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Water Resources of Turkey Emphasis on Karst. International Research Center For Karst Water Resources Hacettepe University Ankara http:\\www.karst.hacettepe.edu.tr. Distribution of Precipitation Over Turkey. Annual Mean=680 mm. For the Near East: 205 mm. Climate in Turkey. Humid or Arid ?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Water Resources of TurkeyWater Resources of Turkey Emphasis on KarstEmphasis on Karst
International Research Center For Karst Water ResourcesHacettepe University
Ankarahttp:\\www.karst.hacettepe.edu.tr
Distribution of Precipitation Over Turkey
Annual Mean=680 mm For the Near East: 205 mm.
Climate in Turkey
Humid or Arid ?
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF TURKEY
Total Potential of Water ResourcesIn Turkey
BasinsAnual Mean Flow Ratio
(millon m3) (%)
Euphrates 34.7 18.7
Tigris 22.6 12.2
Eastren Black Sea 19.2 10.3
Antalya 14.4 7.7
Western Mediterrenean 9.1 4.9
Eastern Mediterrenean 9.0 4.8
Western Black Sea 7.5 4.0
Ceyhan 6.9 3.7
Seyhan 6.3 3.4
Kızılırmak 5.9 3.2
Çoruh 5.6 3.0
Yeşilırmak 5.1 2.7
Aras 5.0 2.7
Sakarya 5.0 2.7
Others 29.7 16.0
TOTAL 186 100
Potential of Surface Water Resources in Turkey
Who Is Water Rich and Who Is Poor?
World Water Council
3rd Water ForumWater Poverty Index (WPI)
Among 147 countries Haiti Worst-Finland Best
resources-access-capacity-use-environmental impact
Why WPI: Because it makes the links between •poverty, •social deprivation, •environmental integrity, •water availability and•Healthenabling the policy makers and stakeholders to identify where problems exist and the appropriate measures to deal with their causes..
Is it only the amount ?
Resource Access Capacity Use Environment WPI HDI
Congo (Rep) 17.1 10.3 11.8 7.3 10.9 57.3 0.502
Finland 12.2 20.0 18.0 10.6 17.1 78.0 0.925
France 7.0 20.0 18.0 8.0 14.1 68.0 0.924
Germany 6.5 20.0 18.0 6.2 13.7 64.5 0.921
Haiti 6.1 6.2 10.5 6.5 5.8 35.1 0.467
Iran 6.8 14.8 15.5 13.5 9.8 60.3 0.714
Israel 0.8 16.7 16.8 10.9 8.6 53.9 0.893
Italy 7.7 19.8 17.4 5.3 10.7 60.9 0.909
Nigeria 7.4 7.5 8.5 10.4 10.1 43.9 0.455
Oman 3.1 17.5 16.2 11.7 10.9 59.4 0.747
S. Arabia 0.2 14.9 16.1 13.7 7.7 52.6 0.750
Sudan 7.9 9.1 9.8 14.6 7.9 49.4 0.439
Syria 6.3 11.8 14.9 14.0 8.1 55.2 0.700
Turkey 7.8 14.8 13.1 10.7 10.1 56.5 0.735
U. K. 7.3 20.0 17.8 10.3 16.0 71.5 0.923
Problems Related To Water Resources in Turkey
Quantity
QualityConsequences:
Depletion of groundwater levelLoss of wetlandsPolluted surface watersPolluted groundwaterSalinization of coastal groundwatersRapid and uncontrolled changes in land-useRapid and uncontrolled growth
Deficiencies ?
Lack of advanced technologies?qualified personnel ? integrated approach?Institutional structure (vertical-lateral coordination)?policies based on knowledge of the phenomena?participation of the locals in planning and implementing?public awareness ?
Local Environmental Boards-All environmental resources
Supreme Environmental Board-All environmental resources
Authority for Protection of Special Areas
MINISTRY OF CULTURE
MINISTRY OF
TOURISM Natural Monuments
High Council of Preservation- Natural-Historical and Archeological Heritages
Local Councils
Local Authority
STATE HYDRAULICS WORKS (DSI)
Water-Land Use
TURKISH ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION & DISTRIBUTION
COMP: Gen. Direc. Of ENERGY SERVICES Hydropower-Nuclear-Thermal Energy
ELECTRİCAL POWER
RESOURCES SURVEY (EİE)
Water-Hydropower
Gen. Direc. Of MINERAL
EXPLORATION and RESEARCH (MTA)
-Research and extraction of geothermal resources. Natural
resources and beauties, landscape,
caves, land use MUNICIPALITIES-Water-Waste
Disposal
LARGE TOWNS >100.000 inhab.
