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Vertebrate EvolutionTorsten Bernhardt
Redpath Museum, McGill University
This teaching resource was made possible with funding from the PromoScience programme of NSERC.
© McGill University 2010
History of the Earth
4.6 3.8-3.5 1.5 0.542 0
Origins of Bacteria
Origins of Eukaryotes
Phanerozoic
Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
(Billions of years)
(Millions of years)
Chordates
Pikaia
http
://as
soci
atio
npou
rlasa
ntee
tlenv
ironn
emen
t.sky
netb
logs
.be/
arch
ive-
day/
2006
0514
http
://m
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-2.w
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nica
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/eb-
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5EB3
891.
jpg
Tunicates (sea squirts)
The First Fish?
http
://pe
rmia
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/200
7/05
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tes-
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nosa
urio
s-02
.jpg
Haikouichthys
Agnathans: Jawless Fish (i)
Ostracoderms-armoured, jawless fish-used gills only for respiration-no paired fins, so probably poor swimmers
Endeiolepis aneri
Agnathans: Jawless Fish (ii)
Cephalaspisht
tp://
ww
w.n
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/asa
hi/fr
agi/r
agi/g
alle
ry/c
epha
lasp
is.h
tml
Ostracoderms went extinct in the Devonian, most likely due to the placoderms (who we’ll get to in a minute…)
Agnathans: Jawless Fish (iii)
http
://w
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.uts
c.ut
oron
to.c
a/~y
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/lam
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.jpg
A modern agnathan: the lamprey
Placoderms: Jaws Evolve (i)
Bothriolepis
http
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.pan
gaea
desi
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/_gr
aph
ics/
page
/reta
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rge/
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pis.
jpg
-Still armoured-Jaws are a major advantage-First live birth-Paired fins
Placoderms: Jaws Evolve (ii)ht
tp://
ww
w.d
inot
ime.
de/p
ictu
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dunk
leos
teus
.jpg
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/pal
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.jpg
Dunkleosteus
No teeth
Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes) (i)ht
tp://
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ivep
hoto
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e.co
m/u
ser/1
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Manta ray
http://ww
w.m
caorals.co.uk/Photos/Deep%
20Sea%20
Fish/chimaera_fish1.jpg
-Sharks, skates, rays, chimeras-Skeleton is made of cartilage instead of bone-Don’t fossilize well-Are thought to have evolved from placoderms
Chimeraht
tp://
tem
plec
uttin
gedg
e.fil
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/200
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/gre
at-w
hite
-sha
rk-1
.jpg
Great white shark
Cartilaginous Fish (Chondrichthyes) (ii)ht
tp://
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aren
carr
.com
Stethacanthus(~360 Mya)
http
://da
ta3.
blog
.de/
med
ia/6
06/2
1296
06_f
b5a2
adfe
5_m
.jpeg
Megalodon (~1.5 mya)
Bony Fish (Osteichthyes)ht
tp://
ricom
oss.
files
.wor
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sh.jp
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http://home-aquarium
-store.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/beta-fish-pictures.jpgNile Perch
Betta
Bony Fish – Ray-finned Fish(Actinopterygii)
http
://w
ww
.gnb
.ca/
0078
/Hey
_kid
s/im
ages
/Bro
okTr
out.j
pg
Brook trout
http://ww
w.free-m
obile-w
allpapers.com/w
allpapers/iphone-wallpaper-
clown-fish.jpg
Clown fish
-25 000 species, 99% of all fish today-Fins are supported by bony rays
Homalacanthus
Bony Fish – Lobe-finned Fish(Sarcopterygii)
Eusthenopteron
http
://w
ww
.itsn
atur
e.or
g/Se
a/im
ages
/arti
cle-
imag
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oela
cant
h.jp
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Coelacanth
-Fins have bones and muscle-Live on the bottom-Not especially diverse, as fish
From Fish to Amphibians
One group of sarcopterygians, the osteolepiforms, had nostrils that led to an opening in the roof of its mouth. This allowed air to pass into the mouth and then to paired swim bladders (similar to our lungs).
Lungfish, which are modern sarcopterygians, can crawl over land from one water body to another.
The sturdy fins of the sarcopterygians have bones much like those in our limbs. Other anatomical features, such as skull bones and teeth, also point to a relationship.
