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7/29/2019 WiMAX Technology IntroductionV1
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
Huawei Confidential
Security Level:2013/9/9
WiMAX Technology
Introduction
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2
©2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. This document including images and text is owned by Huawei
Technologies Co., Ltd., and/or by our vendors, who have given us permission to use their document. You are not allowed
to copy, modify, distribute or display its contents unless Huawei gives explicit permission to do sot.
Name: WIMAX Technology Introduction
Version: V1.0
Release Date: 12-26-2006
To be presented to: Huawei new comer and green hand for WiMAX
Content: Divided into seven major parts:
1. WiMAX Advantage
2. 16d VS 16e
3. 2.5GHz VS 3.5GHz
4. WiMAX VS HSDPA/EVDO
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Revision Record
Version Update Time Modifier Comment
1.00 12-26-2006 WiMAX Marketing
Support Department
(gaowei)
initialization
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Contents
WiMAX Advantage
16d VS 16e
2.5GHz VS 3.5GHz
WiMAX VS HSDPA/EVDO
OFDM/OFDMA AMC
MIMO
AAS
QoS
All IP Architecture
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OFDM/OFDMA
F r e q e n c y
Time
OFDM OFDMA
O u t p u t
P o w e r
Frequency
OFDM OFDMA
Compared to OFDM, OFDMA has more granulation in
frequency domain.
Power control on DL sub-channel for users to obtainpower gain.
Data-subscribers per user are distributed randomly in the
whole bandwidth to gain frequency diversity .
OFDM is robust to frequency-selective fading for multiple
narrowband sub-carriers
Sub-carriers are orthogonal and overlap and thus to
improve spectrum efficiency
Orthogonality between sub-carriers enables OFDMA
system to employ IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform)
and DFT for modulation and demodulation.
Large Scale Integrated circuit is easy to implement
IDFT/DFT with low cost.
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Time Domain
Input data stream is divided into several parallel sub-streams of reduced data rate and thus
increases symbol duration;
Each sub-stream is modulated and transmitted on a separate orthogonal sub-carrier;
Increased symbol duration improves the robustness of OFDM to delay spread
Introduction of the cyclic prefix (CP> channel delay spread) provide multi-path immunity and
tolerance for synchronization errors and Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI);
To reduce the complex of channel equalization method;
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Frequency domain
Sub-carrier DC Sub-carrier
Guard Sub-carrier Pilot Sub-carrier Data Sub-carrier
Sub-channel #1 Sub-channel #2
OFDMA symbol is made up of subcarriers, the
number of which determines the FFT size used.
Data subcarriers: for data transmission
Pilot subcarriers: for various estimation
purposes
Null carrier: no transmission at all, for guard
bands and DC carrier
Active subcarriers are divided into subsets of
subcarriers termed a subchannel
Permutation zone: PUSC, FUSC, PUSC withall subchannels, optional FUSC, AMC and FUSC
with all subchannels
With the OFDMA sub-carrier structure, it
supports a wide range of bandwidths from 1.25
MHz to 20 MHz.
The scalability is achieved by adjusting the FFT
size7 to the channel bandwidth while fixing the
sub-carrier frequency spacing.
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Frequency reuse
On the edge of sector, partial sub-channels are allocated.
On the core of sector, full sub-channels are allocated.
Schedule depends on the MS`s CINR.
Frequency reuse mixed by PUSC + FUSC improves the capacity and reduce
interference.
F1,F2 and F3 are partial sub-channels of
one frequency, allocated equally or non-
equally
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DL sub-frame consists of Preamble、FCH(frame control header )、DL_MAP and DL data burst.
UL sub-frame consists of Ranging sub-channel, UL data burst. Ranging sub-channel is contention interval for
contention ranging and bandwidth request from all MSs.
Radio resource allocation per frame is changeable.
Number of OFDM Symbols in DL and UL for 5/10MHz BW ranges from (35, 12) to (26:21)
Asymmetric DL/UL capability is implemented by different number of DL/UL sub-channels allocation.
