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Varieties of capitalism and approaches to lifelong learning
Contribution to symposium on Lifelong Learning and Social Justice: macro, micro and meso perspectives
British Educational Research Association Conference, London Institute of Education, 6-8 September 2007
Sheila Riddell, Elisabet Weedon, Judith Litjens, Jim Crowther, University of EdinburghJohn Holford, University of Nottingham
Three worlds of welfare capitalism(Esping-Andersen,1989)
• the ‘liberal’ welfare state - limited social insurance plan and means tested benefits. Beneficiaries usually low-income working-class (e.g. United States and United Kingdom);
• the ‘conservative-corporatist’ regime - aims to retain existing social hierarchies. Strong emphasis on social insurance (e.g. Belgium, Austria); and
• the ‘social-democratic’ regime - aims to promote equality and provide universal benefits. Has a universal insurance scheme but uses some means-testing in provision of benefits (e.g. Norway).
Welfare families (Castles)
• English-speaking family (Ireland, UK)
• Nordic family
• Continental Western European group (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands)
• Southern European group (Greece, Portugal, Spain)
Variants on new European socioeconomic model (Aiginger)
• Scandinavian
• Continental
• Anglo-Saxon
• Mediterranean
• Catching-up
Methods of typology development
• Data gathered on range of indicators e.g.• GDP & % spent on education• Employment rate• Employment protection, poverty risk,
measures to support disadvantaged • Ed. System characteristics & outcome• Participation in lll• Policies on lll
Table 1: Data contributing to typology of lll
Nor UK - Sco UK - Eng
UK Ire Bel - Fla Aus Slo Hun Cze Est Lit Bul Rus
GDP (% GDP spent on ed.)
198 (7.6%)
118.6 (7%) :
124 (5.4%)
160 (4.4%)
120.5 (5.6% in 2001)
128 (5.5%)
57 (6%) 33 (5.9%)
36 (4.6%) 28 (5.7%) 22 (5.2%) 10 (4.2%)
: (3.7% 2002)
Employ. rate 74.8 71.5 : 71.7 67.6 64.3 68.6 66 56.9 64.8 64.4 62.6 55.8 65
Employ. protection
2.6 :
:
1.1 1.3 2.5 (B) 2.2 2.9 1.7 1.9 2.6 2.7 : :
Poverty risk 11 : : 18 21 15 (B) 13 10 12 8 18 15 14 :
Support for disadv groups
Adequate Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Adequate Partial : : : Partial No info in NR
Compulsory ed. Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Stratified Stratified Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp
Comp
% with upper sec ed
95.3 70.6:
76.4 85.3 69.8 85.3Stratified
83.4 90.9 82.2 86.1 76 70.7 (2002)
% in any LLL 34.7 : : 39.8 48.9 41.9 (B) 89.2 Stratified 11.7 28.7 31.4 27.8 16.1 :
% in formal LLL
3.9 ::
8.4 5.4 4 (B) 3Stratified
2.9 1.4 3.7 3 1.2 :
% in formal and non-formal LLL
17.8 :
:
27.5 7.4 9.1 12.9
Stratified
3.9 5.6 5.9 6 1.3 :
% in LLL by work status
: :
:
Em: 23.1 Un: 20.5 In: 13.9
Em: 6.1 Un: 5.5 In: 6
Em: 11.4 Un: 12.6 In: 5.2
Em: 12.7 Un: 14.9 In: 8.1 Stratified
Em: 4.5 Un: 3.2 In: 3.2
Em: 6.6 Un: 2.2 In: 3.7
Em: 7.2 Un: 4.6 In: 4.2
Em: 6.8 Un: 3.8 In: 3.4
: :
% in any learning by ed att
Low: 15 Med: 30 High: 51
: : Low: 12 Med: 37 High: 61
Low: 35 Med: 51 High: 66
Low: 23 Med: 42 High: 67
Low: 87 Med: 89 High: 95 Stratified
Low: 4 Med: 11 High: 27
Low: 10 Med: 26 High: 63
Low: 10 Med: 25 High: 52
Low: 6 Med: 21 High: 60
Low: 2 Med: 12 High: 45
:
Emphasis on HC
High High High High High High HighStratified
High High High High High High
Emphasis on SC
High Medium Medium High High Low/Medium
LowStratified
Low Low/Medium
Medium/High
Medium/Low
Low/Medium
Low
Emphasis on PD
High Medium Medium High High Medium/ Low
Low Stratified
Low Medium/Low
Low Medium/ Low
Low Low
Data contributing to typology of lifelong learning
Data sources (see glossary)
• Eurostat
• Euridyce
• EU communications
• National Reports
Difficulties in typology development
• General problems with welfare state typologies (welfare states & nation states)
• Basis for inclusion in particular category
• Including new member states
• Consistency and reliability of data
Country similarities & differences: broad economic & social indicators
• Marked divide in GDP between old & new member states
• Less variation in % GDP spent on education – but richest country (Norway) spends highest %)
• Highest employment rates: Norway, Scotland• UK & Ireland have least regulated labour markets• Slovenia & Norway have ‘adequate’ measures for
disadvantaged• Risk of poverty – greatest in Ireland & UK; least in
Norway & Slovenia
Percentage with at least upper secondary education (2003)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Bel - Fla UK - Sco Rus Bul UK Est Hun Ire Aus Lit Slo Cze Nor
Countries
%
% withuppersec
Percentage with at least secondary ed: key points
• Most systems comprehensive: exceptions Austria & Flanders
• Countries grouped closely together – but little variation between old & new member states
• Flanders - lowest percentage
• Norway – highest percentage
Percentage of the population in formal LLL (2003)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Bul Cze Hun Aus Lit Est Nor Bel - Fla Ire Slo UK
Countries
%
% informalLLL
Percentage in formal lll: key points
• UK - high proportion if formal lll, followed by Slovenia & Ireland - flexible HE
• Austria - relatively low participation (behind Estonia & Lithuania) - rigid HE system
• Lowest participation – Bulgaria (also poorest country)
LLL participation by educational attainment (2003)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Hun Bul Lit Est Cze Nor UK Bel - Fla Ire Slo Aus
Countries
%
Low
Med
High
Lll by educational attainment: key points
• In all countries, those with higher levels of educational attainment most likely to be involved in lll (formal, non-formal, informal)
• Austria appears to have highest participation, but LFS data for 2003 did not include informal learning for all countries
Aiginger’s typology applied to lll (1)
• Scandinavian model: Norway - emphasis on human capital, social capital & personal development. High investment in lll combined with regulated labour markets
• Anglo-Saxon model: Ireland, Scotland, England – High participation in lll, low labour market regulation, high poverty risk
Lll seen as driver of economy & means of combating social exclusion
Aiginger’s typology applied to lll (2)
• Continental model: Rigid & stratified education system. Emphasis on lll as creator of human capital, less on social capital Tightly regulated labour market, but little attention to disadvantaged
• Catching-up model: Slovenia has many features in common with old member states, particularly emphasis on social inclusion.
• Estonia & Lithuania – some features of Baltic states?• Hungary & Czech Republic – reflections of continental
model?• Need for much greater focus on developments in Central
& Eastern European countries.
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