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Won Taek Lee,Won Taek Lee, M.D., Ph.D. M.D., Ph.D.
Basal Basal Ganglia Ganglia Basal Basal
Ganglia Ganglia
Traditional Concepts of Traditional Concepts of Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia
Corpus StriatumCorpus Striatum
Caudate NucleusCaudate Nucleus
Lenticular Nucleus PutamenLenticular Nucleus Putamen
Globus Pallidus Globus Pallidus PaleostriatumPaleostriatum Pallidum Pallidum
Corpus Amygdaloideum Corpus Amygdaloideum ArchistriatumArchistriatum
NeostriatumNeostriatum Striatum Striatum
Basal Ganglia Introduction Basal Ganglia Introduction Basal Ganglia Introduction Basal Ganglia Introduction
1. Putamen1. Putamen2. Tail of caudate nu2. Tail of caudate nu
cleuscleus3. Caudatolenticular 3. Caudatolenticular
gray bridgegray bridge4. Amygdaloid body4. Amygdaloid body5. thalamus5. thalamus
Lateral surface Lateral surface of basal gangliaof basal ganglia
1. head of 1. head of caudate nuceluscaudate nucelus
2. body of 2. body of caudate nuceluscaudate nucelus
3. caudatolenticular 3. caudatolenticular gray bridgegray bridge
4. putamen4. putamen
5. tail of 5. tail of caudate nucleus caudate nucleus
6. external segment of 6. external segment of globus pallidus globus pallidus
7. internal segment of 7. internal segment of globus pallidusglobus pallidus
8. amygdaloid body8. amygdaloid body
9. nucleus accumbens 9. nucleus accumbens septisepti
Medial surface of basal gangliaMedial surface of basal ganglia
Components of Components of Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia
Corpus StriatumCorpus Striatum
Striatum ----- Caudate Nucleus & PutamenStriatum ----- Caudate Nucleus & Putamen
Pallidum ----- Globus Pallidus (GP)Pallidum ----- Globus Pallidus (GP)
Substantia NigraSubstantia Nigra
Pars Compacta (SNc)Pars Compacta (SNc)
Pars Reticulata (SNr)Pars Reticulata (SNr)
Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)
Ventral Striatum and Ventral PallidumVentral Striatum and Ventral Pallidum
Nucleus Accumbens SeptiNucleus Accumbens Septi
Non cholinergic portion of Substantia InnominataNon cholinergic portion of Substantia Innominata
Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components
STRIATUMSTRIATUM
Caudate NucleusCaudate Nucleus Head, (Corpus), TailHead, (Corpus), Tail
caudatolenticular gray bridgecaudatolenticular gray bridge
PutamenPutamen
Ventral StriatumVentral Striatum: : Nucleus Accumbens (Septi)Nucleus Accumbens (Septi)
Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components
Striatal CompartmentsStriatal Compartments (Mosaic or Modular Organization)(Mosaic or Modular Organization)
1. 1. Striosome (Patches)Striosome (Patches)
- 10-20% of total striatal mass- 10-20% of total striatal mass
- low acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity- low acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity
- high substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), tyrosine hydroxylase- high substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), tyrosine hydroxylase
- high expression of D- high expression of D11 dopamine receptor dopamine receptor
- high opiate receptor- high opiate receptor
2. 2. MatrixMatrix
- high acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity- high acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity
- high somatostatin (SRIF) activity- high somatostatin (SRIF) activity
- high D- high D22 dopamine receptor dopamine receptor
Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components
Spiny I Spiny I neuronneuron
Spiny II Spiny II neuronneuron
Aspiny I Aspiny I neuronneuron
Aspiny II Aspiny II neuronneuron
Aspiny III Aspiny III neuronneuron
Neurogliform Neurogliform cellcell
Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components
Striosome and Striosome and Matrix compartmentMatrix compartment
AchE
Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components Basal Ganglia Components