For each SS, the maximum number of bursts to decode in one downlink subframe is 64.
In UL, every MS is only allocated one burst.
Frame structure
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Data Modulation
64-QAM constellation
Every sub-carrier bears 2-bit useful data with modulation 16QAM , coding 1/2 and 4-bit with 64QAM
2/3.
Different modulation scheme maps data to specific amplitude and phase of sub-carrier.
Compared to 1xEVDO-Rev A and HSDPA, WiMAX first employs 64QAM modulation for DL.
1xEVDO-Rev B with 64QAM needs a hardware upgrade from Rev A and Rev B software
upgrade is only limited to 16QAM.
QPSK constellation 16-QAM constellation
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AMC
Modulation scheme on sub-carrier is changeable.
AMC introduced by OFDMA system user different modulation and coding based on
the channel condition to provide robust link adaptation in mobile environments.
MS under good channel condition can get more higher data rate and average
system throughput is also improved
AMC is a replacement for power control to improve system performance.
Channel measurement in 802.16 is based on RSSI and CINR.
Mobile WiMAX supports AMC in both downlink and uplink with variable
packet size.
16QAM QPSK64QAM
Modulation/FEC
rate
Norimalized
C/N(dB)
QPSK 1/3 0.5
QPSK 1/2 6
QPSK 2/3 7.5
QPSK 3/4 9
16-QAM 1/2 12
16-QAM 2/3 14.5
16-QAM 3/4 15
16-QAM 5/6 17.5
64-QAM 1/2 18
64-QAM 2/3 20
64-QAM 3/4 21
64-QAM 5/6 23
Default normalized C/N
values per modulation
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物理层
FEC
(RS,BTC,
CTC)
Modulation
MappingRandomization IFFT
Cyclic
PrefixInterleave
DL PHY Process
UL PHY Process
Remove
Cyclic
PrefixFFT
Freq.
Domain
Equalizer
De-Map
Symbols
Viterbi &
RS Decoder
De-Randomization
De-
Interleave
Data to
MAC layer
Data from
MAC layer
RF
TX
baseband
RF RX
(Timing &
Frequency
Correction etc)
baseband
DL/UL PHY Process
技术
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MIMO means Multi-input antennas and Multi-output antennas, through transmit and receive the
wireless data on several antennas in parallel , this feature can improve the spectral efficiency and
system capacity , of course it can supports higher speed date rate, but it need more TRX
hardware and more capacity of baseband processing.
MIMO技术
MIMO优势
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MIMO优势
Spatial multiplexing and diversity:
Spatial multiplexing can subdivide input data stream into sub-stream
and transmit these in multiple antennas .
Space diversity uses multiple antennas transmit the same data to
terminal and realize diversity effect.
Space time code improves coding gain and system performance by spatial
diversity.
Tradeoff between capacity and link quality by mixing multiplexing and
diversity.
Spatial multiplexing (SM) Space time code (STC)
AAS T h l
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AAS Technology
Benefits of AAS system:
Increase Range Extension by Beamforming
Improve system capacity by allowing subscribers to transmit with less power, reducing
Multiple Access Interference, and hence increasing the number of simultaneous subscribers
in each cell.
