What events caused the Civil War? *What turned the average white Michigan farmer against slavery?

•What events caused the Civil War?*What turned the average white

Michigan farmer against slavery?

Extend Slavery?Extend Slavery? Extend Slavery?Extend Slavery? I. Background

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

Gadsden Purchase, 1853- bought to complete a

Transcontinental RR in the South

Gadsden Purchase, 1853- bought to complete a

Transcontinental RR in the South

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854• Senator Stephen Douglas introduced billSenator Stephen Douglas introduced bill• Motivated by trying to pass a separate bill to get a Motivated by trying to pass a separate bill to get a

transcontinental RR through Chicago (Help his transcontinental RR through Chicago (Help his personal real estate value too$$), needed to build personal real estate value too$$), needed to build Southern supportSouthern support

• Bill granted popular sovereignty to Kansas and Bill granted popular sovereignty to Kansas and Nebraska territoriesNebraska territories

• Repealed the Missouri CompromiseRepealed the Missouri Compromise• Northerners felt controlled by the “Slave Power”Northerners felt controlled by the “Slave Power”• Destroyed the Whig Party & created the Destroyed the Whig Party & created the

Republican PartyRepublican Party

II. Kansas

Voting on the Kansas Nebraska Act US House

—1854

Total Votes -113 In favor-100 Against

Whigs DemocratsFor Against For Against

North 0 47 44 44South 14 7 55 2

14 54 99 46

• Total South: 69 for 9 against• Total North: 44 for 91 against (only 7 of these 44 are re-elected)

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Popular Popular Sovereignty Sovereignty ++

Kansas Kansas == ViolenceViolence

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”(pro-slavery Missourians) Sack of Lawrence

Border “Ruffians”(pro-slavery Missourians) Sack of Lawrence

•Reaction: Pottawatomie Massacre by John Brown

•Reaction: Pottawatomie Massacre by John Brown

Lecompton Constitution• A proslavery state constitution corruptly

passed through the Kansas legislator

• Congress rejected it and the voters of the state rejected it in 1858

• Kansas became a free state in 1861

Voting in Kansas, 1855

• Eligible Voters :– approx. 3,000

• Free Soil Votes– 791

• Proslavery Votes– 5294

• Judged fraudulent– 4968

“The Crime Against Kansas”“The Crime Against Kansas”

Senator Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Senator Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congressman Preston Brooks

(D-SC)

Congressman Preston Brooks

(D-SC)

Speech toward Senator Andrew Butler of SC, “Butler was the Don Quixote of slavery, chosen a mistress , who, though ugly to

others, is always lovely to him, though polluted

in the sight of the world, is chaste in his

sight… the harlot slavery.”

Brooksville is an incorporated city in Hernando County, Florida

III. Social Agitation leads to increased

Sectionalism• Fugitive Slave Law became the single

most important sectional issue between the North and South in the 1850’s

• Slaves could not testify or on own behalf or have a jury trial

• Heavy fines and jail for those who aided and abetted runaways

Harriet Harriet TubmanTubman= Moses= Moses

•About 1,000 slaves escaped a year, small About 1,000 slaves escaped a year, small in #, more bought their freedomin #, more bought their freedomSoutherners infuriated in principle, Southerners infuriated in principle, Constitution not being obeyedConstitution not being obeyed

Personal Liberty Laws• Series of laws passed by several U.S. Series of laws passed by several U.S. statesstates in in

the North in response to the Fugitive Slave the North in response to the Fugitive Slave Acts of 1793 and 1850. Acts of 1793 and 1850.

• Designed to protect free blacks, freedmen, and Designed to protect free blacks, freedmen, and fugitive slaves by effectively nullifying the fugitive slaves by effectively nullifying the Fugitive Slave Law without technically doing itFugitive Slave Law without technically doing it

• Forbade the use of state jails to imprison Forbade the use of state jails to imprison alleged fugitives, compelled slave bounty alleged fugitives, compelled slave bounty hunters to furnish corroborative proof that his hunters to furnish corroborative proof that his captive was a fugitive, as well as according the captive was a fugitive, as well as according the accused the rights to trial by jury and appeal. accused the rights to trial by jury and appeal.