Inputs to the Inputs to the spiny striatal neuronsspiny striatal neurons
distal – extrinsicdistal – extrinsic proximal - intrinsicproximal - intrinsic
PALLIDUMPALLIDUM
Globus Pallidus (Pallidum)Globus Pallidus (Pallidum)
Internal or Medial Segment (GPi)Internal or Medial Segment (GPi) internal medullary laminainternal medullary lamina
External or Lateral Segment (GPe)External or Lateral Segment (GPe)
Ventral PallidumVentral Pallidum
Non-cholinergic portions Non-cholinergic portions
of of substantia innominatasubstantia innominata
Basal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia Components
Substantia NigraSubstantia Nigra
Pars Compacta (SNc)Pars Compacta (SNc)
Dopaminergic Cell Group (ADopaminergic Cell Group (A99))
cf. Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA, Acf. Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA, A1010))
Retrorubral Area (ARetrorubral Area (A88) )
Pars Reticulata (SNr)Pars Reticulata (SNr)
Non-dopaminergic Portion Non-dopaminergic Portion
GABAergic NeuronGABAergic Neuron
Basal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia Components
Subthalamus Subthalamus
Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)zona incertazona incerta
Field of ForelField of Forel H H ansa lenticularisansa lenticularis
H1H1 thalamic fasciculusthalamic fasciculus
H2H2 lenticular fasciculuslenticular fasciculus
Basal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia Components
PutamenPutamenGlobus pallidusGlobus pallidus external segmentexternal segment internal segmentinternal segmentSubthalamic NucleusSubthalamic NucleusSubstantia nigraSubstantia nigra
Internal capsuleInternal capsule
Components ofComponents ofBasal GangliaBasal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia ComponentsBasal Ganglia Components
Subthalamic NucleusSubthalamic Nucleus
1. epithalamus2. dorsal thalamus3. subthalamus 3-1. subthalamic nucleus 3-2. zona incerta 3-3. globus pallidus4. hypothalamus5. putamen
arrow: internal capsule
Origin of subthalamic nucleus and putamen (Kuhlenbeck)
Input Portion Input Portion
STRIATUM STRIATUM
(Caudate Nucleus and Putamen)(Caudate Nucleus and Putamen)
Output PortionOutput Portion
1. 1. PALLIDUM PALLIDUM (Globus Pallidus)(Globus Pallidus)
2. 2. SNr SNr (Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata)(Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata)
Basal Ganglia ConnectionsBasal Ganglia Connections
STRIATUMSTRIATUM
AfferentsAfferents from from 1. 1. Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex [Corticostriatal Projection][Corticostriatal Projection] 2. 2. ThalamusThalamus (CM-PF complex) [Thalamostriatal Projection] (CM-PF complex) [Thalamostriatal Projection] 3. 3. SNcSNc (Substantia Nigra, pars compacta), (Substantia Nigra, pars compacta), Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA, AVentral Tegmental Area (VTA, A1010) )
and Aand A88(Retrorubral Area) [Nigrostriatal Projection](Retrorubral Area) [Nigrostriatal Projection]
4. Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (B4. Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (B66, B, B88) [Raphestriatal Projection]) [Raphestriatal Projection]
5. Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex [Amygdalostriatal Projection]5. Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex [Amygdalostriatal Projection]
EfferentsEfferents to to 1. 1. Pallidum (GPi & GPe) Pallidum (GPi & GPe) [Striopallidal Projection][Striopallidal Projection] 2. 2. SNrSNr [Strionigral Projection] [Strionigral Projection] 3. 3. SNcSNc from from striosomestriosome
Basal Ganglia ConnectionsBasal Ganglia Connections
Input-OutputInput-OutputRelationshipRelationshipof Basal Gangliaof Basal Ganglia
1. striopallidal fiber1. striopallidal fiber2. strionigral fiber2. strionigral fiber3. strionigral fiber3. strionigral fiber from striosomefrom striosome to SNcto SNc4. ventrostrio-4. ventrostrio- ventro-pallidal fiberventro-pallidal fiber