SDMA Allow different subscribers to share the same spectral resources by spatially
separating signals
Switched beam System Adaptive Array System
AAS VS MIMO
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AAS VS MIMO
AAS MIMO
Feature Use relationship among differentantennas,
Near between antennas
Use independence of differentantennas,
far between antennas
Application Low performance in macro cell
with higher antenna location
High performance in micro and
indoor environment
BS Many channels
High influence to system
Difficult compatibility
Two channels
Deal with baseband signals
Low influence to system
Easy compatibility
Terminal Low influence,
Upgrade only signal part
High influence,
Support for multi-antenna
Hi h D t t
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OFDMA
Modulation/Coding
MIMO
High Data rate
Net ork Entr Process
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Network Entry Process
Obtain SF QoS
Parameters from GW
Establish SF
in air interface
Establish R6 tunnel
between BS and GW
End
Scan DL channel to synchronize
SS basic capability
negotiation
Authorization and
key exchange
Register
Begin
Obtain transmit
parameters
Initial Ranging
MS sends initial Ranging code
in initial Ranging opportunity
MS sends initial Ranging code
in periodic Ranging opportunity
MS sends RNG-REQ in
allocated bandwidth
Handover Process
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Handover Process
Handover Trigger: MS Trigger: When MS detects unqualified DL signals, MS triggers
Handover to serving BS (MOB_MSHO-REQ) BS Trigger: When BS detects the MS unqualified UL signals or BS
cannot afford load resource, BS triggers MS to handover to other
target BS (MOB_BSHO-REQ)
GW Trigger: GW optimizes resource and triggers MS to handover
among BSs
Handover Type: Hard Handover
Macro diversity handover Fast BS switching
Example of Handover
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Example of Handover
BS
BS
ASN GW1 HA R8
R6
R3
Before HOAfter HO
BS ASN GW2
R8
R6
R3 R4
服 务 ASN GW
MSS
原 服 务 BS
BS
BS
ASN GW1 HA R8
R6
R3
BS ASN GW2
R8
R6
R3 R4
Serving
ASN GW
MSS
Serving
BS
Target BS
a) HO with new R1 and R8
BS
BS ASN GW1 HA R8
R6
R3
BS ASN GW2
R8
R6
R3 R4
MS
c) HO with new R6 and R4 Without CoA
BS
BS
ASN GW1 HA R8
R6
R3
Before HO
After HOBS ASN GW2
R8
R6
R3 R4
MS
Serving BS
Target
BS
Target ASN-GW
BS
BS ASN GW1 HA R8
R6 R3
Before HO BS ASN GW2
R8 R6
R3 R4
Anchor
ASN GW
MS
Target ASN-GW
Serving
ASN GW
Serving
BS
Target BS Before HO
After HO
b) HO with new R6
Serving
ASN GW
ServingASN GW
After HO
d) HO with new R6 and R4 and with CoA
Idle Mode
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Idle Mode
Idle Mode provides a mechanism for the MS to become periodically available for DL broadcast
traffic messaging without registration as the MS traverses an air link environment populated by
multiple base stations
Idle Mode benefits the MS by removing the requirement for handoff and other normal operations
Idle Mode benefits the network and base station by eliminating air interface and network handoff
traffic from essentially inactive MSs while still providing a simple and timely method (paging) for alerting the MS about pending DL traffic
Paging Cycle Paging Cycle
Paging OffsetPaging Listening
Interval(N)
Nframe(Nframe mod PAGING_CYCLE == PAGING_OFFSET)
Paging Unavailable Interval
Sleep Mode
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Sleep Mode
Sleep mode is a state in which an MS conducts pre-negotiated periods of absence from the Serving
BS air interface.
Sleep mode is intended to minimize MS power usage and decrease usage of Serving BS air
interface resources.
Sleep Mode provides flexibility for the MS to scan other base stations to collect information to assisthandoff during the Sleep Mode.
Power Saving Classes differ by their parameter sets, procedures of activation/deactivation, and
policies of MS availability for different types of connections
Unavailability interval is a time interval that does not overlap with any listening window of any activePower Saving Class
Availability interval is a time interval that does not overlap with any Unavailability interval
All IP architecture
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All IP architecture
Data path uses IP datagram to transmit
Besides IP CS, ETH CS is also supported
WiMAX has capability to integrate seamlessly with IP network
QoS Guarantee
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QoS Guarantee
Mobile WiMAX can meet QoS requirements for a wide range of data services and applications.
In the Mobile WiMAX MAC layer, QoS is provided via service flows.
BS and MS establish a unidirectional connection between the peer MACs to provide a certain type
of data service.
The QoS parameters associated with the service flow define the transmission ordering and
scheduling on the air interface. The connection-oriented QoS therefore, can provide accurate controlover the air interface.