Gen. Direc. Of National Parks and Wild Life Protection-Natural monuments-flora-fauna
Special Provincial Administrat
ions
Municipaities
Villages
Gen. Direc. Of LOCAL
ADMINISTRATIONS Activation of laws related to environmental resources
PRIME MINISTRY
STATE PLANNING ORGANISATION
MINISTRY OF HEALTH
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS &
SETTLEMENTS
MINISTRY OF STATE
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS
MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
MINISTRY OF FORESTRY
MINISTRY OF
INTERIOR
PROVINCES HEALTH
ADMINISTRATIONS
Water-Air-Soil born diseases
PROVINCIAL DIRECTOTARE- All environmental resources
BANK of PROVINCES Water-Waste Disposal
MUNICIPALITIES Water-Waste Disposal
TOWNS <100.000 inhab.
Coordination Control
Investigations
Gen. Direc. Of RURAL SERVICES
Water-Soil-Land Use-Vegetation
Gen. Direc. Of
PROTECTION-CONTROL
Wetlands-Forests-Flora-Fauna
Regional Directora
te Forestry-Flora and Fauna
Institutional Framework of Environmental Resources Management
Ministry of Industry and Commerce Air Pollution
AIR
WATER
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS -Convention for Biodiversity -BERN Convention -RAMSAR Agreement -BARCELONA Convention -Agreement for Conservation of World Cultural and Natural Heritage NATIONAL LAWS & REGULATIONS A-Laws -Law No:2872 Environmental Law -Law No:2873 Law for National Parks -Law No:2863 Cultural and Natural Resources Protection Law -Law No: 6831 Forest Law -Law No: 3621 Coast Law -Law No: 2960 Bosphorous Law B-Decree Laws -Decree law about the establishment and duties of the
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
BIOTIC RESOURCES
ABIOTIC RESOURCES
Protection of Biodiversity
Protection of Sites
Flora -Endemic -other
Fauna -Endangered -other
-World Cultural and Natural Heritages -National Parks, Protection of
Natural Sites, Natural Parks, Natural Monuments
-Conservation of Natural, Cultural, Archeological, Historical and urban sites -Special Protection Areas - Coastal Areas -Protection sites according to the Water Pollution Control Regulations -Forest areas -Protection Areas in the Bosphorous
-Point source pollution -Non-point source pollution
-Inland surface waters -Lakes -Rivers -Drinking Water Resources -Groundwater Resources
SOIL
-Agr,cultural use -Non-agricultural use
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS -CITES Convention -Convention for Biodiverwsity -Paris Agreement -BERN Agreement -Agreement Against Erosion and Desertation -Mediterranean Plant Conservation Convention -Rome Agreement of Mediterranean Fishing Council NATIONAL LAWS & REGULATIONS A-LAWS -Law No:2872 Environmental Law -Law No: 3167 Land Hunting Law -Law No:1380 Aqua-culture Law B- Decree Laws: -Decree law about the establishment and duties of the Ministry of Environment -Decree law about the establishment and duties of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs C- Regulations
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS -GENEVA Convention for Long Distance-Transbundaries Air Pollution -Vienna and Montreal Conventions for Ozone Layer Protection NATIONAL LAWS & REGULATIONS A-Laws -Law No:2872 Environmental Law -Highways-Traffic Law -Law about the establishment of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce -Law against Unhealthy Organizations B-Decree Laws -Decree law about the establishment and duties of the Ministry of Environment C-Regulations -Regulations for Protection of Air Quality
