Was American foreign policy during the 1800’s motivated more by realism or idealism ? FOREIGN...
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- Slide 1
- Was American foreign policy during the 1800s motivated more by
realism or idealism ? FOREIGN POLICY = the set of goals, principles
and practices that guide a nation in its relations with other
countries Foreign Policy: Setting a Course of Expansionism
- Slide 2
- The Brief History of American Foreign Policy How is Foreign
Policy conducted? The State Department (led by the Sec. of State)
advises the President and carries out the details of U.S. policy
Congress debates and can vote on foreign policy issues Treaties
with other nations do not become legally binding until the Senate
approves it by a two-thirds vote Tools of the Trade Diplomacy and
financial aid and the threat of armed force Realism versus Idealism
Realism: based on our self-interest If it benefits us, it is good
policy Idealism: promote Americas founding ideals to ensure a
better world for ALL not just for us Democracy, liberty,
rights
- Slide 3
- 1796 and George Washingtons Farewell Address It is our true
policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of
the foreign world. The great rule of conduct for us in regard to
foreign nations is to have with them as little political connection
as possible. This is known as isolationism or unilateralism The
United States will go it alone Neutrality protects us from taking
sides Great Britain vs. France in the early days Realism
(economics) vs. Idealism (principles)
- Slide 4
- Defending Neutrality in the War of 1812 Both France and Great
Britain seized ships and kidnapped American sailors Neither
respected our neutral rights James Madison made progress with
France but declared war on Britain Idealism: free trade and our
rights Realism: land (in the West and maybe even Canada) Treaty of
Ghent in 1815 ended the war No territory was ceded or lost It was a
tie
- Slide 5
- Monroe Doctrine 1820s Russia threatening to expand in North
America Spain and Britain were colonizing in South/Central America
1823: The Monroe Doctrine states a policy of non-colonization and
non- interference in the Western Hemisphere The American continents
are closed to future colonization by any European powers Monroe
Doctrine
- Slide 6
- A History of American Expansion Through Diplomacy 1803: T.
Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory from France for $15,000,000
(3 cents an acre) 1819: We negotiate for Florida from Spain 1846:
Britain signs a treaty dividing the Oregon Territory at the 49 th
parallel 1867: $7,200,000 for Alaska from Russia
- Slide 7
- A History of American Expansion Through War 1821: Moses Austin
establishes a colony in Texas which was part of Mexico at the time
The Americans and Mexican government did not get along Americans
held slaves, official documents were in Spanish 1836 Texas declares
itself an independent republic, names Sam Houston as commander in
chief and revolts against Mexico Santa Anna recognizes the Lone
Star Republic Statehood in 1845 1846 President Polk goes to war
with Mexico over our southern border Mexican War ends in 1848
(Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo) Mexican Cession oRio Grande as the
southern border of the U.S. oTerritory from Texas to California
Realists: Great new territory, secure borders Idealists: An unjust
land grab with no regard for the rights of Mexico
- Slide 8
- The Beginning of Imperialism Empire Building Expanding to the
West beyond our borders Across the Pacific Ocean to China and Japan
Hawaii and other islands as coaling stations Protectorates =
nations controlled by stronger nations Moral not just economic
empire building Strong Civilize and Christianize Empire Building
through a strong navy Alfred T. Mahan World powers need world class
navies
- Slide 9
- Differing Viewpoints: Should the U.S. become an imperialist
power? Henry Cabot Lodge (1895)Carl Schurz (1896) Small states are
of the past and have no future. The modern movement is all toward
the concentration of people and territory into great nations and
large dominions. The great nations are rapidly absorbing for their
future expansion and their present defense all the waste places of
the earth. In its dealings with other nations, the United States
should have scrupulous regard, not only for their rights, but also
for their self-respectIt should seek to influence mankind, not by
heavy artillery, but by good example and wise counsel. It should
see its highest glory, not in battles won, but in wars
prevented.
- Slide 10
- Uncle Sam and People from His Colonies, Postcard, ca. 1900
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Why did the United States go to war against Spain in 1898 and
why was the outcome significant? The Spanish-American War
- Slide 13
- Trouble in Cuba One of only two remaining Spanish colonies Much
American investment in sugar plantations amid political instability
Two previous rebellions for independence had failed Valeriano
Weyler was sent to put down the rebellions Created prison camps
(reconcentration camps) Thousands die in overcrowded, unsanitary,
poorly equipped camps Foreign Policy Realism: we must protect our
investments and property Foreign Policy Idealism: we must help the
Cubans realize their noble dream of independence and freedom
President William McKinley hoped to maintain neutrality.