PALLIDUM (Globus Pallidus)PALLIDUM (Globus Pallidus)AfferentsAfferents from from
1. 1. Striatum Striatum [Striatopallidal Projection][Striatopallidal Projection]
2. 2. STN <GPi & GPe> STN <GPi & GPe> [Subthalamopallidal Projection][Subthalamopallidal Projection]
EfferentsEfferents to to
1. 1. Thalamus (VLo, VApc, CM) <GPi> Thalamus (VLo, VApc, CM) <GPi> [Pallidothalamic Projection][Pallidothalamic Projection]2. 2. STN <GPe>STN <GPe> [Pallidosubthalamic Projection] [Pallidosubthalamic Projection]
SNr (Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata)SNr (Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata)Afferents from Afferents from Striatum Striatum [Striatonigral Projection][Striatonigral Projection]
Efferents toEfferents to
1. 1. Thalamus (VLm, VAmc, MD) Thalamus (VLm, VAmc, MD) [Nigrothalamic Projection] [Nigrothalamic Projection]
2. Brain Stem Nucleus: Tectum (Superior Colliculus) &2. Brain Stem Nucleus: Tectum (Superior Colliculus) &
Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN)Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN)
Basal Ganglia ConnectionsBasal Ganglia Connections
Pallidothalamic FibersPallidothalamic Fibers from from GPi GPi to to VLo, VApc, CMVLo, VApc, CM
Ansa LenticularisAnsa Lenticularis from outer (lateral) portion of GPifrom outer (lateral) portion of GPi fibers sweep ventromedially and rostrally around fibers sweep ventromedially and rostrally around the posterior limb of the the posterior limb of the internal capsuleinternal capsule enters enters Forel’s field HForel’s field H
Lenticular FasciculusLenticular Fasciculus from inner (medial) portion of GPifrom inner (medial) portion of GPi perforateperforate internal capsule internal capsule enters enters Forel’s field HForel’s field H22
Thalamic fasciculusThalamic fasciculus ansa lenticularis, lenticular fasciculusansa lenticularis, lenticular fasciculus and cerebellothalamic fibersand cerebellothalamic fibers Forel’s field HForel’s field H11
Basal Ganglia ConnectionsBasal Ganglia Connections
habenularhabenularnucleusnucleus
habenularhabenularnucleusnucleus
tectumtectum(superior colliculus)(superior colliculus)
tectumtectum(superior colliculus)(superior colliculus)
PPNPPN(pedunculopontine nucleus)(pedunculopontine nucleus)
PPNPPN(pedunculopontine nucleus)(pedunculopontine nucleus)
amygdaloid bodyamygdaloid bodyamygdaloid bodyamygdaloid body
rapherapherapheraphe
CerebralCerebralCortexCortex
CerebralCerebralCortexCortex
STNSTNSTNSTN
PallidumPallidum
SNrSNr
PallidumPallidum
SNrSNr
STRIATUMSTRIATUMSTRIATUMSTRIATUM
Connections of the Basal GangliaConnections of the Basal GangliaConnections of the Basal GangliaConnections of the Basal Ganglia
SNcSNcSNcSNcThalamusThalamusThalamusThalamus
Basal Ganglia (Main Motor Circuit) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Main Motor Circuit) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Main Motor Circuit) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Main Motor Circuit) Connections
SupplementarySupplementaryMotor AreaMotor Area
(SMA)(SMA)
PrimaryPrimaryMotor AreaMotor Area
(M I)(M I)
THALAMUSTHALAMUS(VLo, VApc, CM)(VLo, VApc, CM)
STRIATUMSTRIATUM(Putamen)(Putamen)
PALLIDUMPALLIDUM(GPi)(GPi)
pyramidalpyramidal tracttract
LMNLMN
ansaansalenticularislenticularis
lenticularlenticularfasciculusfasciculus
Basal Ganglia (Prefronatal Complex Loop) Connections Basal Ganglia (Prefronatal Complex Loop) Connections Basal Ganglia (Prefronatal Complex Loop) Connections Basal Ganglia (Prefronatal Complex Loop) Connections
PrefrontalPrefrontalAssociationAssociation
CortexCortex
PrimaryPrimaryMotor AreaMotor Area
(M I)(M I)
THALAMUSTHALAMUS(VLm, VAmc, MD)(VLm, VAmc, MD)
STRIATUMSTRIATUM(Caudate (Caudate Nucleus)Nucleus)
SNrSNr(Substantia Nigra,(Substantia Nigra,
pars reticulata)pars reticulata)
pyramidalpyramidal tracttract
LMNLMN
GP, SNrGP, SNr
StriatumStriatumMotorMotorCortexCortex
VA-VL VA-VL complexcomplex
- - GABAGABA
--
GABAGABA
++glutamate ?glutamate ?
