Valsalva retinopathy in the third trimester of pregnancy · troisième trimestre de sa grossesse,...

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VOL 75 | NO 4 2013C A N A D I A N J O U R N A L O F O P T O M E T R Y | R E V U E C A N A D I E N N E D ’ O P T O M É T R I E 47

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MD, a 24-year old female of African descent in her third trimester of pregnancy, presented upon referral from her family physician with an 18-hour history of dark !oating spot in her left eye. Her history was signi"cant for violent vomiting immediately preceding the onset of visual symptoms. General and ocular health history was otherwise unremarkable. Clinical examination showed central vitreous hemorrhaging in the absence of any other ophthalmic anomaly, consistent with a diagnosis of Valsalva retinopathy. Over the subsequent several months, which included the uncomplicated birth of her healthy child, the hemorrhaging resolved without sequelae.

Keywords: Valsalva maneuver, Valsalva retinopathy, hyaloidotomy, Terson’s syndrome, Purtscher retinopathy

MD, femme de 24 ans de descendance africaine qui en est au troisième trimestre de sa grossesse, se présente recommandée par son médecin de famille en se plaignant d’avoir un point !ottant noir depuis 18 heures dans l’œil gauche. Comme antécédents importants, elle a vomi violemment juste avant l’apparition des symptômes visuels. Ses antécédents relatifs à la santé générale et oculovisuelle ne présentent autrement rien de remarquable. L’examen clinique révèle une hémorragie au centre du vitré et aucune autre anomalie ophtalmique, ce qui concorde avec un diagnostic de rétinopathie de Valsalva. Au cours des mois qui suivent, qui ont inclus la naissance sans complication de son enfant en bonne santé, l’hémorragie s’est résorbée sans laisser de séquelles.

Mots clés : Manœuvre de Valsalva, rétinopathie de Valsalva, hyaloïdotomie, syndrome de Terson, rétinopathie de Purtscher

CLINICAL STUDY

Valsalva retinopathy in the third trimester of pregnancy

BY DEREK MACDONALD, OD, FAAO

Case Details

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ABSTRACT | RÉSUMÉ

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C A N A D I A N J O U R N A L O F O P T O M E T R Y | R E V U E C A N A D I E N N E D ’ O P T O M É T R I EVOL 75 | NO 4 201348

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VOL 75 | NO 4 2013C A N A D I A N J O U R N A L O F O P T O M E T R Y | R E V U E C A N A D I E N N E D ’ O P T O M É T R I E 51

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RTHANK YOU | MERCI

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