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What CERN stands for ?. Where is CERN ?. What kind of physics is pursued ?. How is this done ?. Are there any applications ?. What is CERN ?. 50 years of research in physics. C onseil E uropéen pour la R echerche N ucléaire. CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 1
What CERN stands for ?
Where is CERN ?
What kind of physics is pursued ?
How is this done ?
Are there any applications ?
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 2
50 years of research in physics
What is CERN ?
Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 3
Advancing the frontiers of technology and engineering
Training the young scientists and engineers who will be the experts of tomorrow
Seeking answers to questions about the Universewhat is it made of?How did it come to be the way it is?
CERNEuropean Organization for Nuclear Research
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 4
CERNEuropean Organization for Nuclear Research
• Founded in 1954 by 12 countries• Today: 20 member states• More than 7000 users from all over the world• ~1000 MCHF / Year budget
1954: Convention establishing the Organization - original signatures 2004: The 20 member states
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 5
Cern site
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 6
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 7
pp
LeptonsThese particles exist on their own
1st fa
mily
Electron (e-)Charge=-1Responsible for electricity and chemical reactionsMass=0.51MeV/c2
Electron neutrino (e)
Charge=0Rarely interacts with other matter.Very small mass
2st fa
mily
Muon (-)A heavier relative to the electron.Discovers 1937.Mass=0.106GeV/c2
Muon neutrino ()
A relative of e
Discovered 1967.Very small mass.
3st fa
mily
Tau (-)A heavier relative to the electron and muon.Discovered 1975.Mass=1.78GeV/c2
Tau neutrino ()
Not yet discovered.Very small mass.
QuarksThese particles exist only bound together
Up (u)Charge=+2/3Mass~5MeV/c2
Down (d)Charge=-1/3Mass~10MeV/c2
Charm (c)A heavier relative of the up quark.Discovered 1973.Mass~1.3GeV/c2
Strange (s)A heavier relative of the down quark.Identified 1963Mass~0.2GeV/c2
Top (t)The heaviest quark.Discovered 1994.Mass=175GeV/c2
Bottom (b)A heavier relative of the down and strange quark.Discovered 1977.Mass~4.3GeV/c2
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 8
1964 Gell-Mann The Mendeleyev of particle physics
Quarks
Today’s periodic system of the fundamental building blocks
The constituents of matter
Proton
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Why accelerators? To investigate Particle Physics
Particle physics looks at matter in its smallest dimensions
AcceleratorsAccelerators MicroscopesMicroscopes TelescopesTelescopesBinocularsBinoculars
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Interactions and models
Quantum Gravity
Universal Gravitation
Celestial Gravity
Terrestrial Gravity
Strong Force
Weak ForceGrand
Unification
ElectroWeak
Electromagnetism Magnetism Electricity
Standard model
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 11
Methods of Particle Physics
Identify created particles in Detector (search for new clues)
Concentrate energy on particles (accelerator)Collide particles (recreate
conditions after Big Bang)
E=mc2
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• Four gigantic underground caverns to host the huge detectors
• The highest energy of any accelerator in the world
• The most intense proton beams colliding head-on 800 million times per sec
• It will operate at a temperature colder than outer space
• Four gigantic underground caverns to host the huge detectors
• The highest energy of any accelerator in the world
• The most intense proton beams colliding head-on 800 million times per sec
• It will operate at a temperature colder than outer space
CERN's mission: to build particle accelerators
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) set 80 – 150 m underground in a circular tunnel 27 km long will be the most powerful instrument ever built to investigate particles properties.
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 13
Preparing the LHC
The LHC will start operation in 2007. It will certainly change our view of the Universe.
27 km circumference
80-150m underground
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Large Hadron Collider
LHCb Atlas
CMS Alice
9 km
27 km
Click on apparatus or ring
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 15
We don't know everything!
Why three generations?Why three generations?
Supersymmetry ?Supersymmetry ?
Higgs boson ?Higgs boson ?
The LHC will help
solving all these
unsolved mysteries
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 16
Spinoffs of CERN technology
Examples of application of technologies developed at CERN for particle physics research
World-Wide Web, information technologies
Developments in technologies such as superconductivity, cryogenics, vacuum…
Medical applicationsindustrial imaging, radiation processing electronicsmeasuring instruments etc…..
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 17
CERN, Internet and the WWW
World Wide Web was invented in CERN to help particle physicists around the word to communicate
In 1989 Tim Berners-Lee proposed a distributed information system for CERN
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 18
Evolution of CERN computing needsCPU capacity 1998-2010
Central Processing Unit capacity 1998-2010 (black line)
Estimated CPU Capacity at CERN
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
year
K S
I95
Moore’s lawJan 2000:3.5K SI95
LHC experimentsOther
experiments
Moore’s law predicts trends of development of CPU capacity (red line)
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CERN computing
The experiments at LHC will generate enormous amounts of data and will require a computing environment thousands of times more powerful than anything running on today’s Internet.
One of the experiments will generate 1000 million events per second, a data rate equivalent to twenty simultaneous telephone conversations by every person at the earth
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 20
The GRID: a possible solution to CERN computing needs
The LHC computing
GRIDis a
project funded by the
European Union.
The objective is to build the next generation computing
infrastructure providing intensive
computation and analysis
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Medical applications of particle physics
Positron-Emission Tomography
•detect anomalous changes in tissues and organs long before serious symptoms are noticed
•radio-pharmaceutical emitting positrons, is administered to the patient. When positrons are emitted, they quickly annihilate with the electron in patient body, and produce two gamma rays which are detected, pin-pointing where the annihilation took place.
•PET tells doctors exactly where the radio-pharmaceutical ends up in the body, allowing them to find out whether everything is working as it should.
Zuzana Maria Bo Emily Yianis 22
Positron-Emission Tomography
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BoSW
ZuzanaSK
MariaCZ
EmilyBUL
YiannisGR
To be discoveredprobably
the late one ?
strangetop charm
bottom
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