glutamateglutamate
++
glutamateglutamate
++
Basal Ganglia (Microcircuitary) Connections Basal Ganglia (Microcircuitary) Connections
Basal Ganglia (Microcircuitary) Connections Basal Ganglia (Microcircuitary) Connections
Basal Ganglia (Limbic Loop) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Limbic Loop) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Limbic Loop) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Limbic Loop) Connections
Orbitofrontal CortexOrbitofrontal CortexAnterior Cingulate GyrusAnterior Cingulate GyrusHippocampal FormationHippocampal Formation
THALAMUSTHALAMUS(VAmc, MD)(VAmc, MD)
Ventral StriatumVentral StriatumCaudate NucleusCaudate Nucleus
Ventral PallidumVentral PallidumGPi, SNrGPi, SNr
Basal Ganglia (Oculomotor Loop) Connections Basal Ganglia (Oculomotor Loop) Connections
Basal Ganglia (Oculomotor Loop) Connections Basal Ganglia (Oculomotor Loop) Connections
FrontalFrontalEye FieldEye Field(area 8)(area 8)
PrimaryPrimaryMotor AreaMotor Area
(M I)(M I)
THALAMUSTHALAMUS(VLm, VAmc, MD)(VLm, VAmc, MD)
STRIATUMSTRIATUM(Caudate (Caudate Nucleus)Nucleus)
SNrSNr(Substantia Nigra,(Substantia Nigra,
pars reticulata)pars reticulata)
pyramidalpyramidal tracttract
LMNLMN TectumTectum
Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia (SNc and CM-PF nuclear complex) Connections (SNc and CM-PF nuclear complex) Connections Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia (SNc and CM-PF nuclear complex) Connections (SNc and CM-PF nuclear complex) Connections
PallidumPallidum
StriatumStriatum
THALAMUSTHALAMUS(CM-PF)(CM-PF)
PallidumPallidum
StriatumStriatum
SNcSNc
Basal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) Phylogeny Basal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) Phylogeny Basal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) Phylogeny Basal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) Phylogeny
GPiGPi
SNrSNrTectumTectum(superior (superior colliculus)colliculus)
SpL SpL nDCPnDCP
DIP (thalamus)DIP (thalamus) NeostriatumNeostriatumIntermedialeIntermediale
(motor cortex)(motor cortex)
aves (birds)aves (birds)
GPiGPi
SNrSNrTectumTectum(superior (superior colliculus)colliculus)
nPCnPC
VA-VL complexVA-VL complex(thalamus)(thalamus)
motormotorcortexcortex
mammalsmammals
Basal Ganglia (STN) Basal Ganglia (STN)
ConnectionsConnections
Basal Ganglia (STN) Basal Ganglia (STN)
ConnectionsConnections
SNrSNrGPiGPi
STNSTN
GPeGPe
subthalamicsubthalamic fasciculusfasciculus
OutputOutputPortionPortionofofBasalBasalGangliaGanglia
Cerebral CoretxCerebral Coretx
Thalamus (CM-PF)Thalamus (CM-PF)
PPNPPN
SubthalamicSubthalamicNucleusNucleus
Basal Ganglia (Ventral Striatum and Ventral Pallidum) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Ventral Striatum and Ventral Pallidum) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Ventral Striatum and Ventral Pallidum) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Ventral Striatum and Ventral Pallidum) Connections
VentralVentralPallidumPallidum
VentralVentralStriatumStriatum
HippocampalHippocampalFormationFormation
BasolateralBasolateralAmygdalaAmygdala
Temporal &Temporal &Frontal CortexFrontal Cortex
SNc, VTA &SNc, VTA &Dorsal RapheDorsal Raphe
ThalamusThalamus(MD)(MD)
BasolateralBasolateralAmygdalaAmygdala
PPN & VTAPPN & VTA
ThalamusThalamus(MD)(MD)
Basal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) ConnectionsBasal Ganglia (Brain Stem Efferents) Connections
PPNPPN(midbrain(midbrain
locomotorlocomotor region)region)
TectumTectum(superior (superior colliculus)colliculus)
GPi, SNrGPi, SNr
StriatumStriatum(caudate nucleus)(caudate nucleus)
LowerLowerMotorMotor
NeuronNeuron
viaviareticularreticularformationformation
tectospinaltectospinaltracttract
Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia
Brain Stem & Spinal CordBrain Stem & Spinal Cord
SMASMA (supplementary motor area)(supplementary motor area)
SMASMA (supplementary motor area)(supplementary motor area)
Basal Ganglia and Pyramidal TractBasal Ganglia and Pyramidal TractBasal Ganglia and Pyramidal TractBasal Ganglia and Pyramidal Tract
upper motor neuronupper motor neuron
UMNUMN
lower motor neuronlower motor neuron
LMNLMN
pyramidalpyramidal tracttract
BASALBASALGANGLIAGANGLIA CIRCUITCIRCUIT
Basal Forebrain Area Basal Forebrain Area ComponentsComponents
Basal Forebrain Area Basal Forebrain Area ComponentsComponents
BASAL FORBRAIN AREABASAL FORBRAIN AREA (Heimer) (Heimer)
Ventral Striatum, Part ofVentral Striatum, Part of Ventral PallidumVentral Pallidum Basal Nucleus of Meynert (Ch4)Basal Nucleus of Meynert (Ch4) Extended AmygdalaExtended Amygdala
