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Using UAS Technology for Invasive Plant Management
May 8, 2018
2018 Aquatic Weed Control Short Course
Coral Springs, FL
Adam Benjamin, P.S.M.UF/IFAS Fort Lauderdale R.E.C.
• UAS Background
• UAS Applications
• Regulatory Environment
• Future Trends & Impacts
Using UAS Technology for Invasive Plant Management
• Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a.k.a. drone
o Aircraft w/o human pilot on board
o Flight is controlled either:
1. Autonomously by computers in the vehicle
2. OR, under the remote control of a pilot on the ground or in another vehicle
What is UAS?
Northrup Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk
Prox Dynamics Black Hornet Nano
• Unmanned aircraft system (UAS) includes all elements beyond an aircraft itself. A typical UAS consists of the:1. UAV
What is UAS?
DJI Phantom
Rotorcraft (VTOL)DJI Spreading Wings S1000
Typical sUAS (under 55lbs)
• Unmanned aircraft system (UAS) includes all elements beyond an aircraft itself. A typical UAS consists of the:1. UAV
What is UAS?
Fixed WingTrimble UX5 Aerial Imaging Rover
Typical sUAS (under 55lbs)
eBee SenseFly
• Unmanned aircraft system (UAS) includes all elements beyond an aircraft itself. A typical UAS consists of the:1. UAV
2. control system, such as Ground Control Station (GCS)
3. control link, a specialized datalink
What is UAS?
Ground Control Stations
• Unmanned aircraft system (UAS) includes all elements beyond an aircraft itself. A typical UAS consists of the:1. UAV
2. control system, such as Ground Control Station (GCS)
3. control link, a specialized datalink
4. other related support equipment (e.g., imaging sensors).
What is UAS?
Imaging Sensors
DSLR Camera (RGB, NIR) Video Camera
• Fills cost effective niche in geospatial data acquisition between traditional surveying technologies and traditional photogrammetry
• Rapid mobilization/deployment for sUAS
• Dense GSD data acquisition o f(flying height, side/end overlap)
Why UAS Aerial Imaging?
Major Areas for UAS Application
Civil/Coastal
• Inspect construction progress
• Inspect structural conditions
Credit: Aerovironment
Major Areas for UAS Application
Civil/Coastal
• Performing Volumetric Analyses (DEM, DTM) • (e.g., Monitoring Beach
Erosion)
Major Areas for UAS Application
Utilities - Oil/Gas
• Oil spill detection/damage assessment
• Oil/Gas pipeline surveillance incident mapping
• Coastline monitoring
• Sea ice monitoring
• Terrain mapping
• Facility security Credits: Aerovironment
Major Areas for UAS Application
Law Enforcement
• Search for suspects and missing persons
• Standoff or hostage situation
• CSI
• Explosive & bomb disposal response
• Narcotics investigation
• Hazmat incidents
• Crowd/riot control
• Situational awarenessCredits: Aerovironment
Major Areas for UAS Application
Search & Rescue
• Search for missing persons
• Search and recovery operations
• Disaster & emergency response
Credits: Aerovironment
Major Areas for UAS Application
Fire
• Fire-monitoring support/coord.
• Damage assessment
• Hot-spot detection
• Wildfire mapping
• Explosive detection
• Disaster & emergency response
• Hazardous material investigation Credits: Aerovironment
Major Areas for UAS Application
Agriculture
• Monitor crops for ripeness
• Inspect crops for diseases, harmful insects, and nutritional deficiencies
• Distribute pesticides
Credits: Aerovironment
Legal Flight OperationsPathways to Legal Flight for Unmanned Aircraft
Section 336 vs COA/Section 333 vs Part 107
Section 336 – Special Rule for Model Aircrafta.k.a. Hobbyists
https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/model_aircraft/
Non-Recreational: COA/Sec. 333 vs Part 107
Certificate of Waiver or Authorization
(COA)
Public Entities
Public Aircraft
Aircraft Model
Defined Location(s)
Approved by UAS Integration Office
Special Airworthiness Certificate (SAC)
Manufacturers
Registered Aircraft
Aircraft Serial Number
Defined Location(s)
Approved by Manufacturing Inspection District Office
FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Section 333
Exemption
Civil Operators
Waiver request for commercial operation
Aircraft Model
Potentially Flexible Location
Approved by Administrator of the FAA
Key Requirements for COAs – Intense Req!
• Public Entitieso Public universities, law enforcement, department of
transportation, etc.