QoS Guarantee
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QoS Guarantee
WiMAX network includes wireless and IP network. QoS in Wireless network is guaranteed
by IEEE802.16 and QoS in IP network by Diffserv and MPLS technology.
The classifier consists of priority, CID and a set of matching criteria (destination IP address,
for example) applied to each packet.
Specific service is classified to the connection defined by the CID with corresponding QoS.
BS
C l a s s i f i e
r
S c h e d u l e
rMS
C l a s s i f i e r FTP Service
VoIP Service
MAC Connections with
QoS Parameters
PDU(SFID,CID)PDU(SFID,CID)
BE
UGS
E2E QoS
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E2E QoS
In the IP network, DSCP in IP header can be labeled for different QoS; Priority field in VLAN also can be used for QoS.
DSCP(DiffServ Code Point)
BS ASN-GW
Version
Length Len ID Offset TTL Proto FCS IP-SA IP-DA Data
ToS
1 Byte
07 123456
DSCP unused
IPv4 header
RFC2474
IEEE802.1Q DA SA TYPE Data CRCTAG
TPID Pri VLAN IDCFI
Contents
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Contents
WiMAX Advantage
16d VS 16e
2.5GHz VS 3.5GHz
WiMAX VS HSDPA/EVDO
WiMAX protocol suite
Protocol difference
Target market
Summary
IEEE 802 16系列协议WiMAX protocol suite
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IEEE 802.16系列协议
Protocol Frequency PHY MAC Duplex mode
IEEE 802.16-
2004
802.16 10~66GHz SC FDD/TDD
802.16a 2~11GHz Sca AAS/ARQ/STC FDD/TDD
OFDM AAS/ARQ/MESH/STC FDD/TDD
OFDMA AAS/ARQ/STC FDD/TDD
802.16b 5~6GHz Sca/OFDM/
OFDMA AAS/ARQ/STC/MESH/DFS TDD
802.16c 10~66GHz Corrigendum to 802.16 and system profiles for 10~66GHz
802.16d 2~11GHz Corrigendum to 802.16a and consolidate802.16/802.16a(802.16b)/802.16c/802.16d to form IEEE
802.16-2004 (2~66GHz)
IEEE P802.16e 802.16e 2~6GHz Sca/OFDM/OFDMA, support for mobility based on 802.16-
2004
IEEE P802.16f 802.16f MIB (Management Information Base) on 802.16-2004
IEEE P802.16g
802.16g
NMS (Network Management System)on
802.16-2004
IEEE P802.16h 802.16h Corrigendum to 802.16-2004
IEEE 802.16.2 802.16.2 Define co-exist for 802.16 (10~66GHz)
IEEE 802.16.2a 802.16.2a Define co-exist for 802.16a (2~11GHz)
WiMAX protocol suite
Protocol difference
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Protocol difference
Parameters 802.16d 802.16e
Air interface technique OFDM/OFDMA SOFDMA
FFT Size 256/2048 128,512,1024
System bandwidth 1.25MHz-28MHz 1.25MHz-20MHz
Pilots Fixed(8) Fixed & Variable
PreambleLong preamble on DL
Short Preamble on ULDL preamble only
Sub channelization UL only FUSC & PUSC
Mobility No High (120Km/h)
Mobile Handoff Support No Yes
Power Management No Sleep/Idle
Frame Length 2.5,4,5,8,10,12.5,20ms 2,2.5,4,8,10,12.5,20ms
Protocol difference
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Convergence Sub Layer
MAC Layer
PHY Layer
Security/PrivacyKey, AES, EAP Handoff
BandwidthManagementConnectionManagement
Power management
IPPacket
Classifier Ethernet ATMHeader
Suppression
PDU
OperationNet Entry
PHY BurstScheduling
OFDM2-11GHz 256FFT
OFDMA2-11GHz 2048FFT OFDMA 2-11GHz128, 256, 512,1024, 2048
802.16d 802.16e WiMAX
802.16e is the mobile extension from 802.16
Modification in PHY from OFDM to Scalable OFDMA
Modification in MAC for security, handoff, roaming, & resource management
Protocol difference
Target Market
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Target Market