• In reaction, several Northern states amended In reaction, several Northern states amended their laws, which specified that law their laws, which specified that law enforcement officials and jurists refrain from enforcement officials and jurists refrain from doing anything about runaway slavesdoing anything about runaway slaves

Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 1842• Pennsylvania

made it illegal to capture runaway slaves

• Supreme Court ruled law unconstitutional

•It costs over $40,000 to return Anthony Burns to slavery

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

Work of fiction sold 300,000 copies in the first year & 2 million in a decade!

Reaction to the Fugitive Slave Law

2nd Great Awakening influence

Work of fiction sold 300,000 copies in the first year & 2 million in a decade!

Reaction to the Fugitive Slave Law

2nd Great Awakening influence

HarrietBeecherStowe

HarrietBeecherStowe

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

- Abraham Lincoln

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

- Abraham Lincoln

Illustration from Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

Failure of Abolitionists?

• Did not end slavery, yet caused more sectional conflict

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

•Ruling by Roger Taney

•ruled that blacks were not citizens of the US

•made slavery legal in all the new territories, and possibly everywhere b/c Congress had no right to limit personal property rights

•declared Missouri Compromise Unconstitutional

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

•Ruling by Roger Taney

•ruled that blacks were not citizens of the US

•made slavery legal in all the new territories, and possibly everywhere b/c Congress had no right to limit personal property rights

•declared Missouri Compromise Unconstitutional

Panic of 1857• Industrial North hid hardest,

widespread unemployment• South largely unaffected,

gave rise to their belief that their economy was superior

OutlineOutline• Evaluate the relative importance of the

following events in causing the Civil War.– Break-up of the Democratic Party– Dred Scott Decision– Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

IV. Breakdown of the two party system:-Political Parties broke down into regional parties that led to secession

Conspiracy???

• From Washington’s election until 1850…. Southern slaveholders occupied the:

• Presidency 50 of 62 years• Speaker of the House 41 of 62

years• Chairman of House Ways and

Means 42 of 62 years• 18 of 31 Supreme Court

Justices were southern slaveholders

• All of this despite the fact that Northerners were the majority in the U.S.

The 1848 Presidential Election Results

The 1848 Presidential Election Results

√

1852Election Results

1852Election Results

1856Election Results

1856Election Results

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

The “Know-Nothings”

[The American Party]

The “Know-Nothings”

[The American Party]

Nativists.

Anti-Catholics.

Anti-immigrants.

Nativists.

Anti-Catholics.

Anti-immigrants. 1849 1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.Banner created in NYC.

Reaction by native born Protestants about Reaction by native born Protestants about large influx of German and Irish immigrantslarge influx of German and Irish immigrants

Drew support away from Whigs, especially Drew support away from Whigs, especially in Northeastin Northeast

Won many local and state elections, ran Won many local and state elections, ran former Prez. Millard Fillmore for Prez. in former Prez. Millard Fillmore for Prez. in 18561856

Popular in the 1850’s but disappeared as Popular in the 1850’s but disappeared as sectional issues took oversectional issues took over

1849 1849 Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.Banner created in NYC.

Reaction by native born Protestants about Reaction by native born Protestants about large influx of German and Irish immigrantslarge influx of German and Irish immigrants

Drew support away from Whigs, especially Drew support away from Whigs, especially in Northeastin Northeast

Won many local and state elections, ran Won many local and state elections, ran former Prez. Millard Fillmore for Prez. in former Prez. Millard Fillmore for Prez. in 18561856

Popular in the 1850’s but disappeared as Popular in the 1850’s but disappeared as sectional issues took oversectional issues took over

1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election1852 Presidential Election

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

√ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

1852Election Results

1852Election Results

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854Birth of the Republican Party, 1854

Formed as a direct reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Coalition of Northern Whigs, Northern Democrats, Free-Soilers, & Know-Nothings

Sought to repeal the Kan-Neb Act and Fugitive Slave Act

Sectional Party

Formed as a direct reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Coalition of Northern Whigs, Northern Democrats, Free-Soilers, & Know-Nothings

Sought to repeal the Kan-Neb Act and Fugitive Slave Act

Sectional Party

1856 Presidential 1856 Presidential ElectionElection

1856 Presidential 1856 Presidential ElectionElection

√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican American√ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican American

The Republican Party Candidates, 1856

“Free Soil,Free Labor,Free Men,Fremont”

1856Election Results

1856Election Results

The Lincoln-Douglas Senate Debates, 1858 The Lincoln-Douglas Senate Debates, 1858

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

SenateDebates

• Symbolized the differences between the nation

• Douglas wins the election, but Lincoln later goes on to be President

Douglas & the Freeport DoctrineDouglas & the Freeport Doctrine•Lincoln: How can you reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision?

