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Waste-to-Energy Options in Municipal Solid Waste Management
Dr. Abdul-Sattar Nizami Head of Solid Waste Management Research Unit,
Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES),
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Associate Editor, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews - Elsevier (IF 10.556) for Bioenergy, Waste to Energy, and Biomass
Population
and
Energy
Demands
The current world population of 7.2 billion is projected to reach up to 8.2 billion in 2025 with current annual growth rate of 1%.
The Asia, Middle East, Africa and Latin America are the places, where most of this growth will occur due to rapidly growing industries and urbanization.
The energy demand will increase significantly in developing countries, especially in Asia with an increase of 46-58% at annual rate of 3.7% till 2025.
Fossil fuels are the most relied source at the moment to meet the world’s energy demands.
The intensive and solely utilization of fossil resources are not only depleting our natural reserves but also causing global climate change.
Waste
Generation
and its
Management
The generation rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) will increase from 1.2 to 1.5 kg per capita per day in next 15 years.
Globally, around 2.4 billion tons of MSW is generated every year that will reach up to 2.6 billion tons by 2025.
In cities of developing world, MSW is the city’s single largest budgetary item.
The sustainable disposal of MSW is still at infancy level in most of the developing countries.
The current waste management in developing world include waste collection and disposal of the collected waste to dumpsite or landfill sites without any treatment.
The actual collection of waste from the cities is only 60% of generated waste, while the remaining waste lies in the empty plots, street sides, along road, railway lines, drains, and low areas.
The infrastructure and maintenance facilities for MSW vary according to the economy of the area.
The MSW can be a cheap and valuable source of renewable
energy, recycled materials, value-added products (VAP) and
revenue, if properly and wisely managed.
What to do with so much waste?
Best Waste Management Practice
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) System
Concept of Waste-to-Energy (WTE)
The concept of waste to energy is known as one of
the several energy recovery technologies capable
of benefiting a society that wants to cut its fossil
fuel addiction.
The possibilities for converting waste-to-energy
(WTE) are plentiful and can include a wide range
of waste sources, conversion technologies, and
infrastructure and end-use applications.
Several WTE technologies such as pyrolysis,
anaerobic digestion (AD), incineration,
transesterification, gasification, refused derived
fuel (RDF) and plasma arc gasification.
The integrating of waste with the generation of
energy will provide a solution to the developing
world’s challenge of waste disposal with energy
supply.
Types of Waste to Energy
Technologies
Thermal Technologies
Incineration
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Plasma Arc Gasification
Non Thermal Technologies
Anaerobic Digestion
Fermentation
Transesterification
Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT)
7
Choice of WTE technology
Waste type and amount
Amounts of gas emissions from WTE technologies
Local recycling and waste disposal practices
Environmental and economic benefits
Local weather and other factors
Public awareness and behaviour
Required form of energy
Local energy market and labour skills
Single Waste Factory
Forestry waste Agricultural waste
Animal waste Industrial waste Municipal waste
Bark Sawdust Pulping
liquors Fibers Dead trees Culling and
logging waste
Leaves Straws
Crop waste Citrus
waste Green
waste What and
rice straw waste
Wood chips Sawdust
Fats Tallow Blood Meat
processing waste
Manure Swine waste
Olive pulp Wastewater
from pulp and paper industry
Wastewater from sugar or toffee industry
Food waste Used cooking oil Sewage Plastics Paper and card
boards Textile Leather Construction and
demolition waste
Can any of the Waste to Energy technology achieve the zero waste concept?
Is any of these technologies capable enough to compete other renewable-energy sources such as wind, solar, etc.?
Is any of the conversion technology can replace the fossil fuel substantially and immediately?
Intergradation of energy recovery technologies under a waste-driven factory.
A biorefinery is a cluster of technologies producing chemicals, fuels, power, products, and materials from different feedstock.
Why Integration of WTE Technologies?
Organic fertilizer
(Composting)
Biogas
Upgrading
Rendering and
Transesterification
Pyrolysis
Wind Energy
Compressed Natural Gas
(CNG) &
Biodiesel
Thermophillic
Anaerobic Digestion
(AD)
Pretreatment
Combined Heat &
Power
Refuse Derived
Fuel (RDF)
Food, Paper,
Green and Blood Waste
An
imal F
ats
&
Used
-oil
Plastics
Tipping and
Receiving
Liq
uid
Fu
el
Bioproducts
Char
& G
ases
Lard, Tallow
Electric Grid
Liquid
Solid
Paper, Cardboard, Textile, Leather etc.
RD
F P
ellets
Integrated WTE technologies under Waste-driven Factory
Case Study
of Saudi
Arabia
There is no energy or recovery facility exits in KSA.
Most of the collected municipal waste is disposed to landfill or dump sites untreated.
The recycling of metals and cardboards is the only waste recycling practices, which is around 10-15% of the total MSW.
The problems of GHG emissions, and groundwater and soil contamination along with public health issues are occurring in the waste-disposal vicinities
Every year, around 15 million tons of MSW is generated in KSA with an average rate of 1.4 kg per capita per day.
The food and the plastic waste are the two largest waste streams that collectively add up to 70% of total MSW.
My Solid Waste Research Unit has examined the appropriate WTE technologies for Saudi Arabia according to the local waste composition and energy contents.
