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WHAT IS WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE?INTELLIGENCE?
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What is AIWhat is AI
Strong AI and Weak AIStrong AI and Weak AI AI domainsAI domains AI methodsAI methods AI and other disciplinesAI and other disciplines TimelineTimeline
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Strong AIStrong AI
Create a robot which is autonomous, thinks for itself, makes its own decisions, can deliberate about its own thoughts, can learn and adapt to new situations and can communicate with humans through the use of language
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Weak AIWeak AI
To build a computer program that simulates a particular intelligent activity, e.g. playing chess
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Some AI DefinitionsSome AI Definitions
"The branch of computer science that "The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior.”intelligent behavior.”
" The science of making machines do " The science of making machines do things that would require intelligence things that would require intelligence if done by men.”if done by men.”
"The study of computations that make "The study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and it possible to perceive, reason, and act"act"
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Some Important Some Important QuestionsQuestions
How do we define human behavioral How do we define human behavioral and thinking patterns and thinking patterns
How do we define a rational behavior How do we define a rational behavior
What should be the difference What should be the difference between an ordinary program (say a between an ordinary program (say a sorting program) and an AI program sorting program) and an AI program
What is the essence of intelligent What is the essence of intelligent behaviorbehavior
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Specifics of AI problemsSpecifics of AI problems
Require both procedural and Require both procedural and declarative knowledgedeclarative knowledge
Require reasoning abilitiesRequire reasoning abilities
Require planningRequire planning
Require learning abilitiesRequire learning abilities
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Intelligent AgentsIntelligent Agents
Features Topics
Goal - motivated behavior State space search
Decision making Logical systems; reasoning patterns
Knowledge-based behavior Knowledge representation Information Data Knowledge
Adaptive behavior Machine learning
Interaction and communication
Vision, Pattern recognitionNatural Language Processing
Physical activity Robotics
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AI methods, problems, AI methods, problems, applicationsapplications
Paradigms: Symbolic; Connectionists
Methods: Knowledge Representation, Logic, Search
Problems: Planning and Decision Making, Pattern Recognition, Machine Learning
Applications: Intelligent agents, Expert systems, Game playing, Natural Language Processing, Robotics
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ExampleExampleA farmer has to move a goat, a cabbage and a wolf from one side of a river to the other side using a small boat. The boat can carry only the farmer and one more object (either the goat, or the cabbage, or the wolf).
If the farmer leaves the goat with the wolf alone, the wolf would kill the goat.If the goat is alone with the cabbage, it will eat the cabbage.
How can the farmer move all his property safely to the other side of the river?
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SolutionSolution
Identify the Identify the initialinitial and the and the targettarget states states Choose appropriate Choose appropriate representationrepresentation of the of the
statesstates Decide on Decide on operatorsoperators to change the states. to change the states. Identify Identify restrictionsrestrictions: are all operators : are all operators
applicable to all states?applicable to all states? Decide on how the Decide on how the costcost of the solution would be of the solution would be
measuredmeasured Solve the problemSolve the problem
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AI and other disciplinesAI and other disciplines
PhilosophyPhilosophy Psychology/ Cognitive psychology / Psychology/ Cognitive psychology /
Cognitive ScienceCognitive Science MathematicsMathematics Computer ScienceComputer Science Computer EngineeringComputer Engineering Computational LinguisticsComputational Linguistics Biology and NeurologyBiology and Neurology
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Timeline of AITimeline of AI
1943 Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts: a model of connected artificial neurons
1956 Dartmouth workshop Alan Turing, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell
1958 LISP by McCarthy
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Timeline of AITimeline of AI1965 ELIZA :Weizenbaum, a program that acts as a psychoterapist.
Work on machine translation - unsuccessful.1966 Funding for AI stopped.Difficulties: Lack of knowledge about world. The scale problem - easy to solve toy problems, very difficult to solve real world problems
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Timeline of AITimeline of AI1969-1979 Knowledge -based systems
1972 Prolog, created by Alain Colmerauer
1975 Frames: a knowledge representation scheme, developed by Marvin Minsky.
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Timeline of AITimeline of AI SHRDLU by Terry Winograd -
understanding natural language in the block world
DENDRAL - inferring molecular structure from the information provided by a mass spectrometer. Developed by Edward Feigenbaum
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MYCIN – a rule-based system for knowledge representation and inference in the domain of medical diagnosis and therapy.
(The first expert system) .
Timeline of AITimeline of AI
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Timeline of AITimeline of AI
1980 R1 - first commercial ES - McDermott, configures orders for new computer systems.
1981 Fifth generation project in Japan.
Mid 80'sMid 80's Neural Networks Neural Networks
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1990’s Major advances in Machine learning, Natural language processing, multi-agent systems, robotics
Timeline of AITimeline of AI
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Timeline of AITimeline of AI
2000 Robotics:Humanoid robots
- Rodney BrookRobo-Cup soccerHumanoid
sociable robotsInteractive robot pets
RoboCup Humanoid League 2006
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