•Douglas: Slavery cannot exist in a community that does not pass slave codes.

•Douglas’s position angered Southerners b/c they felt he was too soft on the Dred Scott case

•Ruined Douglas’s chances of being a national candidate and split the Democratic Party.

•Lincoln: How can you reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision?

•Douglas: Slavery cannot exist in a community that does not pass slave codes.

•Douglas’s position angered Southerners b/c they felt he was too soft on the Dred Scott case

•Ruined Douglas’s chances of being a national candidate and split the Democratic Party.

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859• Brown funded by

Northerners• Trying to start the

Revolution by arming slaves and ending slavery

• Brown was executed for the crime

• Led to Southerners distrusting Northerners, blamed it on the Republican Party

• South began to form an army

The North "has sanctioned and applauded theft, murder, and treason.”

“Brown failed at everything in life except dying”

“I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land can never be purged away but with blood.”-This was written on a note that he had at his execution that he handed to a guard before he died

Fire EatersFire Eaters

• VMIVMI

• PIKESPIKES

• VIRG & SCVIRG & SC

Edmond Ruffin

• I am here to plead his cause with you. I plead not for his life, but for his character,—his immortal life; and so it becomes your cause wholly, and is not his in the least. Some eighteen hundred years ago Christ was crucified; this morning, perchance, Captain Brown was hung. These are two ends of a chain which is not without its links. He is not Old Brown any longer; he is an angel of light.– Henry David Thoreau, "A Plea for Captain John

Brown" 1859 • It seems as if no man had ever died in America

before, for in order to die you must first have lived. These men, in teaching us how to die, have at the same time taught us how to live. – Eulogy by Henry David Thoreau

Historiography: John Brown:

Madman, Hero or Martyr?

Terrorist or Freedom Fighter?

Historiography: John Brown:

Madman, Hero or Martyr?

Terrorist or Freedom Fighter?

18601860PresidentialPresidential

ElectionElection

18601860PresidentialPresidential

ElectionElection

√ Abraham LincolnRepublican

√ Abraham LincolnRepublican

John BellConstitutional

Union

John BellConstitutional

Union

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern DemocratStephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860

Republican Party Platform in 1860

1. Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.]

2. Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

3. No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

4. Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

5. Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

6. Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1. Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers.]

2. Protective tariff [for the No. Industrialists].

3. No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”].

4. Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest].

5. Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense.

6. Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers].

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart!1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart!

Scott

Breckinridge & Buchanan goat or "Buck." Lincoln + Black Woman

Douglas & Irish Bell dances with an Indian brave

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

Fire EatersFire Eaters

Edmond Ruffin

Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch attempt at peaceCrittenden Compromise:

A Last Ditch attempt at peace

•Senator John J. Crittenden(Know-Nothing-KY) proposed to make a Constitutional Amendment protecting slavery along the old Missouri Compromise 36` 30’ line that Lincoln rejected

•Senator John J. Crittenden(Know-Nothing-KY) proposed to make a Constitutional Amendment protecting slavery along the old Missouri Compromise 36` 30’ line that Lincoln rejected

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

What terms do we use to define the What terms do we use to define the political spectrumpolitical spectrum??

________________________________________II III5 91 3 7

What terms do we use to define the What terms do we use to define the political spectrumpolitical spectrum??

________________________________________II III5 91 3 7

ConservativesModerates Radicals Liberals

Where would we put on the following on the expansion of slavery spectrum? :-Free Soil (Republican)-William Lloyd Garrison-John Brown-Northern Democrats, Stephen Douglas’s Freeport Doctrine, or popular sovereignty-American Colonization Society-Southern Democrats Breckenridge-Filibuster William Walker & Ostend Manifesto

________________________________________II III5 91 3 7

ConservativesModerates Radicals Liberals

A B C D E F G

The spectrum on the issue of the expansion of slavery

________________________________________II III5 91 3 7

ConservativesModerates Radicals Liberals

A B C D E F

William Lloyd Garrison

American Colonization Society

Free Soil Republican

Filiabuster William Walker & Ostend Manifesto

Southern Democrats Breckenridge

Douglas’s Freeport DoctrineOr popular sovereignty

John Brown

Fire Eaters

Q. Did Slavery cause the Civil War?

A. It was like oxygen is to fire. You cannot have a fire with just oxygen, but it fed the

conflict. It raged like a bonfire at night.

