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Visual Principles
Instructional Media and Technologies for LearningChapter 5
Presented by Linda Nash
Roles of Visual Instruction
Visuals provide a referent for ideas
Visuals are iconic
Abacus
Visuals motivate learners by attracting their attention.
Visual Literacy
The learned ability to interpret and to create visual messages, can be developed in two major ways.
Input strategies, or decoding Output strategies, or encoding
Input strategies, or decoding
Developmental effects
Cultural effects Visual
preferences
Output strategies, or encoding
Creating visuals
Goals of Visual Design
Ensure legibility Reduce Effort Increase Active Engagement Focus Attention
Graphics: help or hurt?
Hoffman, Bob. “Using Graphics and Animation in Instruction”, Encyclopedia Of Instructional Technology, http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/articles/typecontrasts/index.htm
Processes of Visual Design
•Visual elements
•Verbal elements
•Elements that add texture and appeal
Visual Elements
•Realistic
•Analogic
•Organizational
Realistic visual elements
Realistic is not always better
Analogic visual elements
Comparing the unknown to the known
Organizational Elements
Flowcharts Graphs Maps
Verbal Elements
Letter Style
Sans serif typeface, such as Helvetica, is well suited to projected visuals.
A serifed typeface, such as Palatino, is recommended for printed text.
Some rules for lettering
Limit variations, such as Bold, italic, underline,
size, and typeface, to 4 CAPITALS- USE ONLY WHERE NORMALLY
REQUIRED Color of lettering should contrast with the
background Color of lettering should contrast with the
background
More lettering rules
Size- ½ inch to 10 feet Spacing between letters- optical method Spacing between lines
Elements that Add Appeal
Surprise Texture Interaction
Pattern
Alignment Shape Balance Style Color Scheme Color Appeal
Alignment
Shape
Letter shape
Balance
Rule of Thirds
Rule ofThirds
Rule of Thirds-2
“Panache" - courtesy of Karen Bryan
Rule of Thirds - 3 With grid
Color Scheme
Use the color wheel to determine harmonious color schemes
Color Appeal
Consider the audience and the subject. Children prefer warm colors (red, pink,
orange, yellow) Adults prefer cool, more subtle color
combinations (blue, green violet) Be aware of cultural differences
Arrangement
Proximity Directionals Figure-Ground Contrast Consistency
Arrangement- No proximity
Arrangement with proximity
Directionals
Bullets
Arrows
Bold type
Bright colors
Figure-Ground Contrast
Light on dark or dark on light is the rule
Legibility
Consistency
As viewers go through a series of images, they attempt to form a set of rules about where information will appear.
Consistency allows the viewer to use less energy determining these rules, and more energy concentrating on your message.
Visual Planning Tools
Storyboard Types of Letters Drawing, Sketching, Cartooning
Digital Images
Digital Cameras Scanners PowerPoint Desktop Publishing
Sum it Up
Assemble the elements Choose the background Arrange elements Check and Revise
Citations
Heinrich,Robert, Molenda, Michael, Russell, James D., and Smaldino, Sharon. Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill-Prentice-Hall, 2002.
Hoffman, Bob. (c1994-2003) The Encyclopedia of Educational Technology. Retrieved September 9, 2003, from http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/articles/typecontrasts/index.htm
Kraemer, James. (1999). 2safeschools Retrieved September 7, 2003, from http://www.geocities.com/yellowtincan/ytc.htm
Kristi@Cartoon Cottage. (c1998-2003) Cartoon Cottage Retrieved September 8, 2003, from http://cartooncottage.com/
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