Violent Economic Crime and Crimes of Intimidation

Violent Economic Crime and Crimes of Violent Economic Crime and Crimes of IntimidationIntimidation

Violent Economic Crime and Crimes of Violent Economic Crime and Crimes of IntimidationIntimidationCrimes that are either violent or have the

potential to cause great harmImmense psychological impact on victim,

regardless of whether or not violence occurs

RobberyRobberyDirect contact between offender and the

victimThreat or use of force

Firearms most common weaponStrong-arm robbery » no weapon

Most feared, yet least studied crime by psychologists

Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2008

RobberyRobberyBank robbery

Risk of resistance lowMale, single individual

Commercial robberyFast food, convenience stores

Street robberyHighest proportionCognitive scripts

RobberyAmateur and Professional Bank RobbersAmateur and Professional Bank Robbers

Amateur Professionals

Lone 2 or more

High customer traffic

Low customer traffic

Stand in line Control the situation

Not armed Display weapons

Spontaneous Planned

Get away on foot/bike

Get away by motor vehicle

CybercrimeCybercrimeRelatively new termAny legal act that involves a computer systemComputer crimePrevalence is growing rapidly

CybercrimeExamplesVirus generationCopyright violations of computer softwareTransmission of pornographic materialCyberstalkingCyperbullyingIllegal gambling on internet

Federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1984of 1984

Computer Abuse Amendments Act of Computer Abuse Amendments Act of 19941994

CybercrimeCybercrime

StalkingStalkingWillful, malicious and repeated following

and harassing of another personLegal definitions vary from state to state

Lying in waitSurveillanceNonconsensual communicationTelephone harassmentVandalism

Stalking Four CategoriesSimple obsessionLove obsessionErotomaniaVengeance

StalkingSimple ObsessionAbout 60% of stalking casesStalker seeks power and controlOften an extension of domestic abuse“If I can’t have you, nobody will”

StalkingLove ObsessionCasual acquaintances or strangersPerpetrators have low self-esteemSeek love relationship

Stalking ErotomaniaPublic figures are often targetsPerpetrator often mentally ill, delusionalViolence rare

Stalking

VengeancePerpetrator does not seek personal

relationshipElicit response or change of behavior in

victim, usually for perceived injustice or rights violation

CyberstalkingCyberstalkingUse of computer to threaten or engage in

unwanted advances toward anotherMotives often control and power, similar to

stalkingDeindividuation

Internet provides anonymity

CyberbullyingCyberbullyingIntentional and repetitive harm inflicted

through the medium of electronic forms of contact

Girls often victimsShort durationAnonymity

Hostage TakingHostage TakingInstrumental

Material gain

ExpressivePsychological motivesAchieve control over own life

Hostage-takingFBI Four CategoriesFBI Four Categories Terrorists Prisoners Criminals Mentally disordered

Hostage TakingBarricade SituationBarricade SituationStrategies for Negotiation

Most dangerous time is first 15 to 45 minutesRemain calm and contain situationAllow offender to feel some controlRecognize that time is hostage ally

Hostage-takingStockholm SyndromeStockholm SyndromeHostage is attracted to captorConditions under which it may occur

Hostage taker and victim have been together for length of time

Hostage taker and victim have had direct social contact

Hostage is treated kindlyRare occurrence

Strentz Hostage TypesStrentz Hostage Types

London Syndrome » Hostage argues, detrimental to hostage

Type Psychological Reaction

Survivors Able to return to healthy, meaningful life

after incident

Succumbers

Do not survive incidentConsiderable difficulty

coping

ArsonArsonUCR guidelines, fire determined to be willfully

or maliciously setYoung males commit majorityMany incidents go undetected, underreported

or unsolved

ArsonWillful or malicious

attempt to burn

FiresettingAn abnormal fascination with fire accompaniedby attempts to start fires, usedin child psychopathyliterature

Developmental Stages of FiresettingDevelopmental Stages of FiresettingPhase Description

Fire interest

Ages 5-7Normal fascination

Fire play

Ages 5-9Experimentation

Firesetting

After age 10, continue to use fire to destroy,

communicateSignificant problems

throughout life

Six Motives of ArsonistsSix Motives of Arsonists Revenge, spite or jealousy Vandalism or malicious mischief Crime concealment Profit or insurance fraud Intimidation, extortion, terrorism, sabotage Pyromania or other psychological motives

ArsonBehavioral TypologyBehavioral TypologyExpressive-person »

Most common, mental disorders cry for help

Expressive-object »

Serial firesettersFascination with fire

Instrumental-person »

Failed relationshipsAnger motivation

Instrumental-object »

Antisocial historyCovering other crimes

PyromaniaPyromaniaMultiple episodes of deliberate and purposeful

firesetting High level of tension or arousal released after

fireLittle evidence of sexual arousal

Bombings and Explosive IncidentsBombings and Explosive IncidentsMischief or vandalism is most frequent motiveResearch limitedRequires skillCompulsive bombers-childhood fascination

with bombs

Chapter 15Key ConceptsKey Concepts

ArsonBarricade situationRobberyCognitive scriptCyberbullyingCybercrimeCyberstalkingErotomania stalking

Expressive-object pattern

Expressive-person pattern

Expressive hostage taking

FiresettingInstrumental

hostage taking

Chapter 15Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Instrumental-object pattern

Instrumental-person pattern

London syndromeLove obsession

stalkingPyromania

Simple obsession stalking

StalkingStockholm

syndromeStreet cultureStrong-arm robberySuccumbersSurvivorsVengeance stalking