We think that amphibians evolved from sarcopterygian (lobe-finned) fish. Why is this?
From Fish to Amphibiansht
tp://
high
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bcs.
wile
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gacy
/col
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/levi
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9743
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ut/im
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/nw
0276
-nn.
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Amphibian limb (left) and lobe-finned fish fin (right)
http
://w
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.hm
nh.o
rg/g
alle
ries
/dea
dani
mal
blog
/pf_
tikta
alik
.jpg
Early amphibians had as many as eight toes; this was eventually reduced to five, or four
Amphibiansht
tp://
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unda
lis.c
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io/c
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hthy
oste
ga.jp
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Ichthyostega
http
://da
rwin
iana
.org
/aca
ntho
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a1.jp
g
Acanthostega http
://di
c.ac
adem
ic.ru
/pic
ture
s/w
iki/f
iles/
101/
eryo
ps1d
b.jp
gEryops
-Early amphibians didn’t look like modern amphibians
-Three-chambered heart-Had lungs, but also breathed through
their skin-Were tied to water for reproduction-Dominant predators in the Carboniferous
Amniotes
http
://ke
ntsi
mm
ons.
uwin
nipe
g.ca
/16c
m05
/111
6/34
-19-
Amni
otic
Egg-
L.gi
f
Amniote egg
Outer envelope
Inner envelope
Yolk Amphibian egg
-Amniotes’ eggs allowed them to reproduce away from water and expand to drier areas
-They diverged into two lineages: one would eventually become mammals, the other would become reptiles and birds
http
://en
.wik
iped
ia.o
rg/w
iki/F
ile:
Chr
onio
such
usD
B126
.jpg
Chroniosuchus, which may be an ancestor of amniotes
Mammal-like reptiles (Synapsids)
http
://le
sdin
os.fr
ee.fr
/dim
etro
don.
jpg
Dimetrodon
http://9thestate.com/im
ages/gorgonopsid.jpg
Gorgonopsids
-Ancestors of true mammals-Regulated their temperature-Different types of teeth-Very successful until the end of the Permian
The Permian Extinction
!
-The most severe extinction event in the Earth’s history-May be related to the Siberian Traps, the largest volcanic
eruptions on Earth-96% of species in the oceans go extinct, 70% of vertebrates on
land go extinct, 99.5% of all living creatures die-The mammal-like reptiles are severely affected
http
://w
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.lpi.u
sra.
edu/
educ
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n/tim
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e/ga
llery
/imag
es/0
53.jp
g
Reptileshttp://w
ww
.dkimages.com
/discover/preview
s/1519/11653653.JPG
Scutosaurus
-Many different groups-Scales, “3.5”-chambered heart-Almost all lay eggs-Extremely successful in the Mesozoic (which is
known as the Age of Reptiles)
http
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/din
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urs/
Mes
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0407
8.jp
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Mesosaurus, one of the first reptiles to return to the sea
http://mrugala.net/N
ature/Animaux/D
inosaures/C
oelurosauravus.jpg
Coelurosauravus, a gliding reptile
Crurotarsi
http
://w
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.cry
ptom
undo
.com
/wp-
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ploa
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such
us.jp
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Postosuchus
-The group that today includes crocodiles
-Ruled the world in the Triassic, after the mammal–like reptiles were severely affected by the Permian extinction
-Were themselves severely affected by the extinction event at the end of the Triassic
Other Reptilesht
tp://
natu
resc
rusa
ders
.file
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.com
/200
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/gex
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e.jp
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Green sea turtle
Snake
http://petzotics.com/Lizards%
20Image
s/Tokay_Gecko.jpg
Tokay gecko
http
://m
udpu
ddle
.file
s.w
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ress
.com
/20
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2/he
nry.
