VS 1 Effects of Industrialization 1. Immigration and Urbanization Rise of large factories greatly...

VS 1

Effects of Industrialization

1. Immigration and Urbanization

• Rise of large factories greatly increases the demand for labor in the United States, encouraging immigrants to move to America in large numbers.

• The increase in industrial jobs encourages large numbers of Americans and immigrants to settle in cities.

• As cities grow large, pollution, crime, disease, and fire become serious problems.

VS 2

Effects of Industrialization

1. Immigration and Urbanization

• New industrial technology allows cities to grow even larger with the development of the skyscraper, the elevator, and the trolley car.

• Large urban areas change the nature of politics creating corrupt urban political “machines” such as Tammany Hall in New York.

VS 3

Effects of Industrialization

2. Farm Problems

• Industrialization and new technology increases farm production and creates the ability to ship farm products across the country.

• Farmers produce huge surpluses, driving down food prices, while a money shortage leads to high interest rates; farmers grow deeper in debt while income falls.

VS 4

Effects of Industrialization

2. Farm Problems

• High railroad rates in the West combine with high rents for tenant farmers in the South to create a crisis for farmers.

• Farmers form the Grange, the Alliance, and the Populist Party to help address their concerns.

VS 5

Effects of Industrialization

3. Changes in Culture

• Industrial society initially leads to a strong belief in individualism; Social Darwinism emerges as the idea that government should not interfere in society.

• Ongoing social problems caused by industrialization lead to Reform Darwinism and the emergence of reformers who want to use government to help solve society’s problems and regulate the economy.

VS 6

Effects of Industrialization

3. Changes in Culture

• New forms of realist and naturalist art and literature depict industrial life in serious and realistic ways.

C & E Trans

Why It Matters Trans

Section 2-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Government and Society The growth of and problems in major cities led to political machines that controlled local politics.

Chapter Timeline

Chapter Timeline

Section 1-End

Section 2

Americans Migrate to the Cities

Rural Americans and immigrants moved to the cities where skyscrapers and mass transit were developed to deal with congestion.

Section 2

• After the Civil War, the urban population of the United States grew from around 10 million in 1870 to more than 30 million in 1900.

• The physical appearance of cities also changed dramatically.

Americans Migrate to the Cities (cont.)

− Skyscrapers began to appear as demand raised for the price of land.

− No one contributed more to the design of skyscrapers than Chicago’s Louis Sullivan.

Section 2

• The following kinds of mass transit developed:

Americans Migrate to the Cities (cont.)

− horsecars

− cable cars

− the electric trolley car

− elevated railroads

− subway systems

Section 2

Separation by Class

In the cities, society was separated by classes, with the upper, middle, and working classes living in different neighborhoods.

Section 2

• During the last half of the 1800s, the wealthiest families established fashionable districts in the heart of a city.

• The nation’s rising middle class included doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers, social workers, architects, and teachers.

• Few families in the urban class could hope to own a home.

Separation by Class (cont.)

− Most spent their lives in crowded tenements.

Section 2

• Within the working class, white native-born men earned higher wages than anyone else.

− Many times the entire family, including the children, worked.

Separation by Class (cont.)

Lets look at the Book for a change:

Go to Pages 224-225 and then…let’s talk

Section 2

Urban Problems

Major problems plagued the cities; political machines provided help for some residents but were frequently corrupt.

Section 2

• Crime, both major and minor, was a growing problem in American cities.

Urban Problems (cont.)

− Alcohol contributed to violent crime, both inside and outside the home.

− Disease and pollution posed even bigger threats.

Section 2

• The political machine came about partly because cities had grown much faster than their governments.

Urban Problems (cont.)

− In exchange for votes, political machines and the party bosses who ran them eagerly provided necessities.

Section 2

• The party bosses who ran the political machines also controlled the city’s finances.

Urban Problems (cont.)

− Many machine politicians grew rich as the result of fraud or graft.

− George Plunkitt was one of New York’s most powerful party bosses.

Section 2

• Tammany Hall, the New York City Democratic political machine, was the most infamous such organization.

Urban Problems (cont.)

− William “Boss” Tweed was its leader during the 1860s and 1870s.

Section 2-End

Section 3-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Past and Present Ideas about wealth during the last part of the 1800s continue to affect society today.

Section 3

Social Darwinism

Individualism and Social Darwinism shaped Americans’ attitudes toward industrial society.

Section 3

• In 1872, Mark Twain and Charles Warner wrote a novel entitled The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.

− By calling this era the Gilded Age, they were warning others that something might appear to sparkle, but the inside is probably made of cheaper material.

Social Darwinism (cont.)

• Whether the era was golden or merely gilded, it was certainly a time of great cultural activity.

Section 3

• One of the strongest beliefs of the era was the idea of individualism.

Social Darwinism (cont.)

− Horatio Alger wrote more than 100 “rags to riches” stories.