Ken Burns VideoKen Burns Video

• 22 to 4022 to 40

• 11.25 to 40 to include slavery part11.25 to 40 to include slavery part

• Evaluate the effectiveness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions like a historian would by using specific evidence from 1820 to 1861.

Missouri Compromise, 1820Missouri Compromise, 1820

The Compromise of 1820:The Compromise of 1820:

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 18541854

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Dred Scott v. SanfordDred Scott v. Sanford, 1857, 1857

• Analyze how Manifest Destiny in combination with the slavery issue contributed to secession and the Civil War.

• How did territorial expansion affect national unity between 1800 and 1860.

• Compare the expansionist foreign policies of Thomas Jefferson and James Polk. To what extent did their policies strengthen the unity of the US?

Acquisition, Compromise, and Acquisition, Compromise, and ProtestProtest

• Louisiana Purchase, 1803, Jefferson

• Missouri Compromise, 1820

• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 (Popular Sovereignty)

• Republicans formed and Whigs die

• Bleeding Kansas & John Brown

• Mexican Cession from the war, 1848, Polk

• Free Soil Party created

• Compromise 1850, Pop FCAT, (Popular Sovereignty)

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin in reaction to the Fugitive Slave Law

• Dred Scott, 1857 overturned it all

Q. Did Slavery cause the Civil War?

A. It was like oxygen is to fire. You cannot have a fire with just oxygen, but it fed the

conflict. It raged like a bonfire at night.

Read page 15, Did slavery cause the

Civil War

Did slavery cause the Civil War?Slavery caused the WarSlavery caused the War

• Most Southern leaders owned slaves

• Tariff issue stems from slavery, cotton # 1 export

• Preserve the Declaration of Independence

• State Rights: to preserve slavery! Fug Slave, Miz Comp, Comp 1850

• Lincoln and Republicans opposed the expansion of slavery and Southerners were scared they were taking over.

• Power of DC never an issue until slavery• Frederick Douglass & Abolitionists:

slavery is wrong• Slavery drew the sectional line between

the N + S

Slavery did not cause itSlavery did not cause it• ¾ Southerners owned no slaves• Tariff

– Northern protectionist, South pays 87% of it, Nullification Crisis-Calhoun, (Whiskey Rebellion) Confederate Constitution: free trade

• Preserve the Constitution: 10th Amendment• State’s Rights (Minority Rights)• The right of secession• War did not start as a war to end slavery, rather to

preserve the union (whites vs. whites)• Different Economies: N-industrial & S-agricultural• Slavery would not work out west.• Sectional politics• S politicians had controlled the federal government

and were upset they were losing their influence

Some historians have argued that on the eve of the Civil War, the North and South were two separate societies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

• Political• Social • Religion• N/S Baptist Church, Methodist Church, Northern Whig

Reformers• Culture• Cold Yankee temperament vs. Hot Confederate temperament • Peopling• Immigrants• Economic• Political• Social

From 1986From 1986

• “The Mexican War was a premeditated affair, resulting from a deliberately calculated scheme of robbery on the part of a superior power against a weak and defenseless neighbor.” – Assess the validity of this statement.

From 1990

• “Although Americans perceived Manifest Destiny as a benevolent movement, it was in fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others.”– Assess the validity of this statement with

specific reference to American expansionism in the 1840’s.

Compare the experiences of TWO of the following groups of immigrants during the period 1820 to 1860–Irish–German–Chinese

• Analyze the political, economic, and religious tensions between immigrant Roman Catholics and native-born Protestants in the United States from the 1830’s through the 1850’s.

• How did the collapse of the 2nd American political party system from 1824 to 1860 lead to the Civil War?

From 2009

• Analyze the political, social, and economic forces of the 1840’s and 1850’s that led to the emergence of the Republican Party.

