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Name: ___________________
Date: ____________________Period: __________________
Chapter 18.1 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 554-557)
AstronomersName: Ptolemy_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: Copernicus_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: Brahe_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: Kepler_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: Galileo_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: Newton_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 19.3 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 596-599)
Name: Newton_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: Hubble_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Day: _________________________________________________________________________________
Year: _____________________________________________________________________________________
Month: _________________________________________________________________________________
Galaxies
Vocabulary Word DefinitionA collection of stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravityA large cloud of gas and dust where stars are bornA tight group of stars that looks like a snowball and can contain up to 1 million starsA group of stars that are close together and can contain 100 to 1,000 stars in the group
Chapter 19.4 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 600-603)
3 Types
Center Bulge
Spiral Arms Oval or Snowball Shaped
No Clear Shape
Oldest stars located here
New stars located here Some of the
largest – very little gas & dust
Located near spiral galaxies
Formation of the Universe The study of the origin, structure, and future of the universe is called
________________________. To understand how the universe formed
_____________________________________________________ Careful measurements have shown that ______________________________________________________ therefore the universe is ______________________________ today.
The theory that the universe began with a huge explosion is called the ______________________________.
Minutes after the Big Bang the following things formed :o _________________________o _________________________o _________________________
Two pieces of evidence that prove the Big Bang happened:o ___________________________o ___________________________
Everything in the Universe has a specific structure, they are not just scattered around:
o A planet is ___________________________o A planetary system is ___________________________o A galaxy is _________________________
Structure of the Universe
________________
Chapter 20.4 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs.630-633)
Planetary Motion
Chapter 20.4 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 630-633)
Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary MotionKepler’s 1st Law
Planets revolve around theSun in an elongated circleCalled an ___________________
Kepler’s 2nd Law
Planets move _________ in someParts of their orbit when theyAre closer to the sun.
Chapter 20.4 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 630 – 633)
Kepler’s 3rd Law A planet that is further from the
Sun will have a longer ___________________________
Gravitational Attraction
______________ Period of Revolution
_______________ Period of Revolution
The closer together they are the ________________ the gravitational pull
The farther apart they are the _______________ the gravitational pull
______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Chapter 21.1 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 644-647)
Our Solar System
Our solar system includes our _______________ , the ____________________, and their ____________________
Astronomers measure long distances in space using _______________________ To measure distances within our Solar System we use two other units:
1. __________________________2. __________________________
One (1) Astronomical unit is the _________________________________________________________ 1 AU is equal to __________________________km Another way to measure distances is by using the ___________________________. Light travels
at about _____________________km per sec or ___________________________km in one minute
Light from the sun takes ________minutes to reach the Earth, therefore Earth is _______________light-minutes from the sun.
Chapter 21.2 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 648-653)
The Inner Planets The inner planets are:
1. __________________2. __________________3. __________________4. __________________
They are called ______________________ Planets because they all have the same ________________________________________as Earth.
The inner planets are ________________, ____________________, and more ____________________that the outer planets
The amount of time it a takes a planet to rotate once on its axis is called period of _________________________
The time it takes a planet to orbit the sun once is called period of ____________________
Mercury Mercury rotates on its axis more ______________________that Earth Mercury’s period of revolution is about _______________Earth days
Venus Venus is almost the ________________ size as Earth. Venus has a _____________________ rotation which means it spins __________________
on its axis. Venus has a very thick ________________________ made up of carbon dioxide and
sulfuric acids causing a __________________________.
Earth Earth is the only planet at this time known to support ___________________ Earth has a _______________________rotation which means it spins ________________-
_______________________on its axis Earth is ____________________ enough to the sun that all of the water does not
_____________________and ________________ enough away that all of the water does not _______________________ away.
Mars Mars has a ________________________ atmosphere than Earth and is
___________________________from the sun so the temperature is much colder than Earth
Mars has two ___________________________which is where most of the _________________ on mars is located
Mars may have been warmer at one time because there is evidence of ____________________ ________________________on the surface of mars
Mars also has the remains of a giant ______________________ that once was active in the past
Chapter 21.3 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 654-659)
The Outer Planets The outer planets are:
5. ___________________6. ___________________7. ___________________8. ___________________
They are called _______________________ because they are very ________________ and have __________________ atmospheres of gas with very little rock material on their surfaces.