• Aircrafto Must be owned by the proponent
o Airworthiness of aircraft is self-certified by proponent
• Operatoro PPL Ground school passing grade for Class G airspace
o PPL for controlled airspace (other than G)
o Observer and Pilot must each have a current 2nd Class Medical
• Airspaceo Controlled or uncontrolled airspace, but not class B
o Determined by agreement among Flight Standards and Air Traffic Control
Non-Recreational: COA/Sec. 333 vs Part 107
Certificate of Waiver or Authorization
(COA)
Public Entities
Public Aircraft
Aircraft Model
Defined Location(s)
Approved by UAS Integration Office
Special Airworthiness Certificate (SAC)
Manufacturers
Registered Aircraft
Aircraft Serial Number
Defined Location(s)
Approved by Manufacturing
Inspection District Office
FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Section 333
Exemption
Civil Operators
Waiver request for commercial operation
Aircraft Model
Potentially Flexible Location
Approved by Admin. of the FAA
Non-Recreational: COA/Sec. 333 vs Part 107
Certificate of Waiver or Authorization
(COA)
Public Entities
Public Aircraft
Aircraft Model
Defined Location(s)
Approved by UAS Integration Office
Special Airworthiness Certificate (SAC)
Manufacturers
Registered Aircraft
Aircraft Serial Number
Defined Location(s)
Approved by Manufacturing
Inspection District Office
FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Section 333
Exemption
Civil Operators
Waiver request for commercial operation
Aircraft Model
Potentially Flexible Location
Approved by Administrator of the
FAA
Part 107: What do you need to know?
• Rules and regulations
• UAS Weather & Weather Sources
• Airspace
• UAS Loading & Performance
• Crew Resource Management
• Airport/Field Operations
• Radio Communications
• Emergency Procedures
• Preflight and Maintenance
• Waiver Requests
Airspace!!
• Class A – Altitude – 18,000 feet>
• Class B – Big - MSL -> 10,000 feet; Busiest airports; Must receive authorization from ATC.
• Class C – Crowded - MSL -> 4,000 feet; Must receive authorization from ATC.
• Class D – Dialogue - MSL -> 2,500 feet; Must receive authorization from ATC.
• Class E – Elsewhere - MSL -> 1,200 – 18,000 feet; do not need authorization from ATC.
• Class G – Go for it – MSL -> 1,200 feet; do not need authorization from ATC; UNCONTROLLED.
Waivers – What can be waived under part 107?
• Waivable sections of part 107
o Operation from a moving vehicle or aircraft (§107.25)*
o Daylight operation (§107.29)
o Visual line of sight aircraft operation (§107.31)*
o Visual observer (§107.33)
o Operation of multiple small unmanned aircraft systems (§107.35)
o Yielding the right of way (§107.37(a))
o Operation over people (§107.39)
o Operation in certain airspace (§107.41)
o Operating limitations for small unmanned aircraft (§107.51)
FAADroneZone - Accidents
• Must report to the FAA within 10 days any operation that results in serious injury, loss of consciousness, or property damage (to property other than the UAS) of at least $500.
Part 137 – Agricultural Aircraft Operators
• Advisory Circular 137-1B is the governing doc
• 1B (2017) is an update to 1A (2007) that incorporates UAS language
• Dispensing of any substance from an agricultural aircraft (including UAS) requires compliance with part 137o Herbicide, pesticide, water, fertilizer, etc.
o Exceptions include:
• Public aircraft
• Water on forest fires
Legal Flight OperationsPathways to Legal Flight for Unmanned Aircraft
Take away message:
To avoid breaking the law, ANY commercial/research UAS activity needs FAA approval especially if you are dispensing substances
Future Trends & Impacts
• Safetyo #1 priority of FAA
• Protect public safety through management of national airspace
o Short term: Technology (e.g., tracking) will make airspace safer
Future Trends & Impacts
• Affordabilityo Investment in UAS technology continues to grow
o Innovation yields consumer affordability
Future Trends & Impacts
• Technology – Sensors (Current)o Multispectral, Hyperspectral, LiDAR
Satellite
Future Trends & Impacts
• Technology – Sensors (Current)o Multispectral, Hyperspectral, LiDAR
Hyperspectral
DiversitySpeciesStatus and stressNutrients
Future Trends & Impacts
• Technology – Sensors (Future)o Multispectral, Hyperspectral, LiDAR (FLASH)
Conclusions
• UAS technology is viable for many industries including water resources
• FAA coordination for legal operation is paramount for public safety and liability
• The future of UAS technology is exciting!
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