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Vehicle Factors Associated with Correct Child Restraint Installation Lifesavers Annual Conference Lake Buena Vista, FL ● June 15, 2012 Jessica Jermakian
Co-authors: K. Klinich, C. Flannagan, A. McCartt, M. Manary, J. Moore, J. Wells
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Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH)
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June 11, 2003
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LATCH use
• Observation surveys show 63 percent of child restraints
installed with LATCH in LATCH-equipped seat positions
• Many parents report that LATCH is difficult to use
• Fewer than half of forward-facing restraints installed
with tethers
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April 12, 2012
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Usability of vehicle LATCH systems
• Surveyed characteristics of LATCH hardware and rear seat
geometry in 98 passenger vehicles, all 2010-11 models
• Examined vehicle LATCH features associated with installing
child restraints correctly
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98 study vehicles
Large cars
BMW 528i
Cadillac CTS
Chevrolet Impala Chrysler 300C
Dodge Charger Ford Taurus
Hyundai Azera
Jaguar XFMercedes-Benz E 350
Midsize carsAudi A4 Quattro
BMW 328xi Chevrolet Malibu
Dodge Avenger
Ford Fusion Ford Mustang
Honda Accord LX-SHonda Accord SE
Hyundai Sonata
Lexus ES 350 Mazda 6
Mercedes-Benz C 300 Mitsubishi Eclipse
Nissan Altima
Subaru Legacy Subaru Outback
Toyota Camry Volkswagen Jetta
Volvo S40
Volvo S60
Small carsChevrolet Cruze
Chevrolet HHR
Dodge Caliber Ford Focus
Honda Civic EXHonda Civic LX
Kia Soul
Mazda 3 SMazda 3 S Sport
Mitsubishi Lancer Nissan Sentra
Nissan Versa
Subaru ImprezaSuzuki SX4
Toyota Corolla Toyota Matrix
Toyota Prius
MinicarHonda Fit
Mini Cooper Clubman
MinivansChrysler Town & Country Dodge Grand Caravan
Honda Odyssey
Kia Sedona Toyota Sienna
Volkswagen Routan
Large/extra-large SUVsBuick Enclave
Cadillac Escalade
Chevrolet Suburban Chevrolet Tahoe
GMC Acadia Land Rover Range Rover
Mercedes-Benz GL 450
Porsche Cayenne
Midsize SUVsAcura MDX
Chevrolet Equinox Ford Edge
Ford Explorer
Ford Flex Honda Pilot
Hyundai Santa Fe Hyundai Veracruz
Jeep Grand Cherokee
Jeep Liberty Jeep Wrangler
Lexus RX 350 Mazda CX-9
Mercedes-Benz ML 350
Nissan MuranoSubaru Tribeca
Toyota Highlander Toyota Venza
Volvo XC90
Small SUVsFord Escape
Honda CR-V
Kia SportageNissan Rogue
Subaru Forester Suzuki Grand Vitara
Toyota RAV4
PickupsChevrolet Silverado Crew Cab Chevrolet Silverado Ext. Cab
Dodge Ram 1500 Crew Cab
Ford F-150 SuperCabFord F-150 SuperCrew
GMC Sierra Crew CabGMC Sierra Ext. Cab
Honda Ridgeline
Toyota Tacoma AccessCabToyota Tundra Double Cab
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Number of seat positions with lower anchors
number
of vehicles
2 82
3 or more 16
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Number of seat positions with tether anchor
number
of vehicles
2 4
3 84
4 or more 10
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Lower anchors in second-row center seat
number
of vehicles
dedicated lower anchors 7
anchors borrowed
from outboard positions 9
none 82
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Confusing hardware 2011 Honda Pilot
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Interference with lower anchors 2010 Chrysler Town & Country
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Rear seat geometry
• Vehicle seat shape
and dimensions
• Location of safety belt,
lower anchors, tether
anchor
• Location and prominence
of head restraint
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Lower anchors
• Markings, coverings, interference
• Collinearity, child restraint fixture installation
• Clearance angle, connector attachment force, depth
within seat bight
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Tether anchors
• Location, routing, markings
• Wrap-around distance
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Installations by 36 parents
• 12 vehicles and 3 child restraints
• Some installations with lower anchors and some with safety belts
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Percent of volunteer installations with...
lower anchors used correctly 60
safety belt used correctly 33
tether used (forward-facing only) 48
tether used correctly (forward-facing only) 22
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Percent of volunteer installations with…
hardware used correctly 33
tight installation 31
correct angle 74
hardware used correctly and tight
installation at correct angle 13
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Lower anchor accessibility Toyota Sienna vs. Dodge Grand Caravan
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Odds of using lower anchors correctly by lower anchor depth, clearance angle, and attachment force
0
2
4
6
8
10
anchor depth less than 2 cm
clearance angle greater than 54°
attachment force less than 40 lbs
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Odds of using lower anchors correctly by number of lower anchor easy-installation criteria met
0
5
10
15
20
zero one two three
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21 vehicles meet all easy-installation criteria
Large cars
Mercedes-Benz E 350
Midsize cars
Audi A4 Quattro
Mercedes-Benz C 300
Mitsubishi Eclipse
Small cars
Dodge Caliber
Mitsubishi Lancer
Minivans
Chrysler Town & Country
Dodge Grand Caravan
Kia Sedona
Large/extra-large SUVs
Cadillac Escalade
Chevrolet Suburban
Chevrolet Tahoe
Land Rover Range Rover
Midsize SUVs
Chevrolet Equinox
Honda Pilot
Small SUVs
Ford Escape
Pickups
Chevrolet Silverado Crew Cab
Dodge Ram 1500 Crew Cab
Ford F-150 SuperCrew
GMC Sierra Crew Cab
Toyota Tacoma Access Cab
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7 vehicles don’t meet any easy-installation criteria
Large cars
Ford Taurus
Chevrolet Impala
Midsize cars
Dodge Avenger
Hyundai Sonata
Minivans
Toyota Sienna
Large/extra-large SUVs
Buick Enclave
Midsize SUVs
Ford Flex
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Child restraint with and without misuse
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