cf. cf. Cholinergic Cell GroupsCholinergic Cell Groups (Mesulam) (Mesulam)(Magnocellular Basomedial Telencephalic Complex(Magnocellular Basomedial Telencephalic Complex ) )
1. Ch1 1. Ch1 (Medial Septal Nucleus)(Medial Septal Nucleus)
2. Ch2 2. Ch2 (Nucleus of Diagonal Band of Broca)(Nucleus of Diagonal Band of Broca)
3. Ch3 3. Ch3 (Nucleus of Diagonal Band of Broca)(Nucleus of Diagonal Band of Broca)
4. 4. Ch4Ch4 (Basal Nucleus of Meynert) (Basal Nucleus of Meynert)
5. Ch5 5. Ch5 (Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus)(Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus)
Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia Functional Consideration Functional Consideration Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia Functional Consideration Functional Consideration
Functional ConsiderationFunctional Consideration
1. 1. Selection Selection of “Preprogramed (learned) motor plans”of “Preprogramed (learned) motor plans”
Basal Gangla Circuit ---- Basal Gangla Circuit ---- Selection MechanismSelection Mechanism
Selection Inability -------- Selection Inability -------- Akinesia and HypokinesiaAkinesia and Hypokinesia
Faulty Selection ----------- Faulty Selection ----------- HyperkinesiaHyperkinesia
2. 2. Generation (learning) Generation (learning) of motor programsof motor programs
Programming of several Programming of several motor fragments motor fragments intointo
complex motor routinescomplex motor routines
Cerebral Palsy Cerebral Palsy ------------- Disordered motor program ------------- Disordered motor program
SYDENHAM’S CHOREASYDENHAM’S CHOREASYDENHAM’S CHOREASYDENHAM’S CHOREA
- Complication of- Complication of Rheumatic FeverRheumatic Fever- Fine, disorganized , and - Fine, disorganized , and random movements ofrandom movements of extremities, face andextremities, face and tonguetongue- Accompanied by - Accompanied by Muscular HypotoniaMuscular Hypotonia- Typical exaggeration of- Typical exaggeration of associated movements associated movements during voluntary activityduring voluntary activity- Usually recovers- Usually recovers spontaneously spontaneously in 1 to 4 monthsin 1 to 4 months
Clinical FeatureClinical Feature
Principal Pathologic Lesion: Principal Pathologic Lesion: Corpus StriatumCorpus Striatum
Clinical FeatureClinical Feature
Principal Pathologic Lesion:Principal Pathologic Lesion:
Corpus Striatum (esp. caudate nucleus)Corpus Striatum (esp. caudate nucleus) and Cerebral Cortexand Cerebral Cortex
- Predominantly - Predominantly autosomal dominantlyautosomal dominantly inherited chronic fatal diseaseinherited chronic fatal disease (Gene: chromosome 4)(Gene: chromosome 4)- Insidious onset: Usually 40-50- Insidious onset: Usually 40-50- Choreic movements in onset- Choreic movements in onset- Frequently associated with- Frequently associated with emotional disturbancesemotional disturbances- Ultimately, grotesque gait and sever- Ultimately, grotesque gait and sever dysarthria, progressive dementiadysarthria, progressive dementia ensues.ensues.
HUNTINGTON’S CHOREAHUNTINGTON’S CHOREA
HEMIBALLISMHEMIBALLISMHEMIBALLISMHEMIBALLISM
- Usually results from CVA- Usually results from CVA (Cerebrovascular Accident)(Cerebrovascular Accident) involving subthalamic nucleusinvolving subthalamic nucleus- sudden onset- sudden onset- - Violent, writhing, involuntaryViolent, writhing, involuntary movements of wide excursionmovements of wide excursion confined to confined to one half of the bodyone half of the body- The movements are continuous- The movements are continuous and often exhausting but ceaseand often exhausting but cease during sleepduring sleep- Sometimes fatal due to exhaustion- Sometimes fatal due to exhaustion- Could be controlled by- Could be controlled by phenothiazines and stereotaxicphenothiazines and stereotaxic surgery surgery
Clinical FeatureClinical Feature
Lesion: Lesion: Subthalamic NucleusSubthalamic Nucleus
Muhammad Ali in Alanta OlympicMuhammad Ali in Alanta Olympic
Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease
Disease of mesostriatal Disease of mesostriatal dopaminergic systemdopaminergic system
PDPD
normalnormal
Substantia Nigra, Substantia Nigra, Pars Compacta (SNc)Pars Compacta (SNc)
DOPAminergic NeuronDOPAminergic Neuron
Slowness of MovementSlowness of Movement- - Difficulty in Initiation and Cessation Difficulty in Initiation and Cessation of Movementof Movement
Clinical Feature (1)Clinical Feature (1)
Parkinson’s Disease - Paralysis AgitansParkinson’s Disease - Paralysis Agitans
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