Jupiter Jupiter is the _____________________ planet in our solar system. Jupiter’s period of _______________________ is only 10 hours long. Jupiter is made of _____________________and _________________________.
Saturn Saturn is the __________largest planet in the solar system. Saturn gives off more _________________ than it receives from the sun. Saturn is best known for its ________________ which are made from
________________and ___________________.
Uranus Uranus is so far from the ________________that it does not reflect much
_______________. Uranus is _________________ on its side ________degrees because of a
______________________with a massive object.
Neptune Before scientists discovered Neptune they knew it was there because Uranus
did not _____________________ in its orbit as they ________________________.
Chapter 21.4 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 660-667)
The Moons & EclipsesWhat are Moons?
_________________________ are natural or artificial(Man Made) bodies that revolve around larger bodies.
All of the planets in our solar system have natural satellites called _____________________except __________________and ______________________.
Chapter 21.4 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 660-667)
Earth’s Moon Much of what we know about our Moon comes from the discoveries when we
_______________________the moon. The moon is almost as old as the Earth. Our moon is covered in ________________________ from objects hitting it. The
craters are still there because it does not have an __________________________.
Phases of the Moon The moon orbits around the earth once every __________________days. The moon also __________________on its axis at the same speed as Earth. This
is why we always see the same _________________ of the moon. The moon does not always look the same because we cannot see the part of
the moon that is _________________________ light. This is because of the position of the ______________________ and ___________________ relative to the Sun.
The different shapes of the moon are called _____________________.
Chapter 21.4 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 660-667)
What is an Eclipse? An eclipse happens when the ___________________ of one body falls on another. A _______________________ eclipse happens when the Moon come between the
Sun and the Earth. A _______________________ eclipse happens when the Earth comes between the
Sun and the Moon. Eclipses do not happen every ____________________ because the moon’s orbit is
slightly _____________________ compared to Earth’s orbit.
Chapter 21.5 – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 668-673)
Small Bodies of the Solar SystemComets
A comet is a small, loosely packed body of ___________________, ____________________, and _____________________.
The nucleus or core of the comet is made of rock, metal and ___________________.
The ion tail is pushed by the solar wind and always points _____________________ from the sun.
Scientists think that comets come from the _________________ cloud far beyond the orbit of ______________________.
What are Asteroids? Asteroids are small rocky bodies that revolve around the _____________________ Most asteroids are located in the ____________________ ______________between
Mars and Jupiter
What are Meteoroids? Meteoroids are pieces of dust and debris from _______________________ and
______________________. Friction with the atmosphere heats up Meteoroids causing them to
____________________ brightly The glowing trails that form when Meteoroids burn up in the atmosphere are
called __________________________. Sometimes larger Meteoroids enter the Earth’s atmosphere and pass through it
without _______________________ completely. When they reach the Earth’s surface they are called __________________________.
3.1 Minerals – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 66-69) The four features of a mineral are:
Solid______________________________________
_
Inorganic______________________________________
A pure substance that cannot be broken down is called an ______________________ An ______________is the smallest part of an element that has all of the properties of
that element. A substance made of two or more elements and have been chemically joined or
bonded is called a _____________________________ Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen are called _______________________________ Minerals that do not contain silicon and oxygen are called
______________________________ The five properties used to identify a mineral are:
3.2 Identifying Minerals – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 70-73)
3.2 Identifying Minerals – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 70-73)
Naturally Formed____________________
Crystalline Structure____________________________________________
Luster
________________________________________________________
Density
____________________________________________________________________________________
Hardness
____________________________________________________________________________________
Streak
________________________________________________________
Cleavage
____________________________________________
Fracture
__________________________________________________
To determine the hardness of a mineral scientists use:
Moh’s Hardness Scale
Hardness Ranking
Mineral Name
1
2 Gypsum
3
4
5 Apatite
6 Orthoclase
7
8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10
4.1 Rocks – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 90-97)
4.2 Rocks – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 98-101)
Igneous rock begins as ______________________.