- Slide 14
- Imperialism, The Role of the Media and a Call to War with Spain
Newspapers Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World versus William
Hearst and the New York Journal Yellow journalism = sensational
exaggerated news stories
- Slide 15
- Causes of the Spanish-America War The DeLome Letter Enrique
Dupuy DeLome: Spanish ambassador in Washington Describes President
McKinley as weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low
politician. Outrage and indignation in the United States Remember
The Maine!! February 15, 1898 the American battleship blows up
Probably not a mine, probably not sabotageremember yellow
journalism?
- Slide 16
- Congress Declares War! McKinley hopes for an armistice =
cessation of hostilities Close the camps Grant Cuba independence
Spain agrees to close the camps, will not grant independence April
25, 1898 Congress formally declares war on Spain Teller Amendment
When Cuba is liberated and peace restored, the United States will
leave the government and control of the Island to its people.
- Slide 17
- A Splendid Little War with Spain First, the Philippines (their
other colony) Emilio Aguinaldo had been fighting against the
Spanish there Commodore Dewey storms Manila Bay Aguinaldo with
American reinforcements takes Manila Then Cuba The First U.S.
Volunteer Cavalry The Rough-Riders led by Teddy Roosevelt After
taking San Juan Hill the war went quickly Peace on August 12 5500
died mostly from disease (malaria and yellow fever) Poorly
equipped, poorly supplied troops (wool uniforms in the tropical
jungle!) win Americas first overseas war
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- America on the World Stage Treaty of Paris 1898 Independence to
Cuba Puerto Rico and Guam ceded to the United States Philippines to
the U.S. with a payment to Spain of $20,000,000 Ratification Debate
Anti-Imperialist League Imperialism violates the countrys founding
principles of freedom and democracy Supporters of the Treaty An
empire is crucial for the future success of the United States Platt
Amendment The U.S. is allowed to intervene in Cuban affairs and to
buy or lease naval bases there By 1913, 60% of Cubas land was owned
and controlled by American business interests
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Three Presidents, Three Foreign Policies: Teddy Roosevelt
National Interests- political, economic, military, and cultural
goals that a nation considers important Roosevelt- Speak softly and
carry a big stick: you will go far Big Stick Policy- Roosevelts
strong arm approach in working quietly and patiently to achieve
goals overseas but using force if necessary. Roosevelt Corollary- a
proposition that is a logical extension of the Monroe Doctrine
where the United States would act as international police power to
preserve peace and order in the western hemisphere and protect
American interest.
- Slide 22
- Slide 23
- Three Presidents, Three Foreign Policies: Taft and Wilson Taft
continued Roosevelts goals and his Big Stick Policy but also
started to focus on the economy Dollar Diplomacy- to encourage and
protect trade and investment in Latin American and Asia. Woodrow
Wilson tried to take a moral approach to foreign affairs. Moral
Diplomacy- democratic ideals rather than economic investment or
military force. Self-determination- the right of people of other
nations to determine their own government, free of outside
influence
- Slide 24
- Panama The US helped Panama overthrow Columbia in 1903 and
recognized them as an independent nation. Panama Canal- The United
States build a 51 mile canal which connected the Atlantic and
Pacific oceans over a ten year time period. The canal opened on
August 15 th 1914. The Canal was an engineering feat of the time.
Although recently in 1999 the US returned ownership of the canal
back to panama.
- Slide 25
- Mexico Revolution in Mexico in 1911- Revolt led by Victoriano
Huerta Wilson and Huerta did not get along War almost occurred in
1914 when Wilson sent troops to Veracruz, a port on the Gulf of
Mexico to keep weapons from reaching Huertas army. A battle broke
out killing 90 Americans and 300 Mexicans. A lot of people opposed
Wilsons actions and the troops were pulled out. Months later Huerta
resigned and Carranza gained power.