From 2000From 2000

• Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of TWO of the following.– Missouri Compromise

– Mexican War

– Compromise of 1850

– Kansas-Nebraska Act

From 2004From 2004

• Evaluate the effectiveness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions from 1820 to 1861.

• Evaluate the effectiveness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions from 1846 to 1861.

• Evaluate the relative importance of the following branches in causing the Civil War from 1848 to 1861.–Executive–Legislative–Judicial

• How did economics play a role in causing the Civil War?

• “On the eve, of the Civil War, the North and South were two separate societies.”

•Assess the validity of this statement

• “Southern antebellum society was dominated by plantation slavery:–Assess the validity of this statement

• Use TWO of the following categories to analyze the ways in which African Americans created a distinctive culture in slavery.–Family–Music–Oral Traditions–Religions

Paxton BoysPaxton Boys

• Analyze the reason for the development and evaluate the success of TWO of the following third parities in American Antebellum politics from 1820 to 1860.– Free Soil Party– American Party– Republicans

What should be in the intro?What should be in the intro?

What put in intro?

• Background info or key terms on political parties:

• GW Farewell Address

• 1st 2 party system: Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans

• Era of Good Feelings

• 2nd 2 party system: Whigs vs. Dem

Free-SoilFree-Soil

Reason for the development

• Precursor, Liberty Party• Mexican War #1• Belief War was to expand

slavery, Wilmot Proviso• Questioned the how the

war started• Spot Resolution

Success

• Moderate• Martin Van Buren, 1848,

John Hale, 1852, few if any electoral votes, 10% popular

• Dies out but morphs into the Republicans

American (Know-Nothings)American (Know-Nothings)

Reason for the development

• Massive influx of Irish immigrants, potato famine

• Move (and take over) into NE cities, like Boston, Phil, NYC, & Baltimore

• Anti-Catholic sentiments• Xenophobia• Economics: take jobs and suppress

wages.• Samuel Morse• Prohibition and temperance

Movement

Success

• Limited: Knew-Nothing about governing

• Came and went fast• Millard Fillmore has a lot

of success in 1856, 8 electoral votes and 26% popular

RepublicansRepublicans

Reason for the development

• Kansas Nebraska Act– Bleeding Kansas, John

Brown, & Lecompton Const.

• Death of the Whigs• Free Soil Ideas: #1 goal,

stop the spread of slavery• Dred Scott case• N. Sectional party only• Captured Northern

business interests

Success

• Huge, becomes one of the two major parties, will dominate national politics from 1860 until 1876

• Freemont has success in1856 and then Lincoln wins the Presidency in 1860

2010

• Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War.

–Confine your answer to period 1845 to 1861

What should be in the intro?

• Background info or key terms on the expansion of slavery:

• Cotton gin, Indian removal

• Prior debate on the issue: Missouri Compromise, 1820

• Expansion (TOM): Texas lead to Mexican War

• Comp 1850– Fugitive Slave law, personal liberty laws, Uncle

Tom’s Cabin, Burns incident

• Kansas Nebraska Act– Popular Sovereignty, repealed Miz. Comp.– Bleeding Kansas, John Brown, Caning Sumner

• Dred Scott

• Issue infused into the political system & broker apart the 2 party system

• Republicans: Lincoln’s Election 1860

• Sectionalism

Acquisition, Compromise, and Acquisition, Compromise, and ProtestProtest

• Louisiana Purchase, Louisiana Purchase, 18031803

• Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

• Kansas-Nebraska Act, Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 (Popular 1854 (Popular Sovereignty)Sovereignty)

• Republicans formed Republicans formed and Whigs dieand Whigs die

• Bleeding Kansas & Bleeding Kansas & John BrownJohn Brown

• Mexican Mexican Cession from Cession from the war, 1848the war, 1848

• Free Soil Party Free Soil Party createdcreated

• Compromise Compromise 1850, Pop 1850, Pop FCAT, (Popular FCAT, (Popular Sovereignty)Sovereignty)

• Uncle Tom’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin in reaction Cabin in reaction to the Fugitive to the Fugitive Slave LawSlave Law

• Dred Scott, 1857 overturned it all

• Analyze how Manifest Destiny in combination with the slavery issue contributed to secession and the Civil War.