• Another powerful idea was Social Darwinism.

− British philosopher Herbert Spencer applied Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection to human society.

Section 3

• For many devout Christians, however, Darwin’s conclusions were upsetting and offensive.

• Andrew Carnegie advocated a gentler version of Social Darwinism that he called the Gospel of Wealth.

Social Darwinism (cont.)

− This philosophy held that wealthy Americans should engage in philanthropy and use their great fortunes to create conditions that would help people help themselves.

Section 3

A Changing Culture

Artists and writers began portraying life in America more realistically, and cities offered new forms of entertainment.

Section 3

• A new movement in art and literature called realism began in the 1800s.

− Artists and writers tried to portray the world realistically.

− Perhaps the best-known American painter was Thomas Eakins.

− William Dean Howells and Mark Twain are two famous writers from this era.

A Changing Culture (cont.)

Section 3

• Popular culture changed considerably in the late 1800s.

A Changing Culture (cont.)

− As a place for social gathering, saloons played a major role in the lives of male workers.

− Amusement parks and watching professional sports also became popular during the late 1800s.

Section 3

− Playing tennis, golf, and croquet became popular.

− Vaudeville and ragtime music echoed the hectic pace of city life.

A Changing Culture (cont.)

Section 3

Politics in Washington

The two major parties were closely competitive in the late 1800s; tariff rates and big business regulation were hotly debated political issues.

Section 3

• When Rutherford B. Hayes became president in 1877, he tried to end patronage by firing officials who had been given their jobs under the spoils system.

Politics in Washington (cont.)

− His actions divided the Republican Party between “Stalwarts” (who supported patronage) and the “Halfbreeds” (who opposed it).

Section 3

• When James A. Garfield became president, his assassination turned public opinion against the spoils system and in 1833 Congress passed the Pendleton Act.

Politics in Washington (cont.)

− This marked the beginning of professional civil service.

Section 3

• In 1884, the Democratic Party nominated Grover Cleveland for president and the Republican Party nominated James G. Blaine.

• As the first elected Democratic president since 1856, Grover Cleveland faced a horde of supporters who expected him to reward them with jobs.

Politics in Washington (cont.)

− However, “Mugwumps” expected him to increase the number of jobs protected by the civil service system.

Section 3

• Many Americans were concerned by the power of large corporations, especially the railroads.

• Many states passed laws regulating railroad rates, but the Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government could regulate interstate commerce.

• In 1887, Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act, which created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).

Politics in Washington (cont.)

Section 3

• In December 1887, President Cleveland proposed lowering tariffs, which became a major issue in the election of 1888.

• Harrison’s victory in the election of 1888 gave the Republicans control of both houses of Congress as well as the White House.

Politics in Washington (cont.)

− The McKinley Tariff lowered federal revenue causing a budget deficit.

Section 3

• In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act; however, the law had little impact.

Politics in Washington (cont.)

Section 3

The Rebirth of Reform

Reformers developed new methods and philosophies for helping the urban poor.

Section 3

• In 1879, journalist Henry George published Progress and Poverty, a book challenging Social Darwinism.

• In 1883, Lester Frank Ward published Dynamic Sociology, in which he argued that humans were different from animals because they had the ability to make plans to produce future outcomes they desired.

The Rebirth of Reform (cont.)

− Ward’s ideas came to be known as Reform Darwinism.

Section 3

• In 1888, Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward, a book about a perfect socialistic society.

• Criticism of industrial society also appeared in a new style of writing known as naturalism.

The Rebirth of Reform (cont.)

− Naturalists believed that some people failed in life due to circumstances beyond their control.

− Famous writers include Stephen Crane, Jack London, and Theodore Dreiser.

Section 3

• The plight of the urban poor prompted some reformers to find new ways to help.

The Rebirth of Reform (cont.)

− Their efforts gave rise to the Social Gospel movement, the Salvation Army, the YMCA, and settlement houses.

• Jane Addams opened a famous settlement house in Chicago—the Hull House—in 1889.

Section 3

• Public schools were crucial to the success of immigrant children.

The Rebirth of Reform (cont.)

− They were taught English and learned about American history and culture, a process known as Americanization.

Section 3-End

Section 4-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Economics and Society The Populist movement and its presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan strongly supported silver as the basis for currency.

Section 4

Unrest in Rural America

Deflation, low crop prices, and tariffs hurt farmers economically.

Section 4

• Populism was a movement to increase farmers’ political power and to work for legislation in their interest.

• Some farmers thought adjusting the money supply would solve their economic problems.

Unrest in Rural America (cont.)

− During the Civil War the federal government issued millions of dollars in greenbacks.

− This increase in the money supply without an increase in goods for sale caused inflation.

Section 4

• To get inflation under control, the federal government stopped printing greenbacks, began paying off its bonds, and stopped making silver coins.

• As the economy expanded, deflation began and hit farmers especially hard.