- Slide 26
- Puerto Rico After the Spanish American War the U.S. set up a
military government, schools, and a postal service Puerto Ricans
grew frustrated with American rule because they were neither U.S.
citizens nor Independent Jones Act- 1917 Wilson made Puerto Rico a
U.S. territory but still no rights Puerto Rico remains a U.S.
commonwealth- Puerto Rico has control over their laws and finances
but decisions on defense and tariffs are in the U.S. hands
- Slide 27
- Philippines After the Spanish American War Filipino Emilio
Aguinaldo called for independence from the U.S. February 1899,
fight broke out between U.S. and Philippines and the U.S. sent
hundreds of thousands of soldiers to put down the revolt. After
battles the Filipino army was defeated The U.S. set up a central
government and built schools. The U.S. controlled the Philippines
until 1946.
- Slide 28
- Hawaii Ruled by Queen Liliuokalani as a Monarchy 1893- U.S.
military forces overthrew the queen and annexed Hawaii, making it
part of the United States as a territory in 1900. Hawaii became a
state in 1959, the only one that is not part of North America.
- Slide 29
- China China was a huge nation rich in resources Spheres of
Influence- areas in which a single nation controlled trading
rights, many foreign powers did this in china in the late 1890s
Open Door Policy- a U.S. policy issued in 1899 stating that foreign
nations must allow free trade in China, Issued by Sec. of State
John Hay Boxer Rebellion- 1900 a group in China led a insurrection
(rising up to expel the foreign devils from China). Boxers killed
thousands of foreigners including Christian Missionaries and
Chinese Christians, but the U.S., Japan, and European Powers
crushed the uprising. China remained open to Trade and influence
because of Hay and the Open Door Policy.
- Slide 30
- Slide 31
- The United States' entry into World War I came in April 1917,
after two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson
to keep the United States neutral during World War I. Americans had
no idea that war was imminent in Europe in the summer of 1914, and
tens of thousands of tourists were caught by surprise. The U.S.
government, under Wilson's firm control, called for neutrality "in
thought and deed" At the beginning of 1917 Germany decided to
resume all-out submarine warfare on every commercial ship headed
toward Britain, realizing that this decision would almost certainly
mean war with the United States. Germany also offered a military
alliance to Mexico in the Zimmermann Telegram. Publication of that
offer outraged Americans just as German U-boats (submarines)
started sinking American ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson asked
Congress for "a war to end all wars" that would "make the world
safe for democracy", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany
on April 6, 1917. On December 7, 1917, the US declared war on
Austria-Hungary
- Slide 32
- The Treaty of Versailles (French: Trait de Versailles) was one
of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state
of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28
June 1919 The treaty forced Germany to disarm, make substantial
territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries
that had formed the Entente powers. In 1921 the total cost of these
reparations was assessed at 132 billion Marks (then $31.4 billion
or 6.6 billion, roughly equivalent to US $442 billion or UK 284
billion in 2015)concessions reparations Axis powers ; Japan,
Germany Italy were hostile.
- Slide 33
- America's isolation from war ended on December 7, 1941, when
Japan staged a surprise attack on American military installations
in the Pacific. The most devastating strike came at Pearl Harbor,
the Hawaiian naval base where much of the US Pacific Fleet was
moored. In a two-hour attack, Japanese warplanes sank or damaged 18
warships and destroyed 164 aircraft. Over 2,400 servicemen and
civilians lost their lives. Though stunned by the events of
December 7, Americans were also resolute. On December 8, President
Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war against Japan. The
declaration passed with just one dissenting vote. Three days later,
Germany and Italy, allied with Japan, declared war on the United
States. America was now drawn into a global war. It had allies in
this fight--most importantly Great Britain and the Soviet
Union.
- Slide 34
- The war solved some problems, but created many others. Germany
had been the dominant power on the European continent, while Japan
had held that role in Asia. Their defeat in World War II left open
positions of leadership. The Soviet Union moved in quickly to
replace Germany as the most powerful country in Europe and also
aimed at taking Japan`s place as the dominant power in Asia. The
Communists under Mao Zedong defeated the forces of Chiang Kai-shek
and took over mainland China by the fall of 1949. With China,
France, and Great Britain devastated and financially exhausted by
the war, the United States and the Soviet Union became the two
major powers of the world. The Allies were determined not to repeat
the mistakes of World War I, in which Allies had failed to set up
an organization to enforce the peace until after World War I ended.