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS -Barcelona Convention -Convention for Protection of Sea Water from MAR-POL Ships Wastes -Buchurest Convention for Protection of Black Sea Pollution NATIONAL LAWS & REGULATIONS A-Laws -Law No:2872 Environmental Law -Law No: 3621 Coast Law -Law No:1380 Aqua-culture Law -Law No: 167 Groundwater Law -Law No: 831 Waters Law -Law about Cold and Hot Mineralized Waters B-Regulations - Regulations for Water
Pollution Control - Regulations for Mineral
Waters - Regulations for Spring
Waters - Regulations for Thermal
Waters - Regulations for Water and
Sanitary Departments of Municipalities
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS -Convention for Soil Pollution and Erosion Protection NATIONAL LAWS & REGULATIONS A-Laws -Law No:3202 Law about the establishment and duties of General Directorate of Village Services -Law No:3083 Law about agricultural reformation on rearrangement of the irrigated lands -Law No:3213 Mineral Ore Law -Regulation No:1317-1901: for Quarries -Law No: 2872 Environmental Law B-Decree Laws -Decree law about the establishment and duties of the Ministry of Environment C-Regulations -Regulations about the Use of the Agricultural Lands for Other Purposes
DIRECTIVE 2000/60/EC OF
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
KARSTIFIED ROCKS IN TURKEY
Surface Area : 780 500 sq.km Carbonate rocks:Total : 1/3 of surface areaExposure: 1/5 of surface area
Carbonate Rocks: Metamorphic>> Paleozoic Recrystallized>> Mesozoioc Detritic with varying impurities >>Paleogene-Neogene
Evaporitic: Mainly within Oligocene-Miocene Clay-Clayey Units
Miocene Conglomerate: Carbonate component & matrix
TECTONIC STRUCTURE OF EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION
1-EUROSIAN PLATE2-AFRICAN PLATE3-IRAN PLATE4-SOUTH CAUCAS PLATE5-ANATOLIAN PLATE6-AEGEAN PLATE7-BLACK SEA PLATE
a-compressional b-extensional c- movement direction
TECTONIC PROVINCES OF TURKEY (From Sengor et. Al, 1985)
NEOTECTONIC MAP OF TURKEY
LATE MIOCENE PALEOGEOGRAPHICAL MAP OF TURKEY
DESCRIPTION OF TURKISH KARST
Criterion: Morphology & Hydrological Function
LithologyTectonics
Source of Energy Gradient
Erosion Base
ControlClimate
Lithology: •Petrography: Degree of Diagenesis/Content of Impurities•Thickness : Relative to erosion base controller•Mode of Existence: Authocthonous/Allochthonous
Tectonic: •Compression: contraction/extension •Tension: contraction/extension
Source of Energy Gradient: •Uplift (tectonics)•Eustatic Sea Level Changes•Interior Lake Level Changes•River Incision
Erosion Base Controller: •Sea Level•Interior Lake•River•Impervious Unit
Climate: •Wet: Cold/Hot •Dry: Cold/Hot
DESCRIPTION OF TURKISH KARST
EARLYMIOCENE
MIDDLE MIOCENE
LATE MIOCENE
PLIOCENE
PRESENT
PLEISTOCENE
Change in Average Elevation of the TopographicSurface since Early Miocene
EVOLUTION OF CENTRAL TAURUS-CENTRAL ANATOLIA
DESCRIPTION OF TURKISH KARST
Lithology: Mainly dense- recrystallized (Mesozoic) High degree diagenesis Moderately thick-thick-authocthounousTectonic: West Anatolian Extensional Source of Energy Gradient:Originally upliftErosion Base Controller: Aegean Sea LevelClimate : Pronounced effect controlling karstificationMorphology: Sub-Vertical to vertical development Shallow / moderately deep -intensive Drainage: Subsurface drainage-capture by surfaceKarst: Uncovered-sumbergedHydrogeological function: High yield aquifers