Unrest in Rural America (cont.)

Section 4

• In 1867, Oliver H. Kelley founded the first national farm organization, the Patrons of Husbandry, better known as the Grange.

• Grangers responded to the recession in 1873 by pressuring state legislatures to regulate railroad and warehouse rates.

Unrest in Rural America (cont.)

Why Were Farmers Having Problems?

− They also tried to create cooperatives.

Section 4

− None of the strategies the Grangers employed improved farmers’ economic conditions.

• As the Grange began to fall apart, the Farmers’ Alliance began to form.

Unrest in Rural America (cont.)

− When Charles W. Macune became the leader of the Alliance, he announced a plan to organize very large cooperatives, which he called exchanges.

− Ultimately, the large cooperatives failed.

Section 4

The Rise of Populism

Farmers started the People’s Party to fight for their interests and attracted many supporters when a depression hit in the 1890s.

Section 4

• Members of the Kansas Alliance formed the People’s Party, also known as the Populists, and nominated candidates to run for Congress and the state legislature.

• To get the Southern Democrats to support the Alliance, Charles Macune introduced the subtreasury plan.

The Rise of Populism (cont.)

− Macune believed the plan would enable farmers to hold their crops off the market in large enough quantities to force prices up.

Section 4

• The Populists nominated James B. Weaver to run for president in 1892.

• The Populist platform endorsed the following:

The Rise of Populism (cont.)

− a return to unlimited coinage of silver at a ratio that gave 16 ounces of silver the same value as one ounce of gold

− federal ownership of railroads

Section 4

− a graduated income tax

− proposals designed to appeal to organized labor

The Rise of Populism (cont.)

• Grover Cleveland won the election.

Section 4

The Election of 1896

Although William Jennings Bryan had the support of the Populists and the Democrats, Republican William McKinley defeated him.

Section 4

• The Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan as their candidate.

The Election of 1896 (cont.)

− He transformed the campaign for silver into a crusade.

− The Populists decided to support Bryan instead of possibly splitting the silver vote.

Election of 1896

Section 4

• The Republicans nominated William McKinley as their candidate.

The Election of 1896 (cont.)

− Due to McKinley’s reputation as a moderate on labor issues and as tolerant toward ethnic groups, he won the campaign.

• The Populist Party declined after 1896.

Election of 1896

Section 4-End

Section 5-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Individual Action Several prominent African Americans led the fight against racial discrimination.

Section 5

Resistance and Repression

Many African Americans fled the South, but some stayed and joined the Populist Party.

Section 5

• In the mid-1870s, Benjamin “Pap” Singleton became convinced that African Americans would never be given a chance to get ahead in the South.

• He urged African Americans to move west, specifically to Kansas.

• In 1886, African American farmers established the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance.

Resistance and Repression (cont.)

The Exodus to Kansas

Section 5

• Many African Americans also joined the Populist Party when it formed in 1891.

• To win back the poor white vote, Democratic leaders began appealing to racism, warning whites that support for Populism would return the South to “Black Republican” rule.

Resistance and Repression (cont.)

− In addition, election officials began using various methods to make it harder for African Americans to vote.

Section 5

Imposing Segregation

Southern states passed laws that imposed segregation and denied African American men their voting rights.

Section 5

• In the late 1800s, Southern states began imposing restrictions that, while not mentioning race, were designed to make it difficult or impossible for African Americans to vote.

• In 1890, Mississippi began requiring all citizens registering to vote to pay a poll tax of $2.

• Mississippi also instituted a literacy test, requiring voters to read and understand the state constitution.

Imposing Segregation (cont.)

Section 5

• Other Southern states adopted similar restrictions, and the number of voters declined significantly.

• African Americans in the North were often barred from public places, but segregation in the South was far worse.

Imposing Segregation (cont.)

− Southern states passed Jim Crow laws.

Section 5

• In 1883, the Supreme Court set the stage for legalized segregation when it overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

− Southern states then passed a series of laws that established racial segregation in virtually all public places.

Imposing Segregation (cont.)

• In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court set out a new doctrine of “separate but equal” facilities for African Americans.

Section 5

The African American Response

Some African American leaders focused on practical vocational education, while others pushed for full civil rights and education opportunities.

Section 5

• Between 1890 and 1899, there was an average of 187 lynchings each year.

• In 1892, Ida B. Wells launched a crusade against lynching.

• Mary Church Terrell fought a lifelong battle against lynching, racism, and sexism.

The African American Response (cont.)

− She helped found the National Association of Colored Women and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Section 5

− She also formed the Women Wage-Earners Association.

• Booker T. Washington proposed that African Americans concentrate on achieving economic goals rather than political ones.

• Booker’s Atlanta Compromise speech provoked a strong challenge from W.E.B. Du Bois, who saw no advantage to giving up civil rights, even temporarily.

The African American Response (cont.)

Section 5-End