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Women’s Roles in Non-Economic Activities Using Time Use Surveys in Thailand, Japan, and China. Ms. Sudarat Tuntivivat Ms. Kanjana Tisayaticom Dr. Phusit Prakongsai International Health Policy Program (IHPP) Presentation to IHPP journal club 1 November 2010 IHPP meeting room. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Women’s Roles in Non-Economic ActivitiesUsing Time Use Surveys in Thailand, Japan,
and China
Ms. Sudarat TuntivivatMs. Kanjana Tisayaticom
Dr. Phusit PrakongsaiInternational Health Policy Program (IHPP)
Presentation to IHPP journal club1 November 2010
IHPP meeting room
Data and Presentation Sources
Thailand • Time Use Survey 2001, 2004, 2009 (Data Cleaning Process)
• National Statistical Office
China • Time Use Survey 2008 • National Bureau of Statistics
Japan• Time Use Survey 2006 • Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
Non-economic activities
Definition • Work, service, activities,• Without earning and compensation, • For household members, other households or
community
Non-economic activities
Group of activities for analysis in Thailand
– Group 1: Household maintenance, management and shopping for own household
– Group 2: Care for children, the sick, elderly and disabled for own household
– Group 3: Community services and help to other household
2009- All day activities- Prepare time every 10 minutes-Main and second activities (5 digits)- Representation (Whole kingdom, Region)
2004- All day activities- Prepare time every 10 minutes-Main and Second activities (3 digits)- Representation (Whole Kingdom, Region)2001
- All day activities- Main Activities (2 digits)- Represent ion (Whole Kingdom, Region)
Historical development of Time Use Survey in Thailand
(On data cleaning process)
International classification of activities for Time-Use Statistics (ICATUS)
6
Average time of respondents aged
10 yrs and over by groups of activity:
Time Use Surveys in Thailand 2001 & 2004
Non-economic activities
(hours per day)
6
% Population by sex and activities
Non-economic activities
Average time by sex and activities
Non-economic activities
(hours per day)
Household maintenance, management
and shopping for own household
% Population by sex and activities
Care for children, the sick, elderly
and disabled for own household
% Population by sex and activities
Community services and help to other household
% Population by sex and activities
12
Caring Responsibilities of Women and Men in Japan
Points
2.2. Most care workers are female. Over 40% of female care Most care workers are female. Over 40% of female care workers are non-regular employees.workers are non-regular employees.
1.1. Main caregivers in households are female. Main caregivers in households are female.
3.3. There are differences in time spent on caring activities There are differences in time spent on caring activities between women and men.between women and men.
13
Caring Responsibilities of Women and Men in Japan
1.1. Main caregiversMain caregivers in households are female..
Data: “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions,” Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2007)
Main caregiver in the household by sex
Male 28.1%
Female 71.9%
14
Caring Responsibilities of Women and Men in Japan
Most care workersMost care workers are female. Over 40% of female care workers are non-regular employees.
Care workers by sex and employment situation
NRegular
employmentNon-regular employment
Unknown
FemaleFemale 23,33023,330 60.7%60.7% 39.2%39.2% 0.1%0.1%
MaleMale 5,6815,681 86.9%86.9% 12.9%12.9% 0.1%0.1%
Both sexesBoth sexes 29,12429,124 65.8%65.8% 34.1%34.1% 0.1%0.1%
Data: Survey of working conditions of care workers, Care Work Foundation (2006)
15
Caring Responsibilities of Women and Menin Japan
The cause of care needs areThe cause of care needs are different between women and men.
Data: “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions,” Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2007)
35.9
16.8 15.9
12.0
15.0
6.0
11.1
10.1
15.4
26.0
21.9
5.1
3.9
5.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Male
Female
Cerebrovascular Diseases (Cerebral Stroke) Heart DiseasesArticular Disease (Rheumatism) DementiaFracture Asthenia due to a Ripe AgeOther Causes, Unknown
(%)
Major reasons for need of assistance or care by sex
WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARE IN CHINA?
16
Responsibility by Gender
In China, women take on most housework.
Average time of housework:Women: 4 hours (234 minutes)
Men: 1.5 hours (91 minutes)
Sources: 2008 time use survey in China
TIME USE: WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARE?
Sources: 2008 time use survey in China
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
M F M F M F M F M F M F
home < 1km 1-3km 3-5km 5-10km >10km
Minute
Cooking
Child-care
The Average Time Use by Distance between Home and Work Place
17
TIME USE: WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARE IN CHINA?
Responsibility by Gender
Female participation of child-careParticipation rate: 22 %, The average time of female participants: 137 minutes.
18
More than 1/5 of women engaged in child-care, and on
average they spent more than 2 hours on it per day.
TIME USE: WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CHILD CARE IN CHINA?
Responsibility, Secondary Activity
Child-care as Secondary ActivityTotal F M
Total Records 8114 6026 2088
Records /per 100 Diary by Age Group
25-34 74 22
35-44 29 14
55-64 27 14
Sources: 2008 time use survey in China
19
Conclusions and policy recommendations
21
Women participated in non-economic activities more than men, especially household services and care for household members.
To reduce gender inequity, both economic and non-economic activities should be equally addressed. Non-economic activities, should be valued as monetary equivalence and included in the GDP estimation. Need campaign to change social attitude, especially men, on sharing responsibility in non-economic activities.
Questions and Comments
Thank you for your attention
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