Nomadic Fixed Simple Mobility Portable Full Mobility
Fixed
(16d/16e)
Nomadic
(16e)
Portable
(16e)
Simple Mobility
(16e)
Full Mobility
(16e)
Application
Enterprise access Backhaul、
high-level family outdoor
access
Family indoor access and
personal terminal access
(not support handover )
Family outdoor access and
personal terminal access
( support handover )
Middle-rate mobile
personal terminal access
High-rate mobile
personal terminal
access
Terminal Outdoor Indoor, PCMCIAIndividual CPE,PCMCIA,
Embedded portable terminal
Individual CPE,PCMCIA ,Personal handing
terminal,Embedded handing terminal
Mobility N/A Not support >5Km/h, >60Km/h >120Km/h
Contents
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Contents
WiMAX Advantage
16d VS 16e
2.5GHz VS 3.5GHz
WiMAX VS HSDPA/EVDO
Scenarios
Indoor coverage
Outdoor coverage
PCMCIA coverage
Scenarios
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Regulation for Mobility at 3.5GHz
77%
13%6% 4%
Fixed Only
Fixed and Portable
(Limited Portability)
Fixed/Portable/Mobile
Under Revision
3.5GHz: Mainly used for fixed wireless broadband, such as DSL extension
2.5GHz: Future Personal Mobile Broadband
Source from Maravedis
Sce a os
Indoor Coverage
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Dense Urban: 3.5GHz coverage is 53.9% of 2.5GHz
Urban: 3.5GHz coverage is 51.7% of 2.5GHz
Suburban: 3.5GHz coverage is 65.7% of 2.5GHz
Source from Huawei
g
Outdoor Coverage
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Source from Huawei
Dense Urban: 3.5GHz coverage is 52.5% of 2.5GHz
Urban: 3.5GHz coverage is 53.1% of 2.5GHz
Suburban: 3.5GHz coverage is 65.4% of 2.5GHz
g
PCMCIA Coverage
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Source from Huawei
Dense Urban Indoor: 3.5GHz coverage is 55.3%
of 2.5GHzUrban Indoor: 3.5GHz coverage is 54.1% of 2.5GHz
Dense Urban Outdoor: 3.5GHz coverage is 53.1% of 2.5GHz
Urban Outdoor: 3.5GHz coverage is 52.7% of 2.5GHz
g
Base Station Number Comparison
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In case of : S(1,1,1), Coverage area 10km²
Propagation
Environment1 Terminal
Coverage
Radius (km)
Coverage
Area(km2) BS Number
2.5GHz3.5GH
z
2.5GH
z3.5GHz
Dense Urban
Indoor CPE 0.64 0.47 10 13 24
Outdoor CPE 2.29 1.66 10 1 2
PCMCIA( Outdoor) 0.92 0.67 10 7 12
UrbanIndoor CPE 0.89 0.64 10 7 13
PCMCIA (Outdoor) 1.24 0.90 10 4 7
Rural Outdoor CPE 7.64 6.18 100 1 2
Number of 3.5GHz is about 2 times of 2.5GHz
p
Contents
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WiMAX Advantage
16d VS 16e
2.5GHz VS 3.5GHz
WiMAX VS HSDPA/EVDO
System parameters
Key technology difference
Coverage difference
Capacity difference
Challenge Value Chain Maturity
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Standard
Start
Standard
Launch
First
Commercial
Deployment
4M User
Time
100M User
Time
GSM 1982 1990 1991 1994 1998
CDMA 1989 1993 1995 1997 2000
16d 1999 2004 2005 2008? NA
16e 2002 2005 2006? 2009? 2010? WiMAX has the shorter standard
time and to market time, become
more mature in the market, justlike IP
ALL IP Infrastructure and data
service development push,
WiMAX will develop much faster
than GSM/CDMA
Standard
Maturity
Time
From
Standard to
First
Commercial
From First
Commercial to
4M User
From 4M User
to 100M User
GSM 8 1 4 8
CDMA 4 2 4 7
16d 5 1 3? NA
16e 3 1 or 2 4? 5?
