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Vietnam War. Chapter 30. Moving Toward Conflict. Section 30*1 pp. 936-941. US Supports France in Vietnam. Nationalist Movements Protest French colonial rule Protest Japanese rule during WWII Ho Chi Minh formed Vietminh Organization dedicated to Vietnamese independence - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Vietnam WarChapter 30
Moving Toward ConflictSection 30*1pp. 936-941
US Supports France in Vietnam
•Nationalist Movements▫Protest French colonial
rule ▫Protest Japanese rule
during WWII Ho Chi Minh formed
Vietminh Organization dedicated to
Vietnamese independence Declared independence
when Japan was defeated
US Supports France in Vietnam •French Indochina
War (1946-1954) ▫France retook
control of South ▫Vietminh
controlled North ▫US Supported
France
•Domino Theory ▫Eisenhower’s justification to fight in
Vietnam▫If one nation falls to Communism, others
will
US Supports France in Vietnam
US Supports France in Vietnam
•Vietminh take Dien Bien Phu in 1954
•Geneva Accords divide Vietnam
Communist North and Nationalist South Two capitals, Hanoi
and Saigon Call for elections in
1956
The US Steps In •Ngo Dinh Diem (South)
▫Refused to hold elections▫Supported by US ▫Corrupt regime
•Vietcong Form in Resistance to Diem▫Communist opposition group ▫Supplied along Ho Chi Minh Trail ▫Make Southern Vietnam unstable Ho Chi
MinhNorth
Ngo Dinh DiemSouth
The US Steps In•JFK and Vietnam
▫Supported Diem to fight Communism ▫Diem government unstable and corrupt▫US removed Diem in 1963
South grows unstable Increased influence of Vietcong
LBJ Expands the Conflict•Tonkin Gulf
Resolution ▫Response to
incident in Gulf of Tonkin North Vietnamese
ships fired on US ship
LBJ responded by bombing Vietnam
LBJ Expands the Conflict▫Resolution
Provisions Gave LBJ broad
military powers Launched Operation
Rolling Thunder
US Involvement and EscalationSection 30*2pp. 942-947
LBJ Increased US Involvement •LBJ sends troops to Vietnam in 1965
▫Determined to defeat Communism▫This is initially supported by U.S. Congress
and public
Fighting in the Jungle •An Elusive Enemy
▫Vietcong guerilla tactics▫Elaborate tunnels▫Booby-trapped terrain▫Jungle conditions
Fighting in the Jungle•War of Attrition
▫Goal: Wear out the enemy
▫Vietcong remained determined Aided by USSR and
China Fighting to preserve
way of life
Fighting in the Jungle•Peasants Don’t
Support U.S. ▫Napalm ▫Agent Orange▫Search-and-destroy
missions
•Sinking Morale▫Frustrated by
Guerilla warfare Jungle conditions Stalemate
▫Began to self-medicate
Fighting in the Jungle
The Early War at Home •The Great Society Suffers
▫War costs led to inflation and tax increase▫$6b reduction in Great Society programs
•Living-Room War▫Daily reports of events and body count ▫LBJ’s credibility questioned
A Nation DividedSection 30*3pp. 948-953
The Working Class War •The Draft
▫Most Vietnam soldiers were drafted ▫Many tried to manipulate the system
Medical Excuses Joined Coast Guard or National Guard College Deferment
▫80% of soldiers from lower economic class
The Working Class War •African
Americans in Vietnam ▫Disproportionately
used as ground troops
▫MLK: “Cruel Irony”
▫Racism presents challenge in platoons
The Roots of Opposition •The New Left
▫Growing youth movement of 1960’s▫Called for changes in American society ▫Students for a Democratic Society ▫Free Speech Movement
•Doves Oppose the War▫Change in college deferments causes SDS to
call for civil disobedience ▫Criticisms of War
It was a civil war It drained US strength It was immoral
•From Protest to Resistance ▫200,000 draft violations during war
4,000 imprisoned 10,000 flee to Canada
Protest Movement Emerges
Protest Movement Emerges•War Divides the Nation
▫In 1967, a majority of Americans remained committed to the war
▫70% thought protests were disloyal
•LBJ Remains Determined ▫Continued policy of slow escalation
The End of the War and Its LegacySection 30*5pp. 960-967
The Tet Offensive •Vietcong attack on
January 30, 1968▫Attack 100 towns
and 12 air bases▫5 Americans killed
during attack on US embassy in Saigon
▫US defeated Vietcong after a month
The Tet Offensive •Vietcong attack on January 30, 1968
•Consequences▫Shocked American public▫Widened LBJ’s credibility gap
•Change in Public Opinion▫Media openly criticizes war ▫Sec. of Defense calls war “un-winnable” ▫LBJ’s approval falls to 40%
Nixon and Vietnamization •“Peace With
Honor” ▫Vietnamization:
Gradual pullout of US troops
▫Nixon ordered massive bombing of Laos, Cambodia, and North Vietnam
Trouble Continues on the Home Front
•My Lai Massacre▫U.S. troops killed
200 women, children, and elderly men in My Lai
▫Turned public opinion against US Army
Trouble Continues on the Home Front• Invasion of
Cambodia (1970)▫ Try to destroy
Vietcong supply centers
▫ Nationwide college protests
• Violence on Campus▫ Kent State: National
Guard kill 4 protestors
•Pentagon Papers▫Revealed Truman, Eisenhower, JFK,LBJ,
and the US Army had been leading covert operations in Vietnam that increased US involvement in Vietnam Confirmed gov’t was dishonest about war Led Congress to repeal the Tonkin Gulf
Resolution in 1970 Increased public distrust of the gov’t
Trouble Continues on the Home Front
Longest War Ends•Final Push
▫January 1973: Peace Agreement Reached NV troops remain in SV Nixon promises US will defend treaty
▫March 1973: Last troops leave
Longest War Ends•Fall of Saigon
▫March 1975: NV launch attack vs. SV
▫US doesn’t send military support
▫April 30, 1975: Saigon falls to NV
The War’s Legacy•58,000 Americans died•303,000 Americans wounded •Instability in SE Asia •Mistrust of government•War Powers Act
▫Prevented president from committing troops to a foreign conflict without approval from Congress
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