) dolomite
Limestone Limestone ReservoirReservoir Fabrics Fabrics
Fenestral Peritidal packstones and wackestones
Vertical and horizontal fenestrae
High permeability and porosity
Main zone in several large fields
Thin-Section Thin-Section PhotomicrographPhotomicrograph Dundee Reservoir Crystal FieldDundee Reservoir Crystal Field
Dundee Reservoir CharacteristicsDundee Reservoir Characteristics
Lithology - Limestone or Dolomite Pore Characteristics - Matrix, Vugs, and Fractures Stratigraphy - Rogers City, Dundee, Reed City “Facies” Production History – Initial High Oil/Water Ratios, Initial
High Production Rates
LESSONS LEARNED:LESSONS LEARNED:
EVALUATION KEYS FOR IMPROVED RECOVERY ATTEMPTSEVALUATION KEYS FOR IMPROVED RECOVERY ATTEMPTS
Reservoir Characterization– Accurate Mapping (esp. Dundee Fm.)– Porosity and Permeability– Dolomite Diagenesis Crucial
Production History– Field Development History– Field Wide/Individual Well Production– Well Status/Plugging Record
WHAT SHOULD HAVE BEEN DONE:WHAT SHOULD HAVE BEEN DONE:
Avoid drilling wells low on structure
Map dolomite carefully Focus on “Attic” oil Spread DOE funding over more
opportunities in more fields
FUTURE PLANS:FUTURE PLANS:
Project is ended but:– Re-examine Crystal Field TOW
well in light of subsequent attempts to copy its success to see why it succeeded
– Map dolomite over central Michigan Basin
– Develop model for dolomite diagenesis
27 Additional Devonian Horizontal wells 20 Dundee, 2 Traverse Lime, 3 Richfield, and 2 Detroit
River Wells completed Average production about 30 bbls oil/day Total annual production - 300,000 bbls Gross wellhead value ($17/bbl) - $5,000,000/year Royalty owners’ share - $630,000/year State severance taxes - $250,000/year Federal, State, and local income taxes - $1,650,000/year Capital investment cost (27 wells) - $10,000,000
Economic Summary: Economic Summary: HORIZONTALHORIZONTAL WELLS WELLS
Demonstration Well Tow 1-3 Produced 50,000+ Bbls Oil in 18 Months - No Water
Detailed Characterization of 30 Similar Fields Drilling and Completion of Horizontal Drain State Approval of Waiver of Liability for Pre-Existing Pollution in
Field - Hundreds of Fields Are Similar Candidates Stimulation of Interest in Horizontal Drilling - ~20 Dundee Permits in
1996-97; 78 wells currently permitted or drilling by 1998 Horizontal Drilling has expanded statewide in several other formations. Numerous undergraduate (50+), Masters (32+) and Ph.D (3) Students
entered industry as direct result of DOE projects (1993 – 2002)
Project Summary:Project Summary:BENEFITSBENEFITS
CRONUS CRONUS EXPLEXPL. - TOW 1-3 HD1 . - TOW 1-3 HD1 WELL SITEWELL SITE
Project Summary:Project Summary:
ADDITIONAL HD WELLS AT CRYSTAL FIELDADDITIONAL HD WELLS AT CRYSTAL FIELD
Tow 1-3 HD1, 50-100 BOPD; 135,000+ BBLS Frost 5-3 HD, water/oil Happy Holiday Tree Farm 6-3 HD, water/oil
Project Summary:Project Summary:FRACTURESFRACTURES
Fractures are present in most Dundee Dolomite reservoirs, enhancing oil productivity, but also allowing for water transport
Fractures enhance permeability, especially vertically, porosity may be altered by diagenetic changes.
Fractures and diagenesis have relation to structures and fault systems in basement
Fractures have strong relationship to hydrothermal systems that also produce pervasive dolomitization and HTD mineral suites
2 HART AWARDS BEST NEW TECHNOLOGY - 1994 BEST NEW WELL - 1996
Project Summary:Project Summary:AWARDSAWARDS
DELIVERABLESDELIVERABLES(actually (actually delivereddelivered))
DIGITAL DATA DIGITAL DATA WELL LOCATIONS (53,000+)WELL LOCATIONS (53,000+) FORMATION TOPS (465,000)FORMATION TOPS (465,000) PRODUCTION HISTORY (40 Fields)PRODUCTION HISTORY (40 Fields)
FIELD HISTORY – 40 FieldsFIELD HISTORY – 40 Fields WIRELINE LOGS - 50WIRELINE LOGS - 50 CORE DATA – 60 ft. Tow 1-3CORE DATA – 60 ft. Tow 1-3 STRUCTURE AND ISOPACH MAPSSTRUCTURE AND ISOPACH MAPS PROJECT CD-ROM – 500+ COPIESPROJECT CD-ROM – 500+ COPIES
PROJECT TEAMPROJECT TEAM
MICHIGAN TECH UNIVERSITY JAMES WOOD - PROJECT DIRECTOR JACKIE HUNTOON - BASIN MODELING WAYNE PENNINGTON - LOG ANALYSIS
WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY WILLIAM HARRISON - RES. CHARACTERIZATION
TERRA ENERGY, LTD. CRAIG TESTER - PETROLEUM ENGINEER ERIC TAYLOR - PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
Recovery of Bypassed Oil in Recovery of Bypassed Oil in the Dundee Formation Using the Dundee Formation Using
Horizontal Drains Horizontal Drains 1994-19971994-1997
James R. WoodJames R. WoodDepartment of GeologyDepartment of Geology
Michigan Technological UniversityMichigan Technological University
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