Extending phreatic zone by submerge
Lithology: Mainly dense- recrystallized (Mesozoic) Thick-to very thick authocthounous/allochthonousTectonic: Extension+Contraction due to compression Source of Energy Gradient: rapid-very rapid upliftErosion Base Controller: Mediterranean sea levelClimate : Well pronounced effectMorphology: vertical deep-very deep-intensive to extensive Drainage: completely subsurface drainageKarst: bare-mainly recent-paleo in placesHydrogeological function: High to very high yield aquifersExtended vadoze zone+deep phreatic zone
Tavas
Söke
Çine
Kale
Yatağan
Datça
Köyceğiz
M ilas
M UĞ LA
Ula
BodrumM arm aris
0 20 40Km
Nazilli
T Ü R K İ Y Eİzmir
Denizli
Muğla
ANKARA
AntalyaAdana
Samsun
Trabzon
Diyarbakır
Erzurum
İstanbul
M E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A
AE
GE
AN
S
EA
E
N
W
S
LINEAMENTS
FAULTS
NU
MB
ER
10
0
80
60
40
20
020
40
60
80
100
Karaböğürtlen
Çamlıköy
Kıransahili
Kıranköy
ULA
YERKESİK
MUĞLA
Denizova
Akyaka
Akçapınar
YEŞİLYURT
Yeniköy
Algı Köyü
Kızılyaka
Armutcuk
Kozağaç
Özlüce
Karacaağaç
Klavuz
Kalınağıl Köyü
Bencik
Bağyaka
Kayaönü
ÖREN
Dağpınar
Akbük
MİLAS
Tk
Kk
Tk
Mfp
Qal
Tk
PMgş
TRJg
TRJg
TRJg
TRJg
TRJg
TRk
TRk
TRk
TRk
TRk
TRö
JKk
Tya
Tya
Qal
KkKk
QalKk
PMgş
Tya
Mzy
PMgş
PMgş
Qal
Mzy
Mzy
Pg
Mkm
JKk
Tya
Qal
Tk
PMgş
KTk
Tya
JKk
Pg
QalPMgşMzy
Tya
PMgş
Tya
Mzy
PMgş
Mfp
JKk
Mfp
Mzy
1432.4
1228.3
1326.2
1183.7
1037.4
1602.5
900
763.7
835.3
DİŞ DAĞI490
KOCADAĞ1129
Karacadağ Tepe736
KAVAK DAĞI1370
Sığınbaşı Tepe1210
YAĞLI DAĞ357
KARADAĞ789
Kazancı Tepe791
GÖKDAĞ277
Sivrikule Tepe512
KOCADAĞ
MARÇALIDAĞI
BEYDAĞI1088
Muğlakarlığı Tepe1858
Oylukarlığı Tepe
751
Kocaeren Tepe1282Kocayatak Tepe
949
Katranlık Tepe1005
Kızıl Tepe
345
Frenk Dağı1000
78
1-65
16A B C
10-A10-B15
12 11
13
Code Name Type Alt.(m)
Q(l/s)
T(C)
pH EC(S/cm)
GK-1 Azmak-Duvar Dibi K 1.7 15.80 7.36 1973
GK-2 Azmak-Kümes K 1 15.72 7.40 2355
GK-3 Cennet Restaurant K 0.8 11.6 m3/s 15.78 7.45 2753
GK-4 Halil'in Yeri Rest. K 0.6 14.88 7.52 1719
GK-6 Deniz-1 Restaurant K 0.4 15.98 7.31 10447
GK-5 Belediye Kuyuları Ku. 2 30 l/s 15.62 7.64 1443
GK-7 Deniz-2 Restaurant K 0.5 30 l/s 15.58 7.33 5658
GK-8 Çınaraltı K 0.5 10 l/s 15.58 7.40 5522
GK-9 Akbük Limanı K 0.5 70 l/s 17.32 7.17 8483
GK-10A Ören (Acısu) I K 1 50 l/s 17.07 7.26 10846
GK-10B Ören (Acısu) II K 1.5 60 l/s 17.17 7.22 8431
GK-11 Algı Köyü K 660 10 l/s 14.94 7.25 535
GK-12 Yeniköy K 850 5 l/s 14.36 7.60 403
GK-13 Bağyaka Köyü K 600 30 l/s 11.46 8.15 317
GK-15 Akçapınar Köyü K 9 1.244 m3/s 16.46 7.36 629
GK-16A Kuyu - I Ku. 2 20 l/s 16.22 7.75 865
GK-16B Kuyu - II Ku. 2 20 l/s 16.57 7.74 658
GK-16C Kuyu - III Ku. 2 20 l/s 16.55 7.87 554
Code Sample Name Cl Sea water Fresh watermmol/l % %