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Tuatarahttp
://na
ture
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sade
rs.fi
les.
wor
dpre
ss.c
om/2
009/
04/rh
abdo
phis
_tig
rinus
_06t
oad.
jpg
Dinosaurs
Triceratops Gorgosaurus
-Were around for 160 million years
-Two groups, based on hip structure
-May have been warm blooded
-Advanced features – bones, gait
Dinosaursht
tp://
scie
ncej
unki
es.c
om/m
edia
//200
9/03
/blu
e_w
hale
_siz
e_co
mpa
rison
.gif
http://bydirigible.files.wordpress.com
/2008/05/dinosaurs.jpg
Not Just Dinosaurs! (i)
Turtles
Snakes
Lizardsht
tp://
arch
eow
iesc
i.file
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ress
.com
/20
07/1
1/sa
rcos
uchu
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gers
auru
s.jp
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Crocodylimorphs
http
://w
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.flas
hweb
.gr/t
urtle
2008
/pho
tos/
arch
.jpg
http
://bl
ogs.
natio
nalg
eogr
aphi
c.co
m/b
logs
/new
s/ch
ief
edito
r/wor
ld%
27s-
bigg
est-s
nake
-pic
ture
.jpg
Tuatara
Not Just Dinosaurs! (ii)ht
tp://
ww
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nter
naut
e.co
m/s
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ce/b
iolo
gie/
diap
oram
as/0
5/di
nosa
ures
/imag
es/p
tera
nodo
n.jp
g
Pterosaurs - the first flying vertebrates
http
://w
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.sea
rch4
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saur
s.co
m/m
iller
_mos
asau
r.jpg
Mosasaurs
http
://w
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005.
upp.
so-
net.n
e.jp
/Jur
assi
cGal
lery
/Icht
hyos
aurs
.jpg
Ichthyosaurs
http://ww
w.discoverynew
s.us/DISC
OVER
Y%20M
USEU
M/C
reaturesFrom
TheDeep/C
reaturesIMAG
ES/Plesiosaur_4_large.jpg
Plesiosaurs
True Mammals
http
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clib
.nhm
.ac.
uk/p
iclib
/web
imag
es/0
/100
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0/14
61_m
ed.jp
g
-Evolved from the synapsids (mammal-like reptiles)
-Vaguely rodent-like, small
-Showed up not too long after the dinosaurs
-Didn’t amount to much in the Mesozoic; lawnmower ecology
Birdsht
tp://
cent
rouf
olog
icot
aran
to.fi
les.
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dpre
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om/2
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rcha
eopt
eryx
.jpg
Archaeopteryx
-Evolved from dinosaurs; specifically, the meat-eating deinonychosaurs, which includes Dromaeosaurus
-Are technically dinosaurs
-Feathers evolved before birds did; T. rexmay have been fuzzy
-May have outcompeted the pterosaurs and helped drive them to extinction
-The second vertebrate group to fly
http
://de
sire
esta
nley
.file
s.w
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.com
/200
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/blu
e-bi
rd-
mis
sour
i.jpg
Cretaceous Extinction
!
http
://lif
e7.b
eyon
dgen
es.c
om/im
ages
115/
thee
nd.J
PG
-Ends the reign of the dinosaurs
-Flying and swimming reptiles also go extinct
-Many other groups suffer as well
-Mammals step into the empty niches
Mammals Take Over (i)ht
tp://
s3.a
maz
onaw
s.co
m/lc
p/fir
st_c
orne
r_of
_ani
ta_b
oker
on/m
yfile
s/el
epha
nt.in
dric
othe
rium
.hum
an.jp
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Indricotherium
http://upload.wikim
edia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/th
umb/7/7a/Panochthus_frenzelianus.jpg/800px-
Panochthus_frenzelianus.jpg
http
://w
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.bbc
.co.
uk/s
cien
ce/s
eam
onst
ers/
fact
file
s/im
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/ars
inoi
ther
ium
1.jp
g
Arsinoitherium
Glyptodont
http://ww
w.pts.org.tw
/~web02/beasts/factfiles/prim
ary_ff_displays/leptictidium
_1.jpg
Leptictidium
http
://hi
dden
way
.trip
od.c
om/im
ages
/cre
atur
es/s
milo
don.
jpg
Saber-toothed cat
Mammals Take Over (ii)ht
tp://
fasc
inat
ingl
y.co
m/w
p-co
nten
t/upl
oads
/200
9/03
/hum
pbac
k_w
hale
.jpg
Humpback whale
http://ww
w.treehugger.com
/bat-organic-coffee-001.jpg
Bat
http://ww
w.dum
baaldum.org/im
ages/pic-sounds/letter-h/hand.jpg
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