Unit: year
Challenge Terminal Chipset Strategy
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•Compared with GSM/CDMA/WCDMA, WiMAX chipset chain is more excellent in the early
stage.
Early Stage Mature Stage
Terminal Provider Chipset Provider
Only Chipset Is there MarketHolder?
GSMMOTO/Ericsson/Nokia/Moto/
Samsung… N N TI 80%
CDMA Ericsson / Nokia / Samsung… Qualcomm Y Qualcomm 90%
WCDMA Ericsson/Nokia/Moto Qualcomm NMarket share by
several providers
WiMAX
16e
IT Manufacture / Nokia / PDA
Provider and traditional Smart
phone provider
Intel /
Beceem /
Runcom …
N Intel ? Or NO ?
Technology and Performance Comparison
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Technology HSDPA WiMAX 16e
Transmission CDMA OFDMA
Duplexing FDD TDD
Channel BW 2X5MHz 1X10MHz
Average data rate
(theoretical)
(BS:1Tx2RX, terminal:1Tx1Rx)SIMO(BS:2Tx2RX, SS:1Tx1Rx)
DL/UL=1/1 DL/UL=3/1
4.8Mbps DL 6Mbps /UL 3.6Mbps DL 9Mbps /UL 1.8Mbps
Coverage 500m~5Km 500m~3Km(2.5GHZ)
Mobility 500km/h Up to 120km/h
QoS High High
Service Voice + Data Data + (VOIP)
Security High High
Frequency Global standard frequency band WiMAX forum is pushing
Industry Maturity Comparison
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Technology HSDPA WiMAX 16e
Standard Mature Air interface is ready, the network
protocol will be ready in Q4 2006
Interoperability good The first wave certificated products
are expected by the end of Q2 2007
Chipset Mature Few and juvenile, but more and
more chipset vendors announced to
develop WiMAX 16e chipset
Terminal abundance Few and juvenile
Network equipment ready Most mainstream vendors are
developing and on trail.
Commerial deployment abundance Only Korea
HSDPA is more mature than WiMAX 16e.
Coverage Difference
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GSM WCDMA
WIMAX 2.5GHz
SISO MIMO(2x1)
Link Budget
(dB)
UL 146.75 141.86 140.85 144.54
DL 148.65 141.19 138.24 147.15
Propagation
Model COST231-HATA
Coverage
(km)
UL 1.67 1.41 0.92 1.39
DL 1.81 1.35 1.09 1.65
Urban
WiMAX with MIMO
support has almost the same
coverage with
GSM/WCDMA
GSM: Coverage is related to maximum Tx power on the condition of good frequency planwithout interference.
CDMA: As self-interference system, the coverage depends not only on maximum Txpower but also system payload.
WIMAX:TDD, Orthogonal sub-carriers without interference in one cell. Coverage needconsider interference at the edge of cells.
Capacity Difference
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Parameter 1xEVDO
Rev A
EVDO
Rev B HSDPA
HSPA
(HSDPA
+ HSUPA)
Mobile
WiMAX
(2x2)
Channel BWDL 1.25 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz
10 MHzUL 1.25 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz 5 MHz
Peak Data RateDL 3.1 Mbps 14.7 Mbps 14 Mbps 14 Mbps 63Mbps
UL 1.8 Mbps 5.4 Mbps 2.0 Mbps 5.8 Mbps 28Mbps
Spectral
Efficiency
( bps/Hz)
DL 0.72 0.79 0.72 0.72 1.931
UL 0.36 0.28 0.14 0.30 0.88
Net Information
Through-put per
Channel/ Sector
DL 0.90 Mbps 3.96 Mbps 3.61 Mbps 3.61 Mbps 14.1 Mbps
UL 0.45 Mbps 1.39 Mbps 0.70 Mbps 1.50 Mbps 2.19 Mbps
Source from Mobile WiMAX- Part 2-Competitive Analysis Rev_2.0_dg.
Security Level:2013/9/9
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