In June 1941, nine European governments-in-exile joined with Great
Britain and the Commonwealth countries in signing the Inter-Allied
Declaration, which called for nations to cooperate and work for
lasting peace. In 1944, an idea emerged to create a postwar
international organization. The United Nations was born on October
24, 1945. Its first sessions were held the following January in
London.
- Slide 35
- Cold War: The Soviet Union and the United States had fought as
allies against Nazi Germany during World War II. But the alliance
began to crumble as soon as the war in Europe ended in May 1945.
Tensions were apparent in July during the Potsdam Conference, where
the victorious Allies negotiated the joint occupation of Germany.
The Soviet Union was determined to have a buffer zone between its
borders and Western Europe. It set up pro-communist regimes in
Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Albania, and
eventually in East Germany. As the Soviets tightened their grip on
Eastern Europe, the United States embarked on a policy of
containment to prevent the spread of Soviet and communist influence
in Western European nations such as France, Italy, and Greece.
- Slide 36
- France, England, and the United States administered sectors of
the city of Berlin, deep inside communist East Germany. When the
Soviets cut off all road and rail traffic to the city in 1948, the
United States and Great Britain responded with a massive airlift
that supplied the besieged city for 231 days until the blockade was
lifted. In 1949, the United States joined the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), the first mutual security and military
alliance in American history. The establishment of NATO also
spurred the Soviet Union to create an alliance with the communist
governments of Eastern Europe that was formalized in 1955 by the
Warsaw Pact.
- Slide 37
- In 1949, the communists triumphed in the Chinese civil war, and
the world's most populous nation joined the Soviet Union as a Cold
War adversary. In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, and the
United Nations and the United States sent troops and military aid.
Communist China intervened to support North Korea, and bloody
campaigns stretched on for three years until a truce was signed in
1953. In 1954, the colonial French regime fell in Vietnam. The
United States supported a military government in South Vietnam and
worked to prevent free elections that might have unified the
country under the control of communist North Vietnam. In response
to the threat, the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was
formed in 1955 to prevent communist expansion, and President
Eisenhower sent some 700 military personnel as well as military and
economic aid to the government of South Vietnam. The effort was
foundering when John F. Kennedy took office. Closer to home, the
Cuban resistance movement led by Fidel Castro deposed the pro-
American military dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1959.
Castro's Cuba quickly became militarily and economically dependent
on the Soviet Union. The United States' main rival in the Cold War
had established a foothold just ninety miles off the coast of
Florida.
- Slide 38
- The First Indochina War (called the Indochina War in France and
the French War in Vietnam or Khng chi n ch ng Php) began after
World War II ended in 1945 and lasted until the French defeat in
1954. After a long campaign of resistance against the French and
the Japanese, Viet Minh forces had claimed a victory (the August
Revolution) after Japanese and Vichy French forces surrendered in
the North on 15 August 1945. In the War in Vietnam (19451946),
British forces temporarily occupied the South, starting from 13
September 1945, only to restore French colonial control in 1946. In
the United Nations and through their alliance with the United
Kingdom and the United States, the French demanded return of their
former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the
NATO alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond
the countries of the Warsaw Pact (founded in 1955) in the Cold War.
The communist/nationalist Viet Minh, whom the Allies had supported
during the war, continued fighting the French with support from
China and the Soviet Union, ultimately forcing the NATO-backed
French out of Indochina (1954).August Revolution
- Slide 39
- The Second Indochina War (called the Vietnam War in the West or
the American War in Vietnam - Cu c khng chi n ch ng M , c u n c)
began as a conflict between the United States-backed South
Vietnamese government and its opponents, both the North
Vietnamese-based communist Viet Cong (National Liberation Front)
and the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), known officially in North
Vietnam from 1950 as the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). The
conflict began in the late 1950s and lasted until 1975 when the
North Vietnamese came to a peace agreement ending the war.The
United States, which had supported France during the first
Indochina war, backed the South Vietnam government in opposition to
the National Liberation Front and the Communist-allied NVA. The
North benefited from military and financial support from China and
the Soviet Union, members of the Communist bloc. Fighting also
occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US-backed
government, the NVA, and the Communist-backed Khmer Rouge (known as
the Cambodian Civil War, 19671975) and in Laos between the
US-backed government, the NVA, and the Communist-backed Pathet Lao
(known as the Laotian Civil War or Secret War, 19621975).Vietnam
WarWestViet CongKhmer Rouge