VISION 2030 – Saudi Arabia
KACARE Target
72 GW renewable
(2032)
Improving efficiency of waste management
Recycling projects
Reducing all types of pollution
Utilizing treated and renewable water
Localizing renewable energy
we still lack a competitive renewable energy sector at present
Initial target of generating 9.5 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy
Millions of SAR in funding for waste to energy projects
13
Methane
MSW in Makkah
(Glass+ Cardboad+
Metal+ Aluminium)
Food Waste
Fraction (FWF)
Plastic Waste
Fraction
Paper + leather
+ Wood + other
FWF - Fat
Refuse Derived
Fuel (RDF)Pyrolysis RecyclingAn-aerobic
DigestionTrans-
esterification
Fat
Glycerol Biodiesel Liquid Fuel RDF Pellets Reuse/ resale
Renewable
Energy
970
489.7
168.4 192 118
426 64
12.2% of MSW 87.8% of MSW
Waste-based Factory in Makkah
Economic and
Environmental
Benefits of
Waste Recycling
in Makkah
A net revenue of 113 million SAR will be added to the national economy every year
only from recycling practices in Makkah city.
It is theoretically estimated that up to 140.1 thousand Mt.CO2 eq. global warming potential
(GWP) will be achieved with savings of 5.6 thousand tons emission of CH4.
There are significant economic and environmental benefits for the Makkah city by recycling only 12.21% of Makkah’s municipal
solid waste, including the recyclable materials such as
Cardboard (6.6%)
Glass (2.9%)
Metals (1.9%)
Aluminium (0.81%)
AS Nizami et al. 2017. Developing waste biorefinery in Makkah: a way forward to convert urban waste into renewable energy. Applied Energy. 186 (2): 189–196
Economic and
Environmental
Benefits
A total net revenue of 758 million SAR can be generated from;
landfill diversion (530.4 million SAR)
electricity generation (181.6 million SAR)
recycling (45.5 million SAR).
1.95 million barrels of oil and 11.2 million mcf of natural gas can be saved with a cost savings of 485.5 million SAR.
AS Nizami et al. 2017. Developing waste biorefinery in Makkah: a way forward to convert urban waste into renewable energy. Applied Energy. 186 (2): 189–196
Pyrolysis Process (Plastic waste)
• High temperature (300-600 °C)
• No oxygen • Liquid oil, char and
gases products • Different feedstocks can
be used • We can use different
catalysts to improve process
Pyrolysis Process
Two-Stage Batch Pyrolyzer System
Pyrolysis
Reactor Catalytic
Reforming
Reactor
Condenser
Control
Panel
Water
Chiller
Oil Collector
Benefits of Waste-Based Factory
RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT
SOLVING
WASTE
PROBLEMS
NEW BUSINESSES
AND JOB
CREATION
MINIMIZING
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
IMPROVING
PUBLIC
HEALTH
Conclusions and
Recommendations
Increasing energy consumption has exerted great pressure on natural resources and results in
significant GHG emissions in developing countries.
This has led to a move towards sustainable energy production, mainly from the non-food biomass, including
forestry and agricultural residues and industrial and municipal organic waste.
The commercialization of WTE technologies are expected in near
future due to continuous improvement in process
technologies with reduced process costs, governmental subsidizes and generation of multiple energy and valuable
products.
The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) based studies on the integrated
waste-based biorefinery will provide a knowledge base
platform for academics and industries about technical,
economic and environmental benefits and limitations of the
conversion technologies.
Recycling is considered to be a key component of modern waste-reduction practices to reduce the
GHG emissions and environmental impact of waste.
A case study of KSA showed potential economic and
environmental benefits of developing integrated waste-
based biorefinery in the country.
Specialised Training for GAMEP
Environmental Inspectors (2017-2018)
Gave in-depth trainings to prepare the graduated environmental inspectors for Masters degree course in UK.
The training was given in lectures format with some basic laboratory skills.
The group was around 30-40 male students and 10-15 female students.
Both groups from 2017 and 2018 are in UK doing their masters degrees in environmental and renewable energy related topics.
Course Modules
Solid waste Management
Municipal Waste Management
Industrial Waste Management
Waste to Energy Technologies
Waste Based Biorefineries
Landfilling
Reduce, Reuse and Recycling (3 R concept)
Construction and Demolition Waste Management
Hospital Waste Management
1. Integrated Waste Management System
Course Modules
Introduction to Sustainability
Sustainable Construction Activities
Sustainable Resource Management
Smart Buildings
Sustainable and Resilient Cities
2. Sustainability
Solid Waste Management in Jeddah
and Dammam (P 143450)
• NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT STUDY
• Solid Waste Management in Jeddah and Dammam
World Bank, United States of America (USA)
An Overview of the Waste Management Sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
White policy paper. Averda, United Kingdom (UK)
Closure and Post-Closure Plan for Waste Management Facilities in Abqaiq Area
Saudi Company for Environmental Works Ltd. (SEW), Saudi Arabia
West Asia Solid Waste Outlook
Report
UNEP supported document
Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE)
Chapter 2: Waste Management – Regional Status Chapter 3: Specific Regional Features (Hajj & Ramadan)
National and International Reviewer, and
Auditor
King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (KACST)
National Research Agency (ANR) of France
Government Agency of National Science Centre, Poland
Freelance Writer in Electronic and Printed
Media
Newspapers
Arab News
Saudi Gazette
Makkah-Al-Mukarmmah
Magazines
Forbes Magazine
EnviroCities
Blogs
EcoMENA
BioEnergy Consult
Collaboration Established with National
and International Institutions
Thank You So Much
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