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Wood anatomy - The role of macroscopic and microscopic wood identification to combat illegal logging and trading
PD Dr. habil. Gerald Koch, Dr. Immo Heinz, Volker Haag and Dr. Uwe Schmitt Thünen-Institute of Wood Research
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification
Koch et al. Slide 2
Wood is good!
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification
…and very nice,
…but also endangered!
White oak Quercus sp.
Bubinga Guibourtia sp.
Morado Machaerium scleroxylon
Koch et al.
Tropical forest degradation - Conversion and illegal logging
Illegal logging and its consequences: Global forest area loss (12-15 million h/a) 80 - 85% by conversion 15 - 20% conv. use of wood
Results: Deforestation, increase in CO2 emissions, loss of biodiversity Discrimination of sustainable and certified forest management
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 3
Koch et al.
Regulations and laws to combat illegal logging
The European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR) requires obligations on businesses who trade in timber and timber related products
The CITES Convention: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
The US Lacey Act: a conservation law in the United States that prohibits trade in wildlife, fish, and plants that have been illegally taken, possessed, transported, or sold
The Australia illegal logging prohibition act prohibits the import and processing of illegally logged timber and timber products according to the EUTR
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 4
Koch et al.
CITES = Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
The current CITES-listings of the entire rosewood genus (over 250 species) and of bubinga have a major impact on timber trade, as these species are traditionally used for components of musical instruments and high quality furniture
Bulnesia sarmientoi Palo santo CITES II / B, #11
Paubrasilia echinata Fernambuc CITES II / B, #10
Cedrela odorata Cedro CITES III / C, #5
Dalbergia nigra Brazilian rosewood CITES I / A
Dalbergia spp. Rosewood (> 250 species) CITES II / B, #15
Diospyros spp. Ebony (Madagascar) CITES II / B, #5
Fitzroya cupressoides Alerce CITES I / A
Gonystylus spp. Ramin CITES II / B, #4
Guaiacum spp. Pockholz CITES II / B, #2
Pericopsis elata Afrormosia CITES II / B, #5
Platymiscium spp. Granadillo CITES II / B, #4
Swietenia spp. True Mahagoni CITES II / B, #4,5,6
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 5
Koch et al. IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification
▪ Customs control of approx. 700 instruments during the international music fair, Frankfurt (2017). 130 instruments with components produced of rosewood did not have the required CITES documents.
Customs control of music instruments
Slide 6
Koch et al.
European Timber Regulation - (EUTR) Timber products subjected to the control by the EUTR
European Timber Regulation ANNEX Timber and timber products as classified in the Combined Nomenclature in Annex I to Regulation (EEC) No. 2658/87
4401 Fuel wood, in logs, billets, pellets or similar forms; 4403 Wood (solid), not stripped, stripped of bark or two- or four-sided trimmed; 4406 Timber railway sleepers; 4407 Wood (sawn) or chipped lengthwise with a thickness exceeding 6 mm; 4408 Veneer sheets for plywood or for similar laminated wood 4410 Particle board, "oriented strand board" plates and similar plates 4411 Fibreboard of wood, agglomerated with resins or other organic substances; 4412 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood; 4415 Packing cases, boxes, and similar packing's 940330, 940340, 94035000, 940360 and 94039030 wood furniture Pulp and paper of chapters 47 and 48 of the Combined Nomenclature
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 7
Koch et al.
Activities on the scientific level - Wood anatomy
The objective of the Global Timber Tracking Network (GTTN) is to promote the operationalization of innovative tools for wood identification and origin determination, to assist the fight against illegal logging and related trade around the globe.
WRAITH = Wood Research Against Illegal Timber Harvest IAWA task force related to illegal logging Outreach to illegal logging stakeholders Building standardized protocols and proficiency tests for woodID
International Association of Wood Anatomists
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 8
Koch et al.
Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber Participating institutes
Participating institutes:
Thünen Institute of Wood Research (TI-HF)
- Macroscopic and microscopic wood identification
Thünen Institute of Forest Genetic (TI-FG)
- Genetic identification of wood species and origin
Thünen Institute for International Forestry and Forest Economics
(TI-WF)
- Evaluation of certificates and timber market analyses
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 9
Koch et al.
The scientific wood collection of the Thünen Institute Reference specimens for the wood identification
Photos Ilja Hendel
Number of specimens: approx. 37,500
Botanical families: approx. 245
Botanical genera: approx. 2,400
Individual species: approx. 11,500
Number of regularly traded timber (600 to 800 worldwide)
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 10
Koch et al.
Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber Scientific reports regarding the EUTR
Daily submissions of samples from the fields
Wood trade (75%)
Customs and environmental agencies (18%)
NGOs (5%)
Private consumer (2%)
Increasing identification of lesser known species, especially in products that are manufactured in Asia
Detailed market survey/observation of the internationally traded timber
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 11
Koch et al.
Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber Scientific reports regarding the EUTR
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 12
Koch et al.
The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber Examples of microscopic wood identification (plywood)
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification
Anatomical identification of individual veneer layers (< 0.2 mm thickness) in plywood
Botanical genus / Family Trade name
Alstonia spp. / APOCYNACEAE Pulai
Aucoumea klaineana / BURSERACEAE Okoumé
Beilschmiedia spp. / LAUARACEAE Medang
Campnosperma spp. / ANACARDIACEAE Terentang
Canarium spp. / BURSERACEAE Kedongdong
Endospermum spp. / ANACARDIACEAE Sesendok
Ochanostachys amentacea / OLACACEAE
Petaling
Octomeles sumatrana / DATISCACEAE Binuang
Palaquium spp. / SAPOTACEAE Nyatoh
Pentaspadon spp. / ANACARDIACEAE Pelaju
Shorea spp. subg. Rubroshorea / DIPTEROCARPACEAE
Red Meranti
Swintonia spp. / ANACARDIACEAE Merpauh
Slide 13
Koch et al.
Development and application of computer-assisted wood identification systems Commercial timbers, macroHOLZdata, softwoodID, and CITESwoodID, DELTA-INTKEY-System
The databases contains descriptions and an interactive identification system for softwood and hardwood taxa common in the international trade
Macroscopic and microscopic characters for the wood identification
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 14
Koch et al.
The database macroHOLZdata and Commercial timbers Microscopic identification and description of Bangkirai
Description and illustrations of Bangkirai for the microscopic wood identification
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 15
Koch et al. Slide 16 IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification
Development and application of computer-assisted wood identification systems
The InsideWood database macroHOLZdata: demonstration of application
Koch et al.
Identification of timber in fibre and particle boards Characterization of anatomical/morphological features
Microscopic identification of individual vessel types and tracheids in fibreboard (MDF)
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 17
Koch et al.
Identification of charcoal - methodological approach
Anatomical identification of charcoal Detection of tropical woods using microscopic structural features
Transverse section of tropical wood (SAPOTACEAE)
Transverse section of ash (Fraxinus)
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 18
Koch et al.
Microscopic structure of the CITES protected species Dalbergia maritima = Bois de rose
…and must be used carefully and sustainably!
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification
Wood is good!
…and very nice,
Slide 19
Koch et al.
The Thünen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber
Many thanks
Contact: Thuenen Centre of Competence on the Origin of Timber gerald.koch@thuenen.de, www.thuenen.de/holzherkuenfte
IAWA-IUFRO International Symposium: Challenges and Opportunities for Updating Wood Identification Slide 20
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