There are three ways magma can form:o _______________________________________o _______________________________________o _______________________________________
Igneous rock is classified by _________________________ and __________________________
There are two types of Igneous rock formations:o ______________________________________ where rock is cooled and solidified
beneath the Earth’s surface.o ______________________________________ where rock cools at the Earth’s
surface from volcanic activity.
4.3 Rocks – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 102-105)
Wind, water, ice, sunlight and gravity all cause rock to physically _______________________ into fragments. Through the process of ________________________ these rocks and mineral fragments, called ________________________, are moved from one place to another. Eventually over time the sediment is deposited into ___________________________. Over time new layers are deposited over older layers where _____________________________ rock is formed.
Sedimentary rock is classified by the way it forms:o __________________________________ is made from rock fragments
cemented together by a mineral such as ______________________ or ________________________.
o __________________________________ is made by solutions of dissolved minerals and________________________.
o __________________________________is made from the remains of fossils or dead ocean animals that once lived in the ocean.
4.4 Rocks – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 106-111)
The texture or mineral composition of a rock can ________________________ when it surroundings change. If the _________________________ or ________________________of the new environment is different the rock will undergo _______________________________.
One way rock can undergo metamorphism is by being _________________________ by nearby magma. When _____________________ moves through the crust, the magma heats the surrounding rock and _______________________ it. This is called _____________________________________.
Another way the texture or mineral composition of a rock can change is when ______________________________ builds up in a rock that is buried deep _____________________ other rock, or when large pieces of the Earth’s ______________________ collide with each other. This is called ________________________________________.
The texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in bands is called ____________________________ metamorphic rock.
The texture of metamorphic rock when the mineral grains are not arranged in bands is called ____________________________ metamorphic rock.
7.1 Plate Tectonics – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 190-196)
7.2 Continental Drift – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs.198-201)
Sea-floor spreading:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________Million Years ago
_______Million Years ago
___________________________came up with the theory
of continental drift because of 3 pieces of
evidence:1. Fossils of the same species of plant and animal were found on two different continents2. Similar types of rock were found on different continents3. Antarctica had plant fossils that could have only existed if
________Million Years ago
Continental Drift: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Older Crust Younger Crust
7.3 Theory of Plate Tectonics – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 202-205)
7.4 Deforming Earth’s Crust – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 206-213)
_________________Boundary:The boundary formed when two tectonic plates collide with each other
_______________Boundary:The boundary formed when two tectonic plates separate from
_________________Boundary:The boundary formed when two tectonic plates slide past each other
Types of Stress in Rock
Types of Faults
_______________ Fault:The hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall. Stress Type____________________________Fault:The hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wallStress
_______________Fault:The rock moves past each other horizontallyStress Type_____________
3 Types of Convergent Boundaries1. __________________________________2. __________________________________3. __________________________________
8.1 Earthquakes – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 224-229)
An earthquake is the ______________________ of the ground. Most earthquakes take place near edges of __________________ _______________.
A ___________________ is a break in the Earth’s ___________________ along which blocks of crust ____________________ relative to one another.
_______________________ is the bending, tilting, and breaking of the Earth’s crust. The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its original shape is called
_____________________ _____________________. A specific plate _____________________ takes place at different tectonic plate
boundaries.Plate Motion Fault Type
Strike-Slip FaultReverse FaultNormal Fault
Waves of energy that travel through the Earth are called ________________________ waves.
Waves that cause rock to move back and forth are called _______ waves. Waves that cause rock to move side to side are called _______ waves.
9.1 Volcanoes – Final Exam Study Guide (pgs. 250-255)
Magma that flows onto the Earth’s surface is called _______________. Areas of Earth’s surface through which magma and volcanic gases pass is called a
_________________________. There are two types of volcanic eruptions:
o _________________________________o _________________________________
There are four types of lava:o _________________________________ pours out quickly and becomes jagged
pieces as molten lava continues to flow underneath.o _________________________________ flows slowly like wax and has a glassy
surface with rounded wrinkles.o _________________________________ erupts underwater and forms round lumps
that are the shape of pillows.o _________________________________ oozes from the volcano and forms jumbled
heaps of sharp-edged chunks.
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