GK-1 Azmak(duvar dibi) 13.74 2.22 97.78GK-2 Azmak-Kümes 17.84 2.92 97.08GK-3 Cennet Restaurant 23.02 3.8 96.2GK-4 Halil'in Yeri Rest. 10.12 1.61 98.39GK-5 Belediye Kuyuları 8.32 1.3 98.7GK-6 Deniz Rest.-1 72.86 12.26 87.74GK-7 Deniz Rest.-2 59.4 9.97 90.03GK-8 Çınaraltı 52.8 8.85 91.15GK-9 Akbük Limanı 88.04 14.83 85.17GK-10-A Ören (Acısu) I 96.75 15.41 84.59GK-10-B Ören (Acısu) II 86.5 14.41 85.59GK-11 Algı Köyü 0.63 0 100GK-12 Yeniköy 0.9 0.04 99.96GK-13 Bağyaka Köyü 0.61 -0.01 100.01GK-14 Gökova (sea) 427.49 72.43 27.57GK-15 Akçapınar Köyü 0.9 0.04 99.96GK-16-A Kuyu - I 1.92 0.22 99.78GK-16-B Kuyu - II 1.11 0.08 99.92GK-16-C Kuyu - III 1.25 0.1 99.9GK-17 Marmaris (sea) 813.31 100 0GK-18 Ören (sea) 590 100 0Cl contents of the freshwater is 0.649 mmol/l (average value of the plateau springs GK-11, GK-12, GK-13)
Sea water Cl contents is 560 mmol/l
Average
Table 1. Average seawater contribution to the springs
G K -11 A lg ı K öyüG K -12 Yen iköyG K -13 B ağyaka K öyüG K -15 A kçapına rG K -16 -A K uyu - IG K -16 -B K uyu - IIG K -16 -C K uyu - III
G K -17 M arm aris D enizG K -18 Ö ren D eniz
G K -14 G ökova D en iz
G K -1 A zm akG K -2 A zm ak -K üm esG K -3 C ennet R es to ran
G K -4 H alil 'in Yeri
G K -5 B e led iye Kuyusu
G K -6 D en iz R estau ran t I
G K -7 D en iz R estau ran t IIG K -8 Ç ınara ltı
G K -9 A kbük
G ökova P lain Springs(northern part)
G ökova P lain Springs(northern part)
Coastal saline springs
Coastal saline springs
P lateau springs
Sea Waters
Southern spring&wells in p lain
M ix ing Line
P lateau springs
Southern P lain S pring
W ells in p la in
G ökova B ay Sea Water
Sea Water
Code Sample Name Cl 18O D Tmeq/l (%oSMOW) (%oSMOW) (TU)
GK-1 Azmak(duvar dibi) 13.74 -6.45 -33.23 6.30GK-2 Azmak-Kümes 17.84 -6.32 -33.58 6.63GK-3 Cennet Restaurant 23.02 -6.38 -33.35 6.57GK-4 Halil'in Yeri Rest. 10.12 -6.75 -35.08 10.03GK-5 Belediye Kuyular› 8.32 -6.79 -35.95 10.40GK-6 Deniz Rest.-1 72.86 -5.51 -30.30 7.47GK-7 Deniz Rest.-2 59.40 -6.07 -32.88 9.43GK-8 Ç›naralt› 52.80 -6.07 -32.20 9.30GK-9 Akbük Liman› 88.04 -4.76 -23.73 6.60GK-10-A Ören (Ac›su) I 96.75 -4.58 -22.78 5.10GK-10-B Ören (Ac›su) II 86.50 -4.50 -23.10 -GK-11 Alg› Köyü 0.63 -6.16 -31.60 6.17GK-12 Yeniköy 0.90 -6.36 -31.78 6.90GK-13 BaŸyaka Köyü 0.61 -6.74 -34.57 8.33GK-14 Gökova 427.49 -0.91 -5.03 4.87GK-15 Akçap›nar Köyü 0.90 -5.05 -24.63 7.33GK-16-A Kuyu - I 1.92 -6.31 -32.70 6.50GK-16-B Kuyu - II 1.11 -6.40 -33.90 0.00GK-16-C Kuyu - III 1.25 1.56 6.55 1.45GK-17 Marmaris 813.31 1.82 10.90 0.9GK-18 Ören 590.00 - - -
Code Sample Name Date Type 87 Sr / 86 Sr Error(d/m/yy)
GK-3 Cennet Restaurant 12/5/95 Sp. 0.79800 ± 0.00006GK-7 Deniz Rest.-2 12/5/95 Sp. 0.70875 ± 0.00005GK-9 Akbük Liman› 11/5/95 Sp. 0.70879 ± 0.00004GK-13 BaŸyaka Köyü 11/5/95 Sp. 0.70934 ± 0.00006GK-14 Gökova (Sea) 12/5/95 SEA 0.70853 ± 0.00007
Date TYPE Altitute 18O 2H 3H(m) (%0 SMOW) (TU)
September-94 P 646 1.31 5.5 -October-94 P 646 -6.53 -35.5 4.6
November-94 P 646 -7.45 -43.0 4.8December-94 P 646 -8.38 -49.5 3.5January-95 P 646 -5.98 -28.2 3.9February-95 P 646 -4.63 -25.7 4.5March-95 P 646 -5.33 -28 5.0April-95 P 646 -8.23 -52.5 8.3
All isotopic analyses have been carried out by IAEA Headquarters' LaboratoriesExcept: Tritium analyses in bold letters done by Environmental isotope Lab. in JordanSr isotope analyses in the Mass Spectro. Lab. At The Hacettepe UniversityTYPE : Sp.: Spring, W: Well, SEA: Sea water, P: Precipitation
PRECIPITATION (MuŸla Observation Stations)
ISOTOPES
AVERAGE VALUES
CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC PARAMETERS OF THE WATER SAMPLES
Sp.
Type
Sp.Sp.Sp.W
Sp.Sp.
Sp.Sp.Sp.Sp.Sp.Sp.Sp.SEASp.WWW
SEASEA
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