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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my010 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent Journalismcijmalaysia@gmail.com
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.myhttp://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.myhttp://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx7/29/2019 WtW Malaysiakini BM FInal
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA.................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
2 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
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Executive Summary of Key Results for MALAYSIAKINI BAHASAMALAYSIA
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Malaysiakini Bahasa Malaysia, we found the followingtrends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The coverage of parties and coalitions was relatively equally split between BN and PR, with
a very slight skew towards PR.
The vast majority of the coverage of political parties and coalitions was neutral in tone (over90%), but with regards to non-neutral material, BN received the most positive coverage,while PR received the most negative coverage and very much the most attacks.
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, but overall, PR politicians were givensomewhat more coverage than BN politicians.
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (76%).
Anwar Ibrahim was the most negatively covered and attacked politician, followed by NajibRazak.
Najib Razak received the most positive coverage by a significant margin, followed by AnwarIbrahim.
Overall, PR politicians received the most of every kind of tonal coverage, with the exception
of attacks, which they received at a rate equal to that of BN.
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Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
BN politicians were used as sources most often (52%), with Najib Razak and Anwar Ibrahimthe individuals most commonly used as sources.
Najib Razak was the source carrying out the highest proportion of all 'attack politics',
followed by Mahathir Mohamad then Muhyiddin Yassin.
Overall, BN coalition politicians were engaged in attack politics significantly more often thaneither opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given significantly more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage by a significant margin (31.99%), followed by PAS, PKR, PR,then DAP.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
5 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
BN
PAS
PKR
PR
DAP
UMNO
MCA
PSM
Other
Gerakan
MIC
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
PBS
UPKO
PBB
PRM
PRS
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
31.99
14.40
13.25
12.01
10.37
8.55
3.40
2.09
1.94
0.76
0.64
0.21
0.12
0.09
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.00
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, PR received slightly more coverage(50.03%) than BN (45.69%).
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
6 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
45.69
50.03
2.33
1.94
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (90.20%).
7 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
0%4%
90%
5%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN was the most negatively covered (33.58%).
The three constituent parties of the opposition coalition (PAS, PKR & DAP) came in second,third and fourth most negatively covered, respectively.
PR was the most attacked party or coalition (31.25%), followed by PAS (25%) then DAP &BN in third equal place (18.75%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
8 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
BN
PR
DAP
PAS
UMNO
PKRMCA
Other
SUPP
Gerakan
MIC
PBB
PBS
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (46.75%) and neutral (31.2%) coverage by a significantmargin, followed by PR and its constituent parties.
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
9 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
BN
PR
DAP
PKR
PAS
UMNOOther
MCA
Gerakan
PSM
MIC
SAPP
SPDP
PBS
SUPP
UPKO
PBB
PRM
PRS
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Neutral Positive
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomesclear that BN received the most positive coverage, while PR received the most negativecoverage and very much the most attacks.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PR TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 0.8 5%
Neutral 1 : 1.1 90%
Negative 1 : 1.1 4%
Attacked 1 : 3 1%
10 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
25.00
47.45
45.29
53.25
75.00
49.64
50.25
43.79
0.00
2.92
4.45
2.96
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions (24.65%), followed by AnwarIbrahim (19.15%), then Lim Kit Siang and Lim Guan Eng, with Ibrahim Ali coming in with fifthmost mentions overall.
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
11 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
Najib Razak
Anwar IbrahimLim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Ibrahim Ali
Mahathir Mohamad
Nik Aziz
Khalid Samad
Rafizi Ramli
Muhyiddin Yassin
Khalid Ibrahim
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nizar Jamaluddin
Musa AmanNurul Izzah
Taib Mahmud
Chua Soi Lek
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Hishamuddin Hussein
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
24.65
19.157.54
5.18
4.71
4.40
4.24
4.08
3.14
2.98
2.83
1.88
1.88
1.571.57
1.57
1.10
1.10
1.10
0.94
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas somewhat skewed towards PR.
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
12 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
38%
54%
7%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak, Anwar Ibrahim and ECSpokespeople were most commonly used as sources, at 26.74%, 12.84% and 12.35%respectively.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
13 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Election Commission Spokesperson
Muhyiddin Yassin
Vox Pop Male
Mahathir Mohamad
Chua Soi Lek
Lim Guan Eng
Hadi Awang
Khalid Ibrahim
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
26.74
12.84
12.35
11.53
8.83
8.42
3.27
3.27
2.78
2.45
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (52%) than both independentpolitical figures and PR.
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
14 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
52%
25%
23%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (76%), followed by the negative andpositive categories.
15 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
11%
76%
11%3%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (31.34%) and was attacked the second most often (27.78%).
Najib Razak was attacked most often (33.33%) and received the second most negative
coverage (17.91%). All other figures trailed by a significant distance in these categories.
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
16 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
Anwar Ibrahim
Najib Razak
Nik Aziz
Mahathir Mohamad
Khalid Samad
Rafizi Ramli
Muhyiddin Yassin
Ibrahim Ali
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Taib Mahmud
Tian Chua
Chua Soi Lek
Dzulkefly Ahmad
Hassan Ali
Karpal Singh
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nizar Jamaluddin
Tony PuaAbdul Rahman Dahlan
Alfred Jabu
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (31.88%) and neutral coverage (24.27%), with Anwar Ibrahim receiving thesecond most neutral coverage (19.09%).
Lim Kit Siang received the second most positive coverage (13.04%), followed by Lim GuanEng and Khalid Ibrahim in third equal place (10.15%).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
17 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
Najib RazakAnwar Ibrahim
Lim Kit Siang
Lim Guan Eng
Ibrahim Ali
Mahathir Mohamad
Khalid Samad
Nik Aziz
Muhyiddin Yassin
Rafizi Ramli
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nizar Jamaluddin
Musa Aman
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Taib Mahmud
Hadi Awang
Hishamuddin Hussein
Chua Soi Lek
Hassan AliAmbiga Sreenevasan
James Masing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Positive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, PR received the most of every kind of tonal coverage, with the exception of attacks,which they received at a rate equal to that of BN.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 1.7 11%Neutral 1 : 1.3 76%
Negative 1 : 2.1 11%
Attacked 1 : 1 3%
18 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
50.00
31.34
39.42
34.78
50.00
64.18
52.70
57.97
0.00
4.48
7.88
7.25
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Najib Razak (28.26%) was most commonly quoted as engaged in 'attack politics', followedby Mahathir Mohamad (23.91%), then Muhyiddin Yassin (17.39%).
Anwar Ibrahim and Hadi Awang were the most attack-prone opposition politicians (both6.53%), followed by Lim Guan Eng.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
19 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
Najib Razak
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Anwar Ibrahim
Hadi Awang
Lim Guan Eng
Chua Soi Lek
Hassan Ali
Lim Kit Siang
Nik Aziz
Taib Mahmud
Vox Pop Male
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Baru Bian
Jeffrey Kitingan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
28.26
23.91
17.39
6.52
6.52
4.35
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
20 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
74%
22%
4%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
21 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
26%
74%
Policy IssuesNon-PolicyIssues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all policy issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most attention,followed by Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security, and the Economy & Development.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
22 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
39%
1%
10% 7%
2%
23%
7%
1%
8%
Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed byElectioneering and then Socioeconomic Status or demographic factors.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
23 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
31%
6%
9% 24%
3%
2%
25%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 11988
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 532
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 17.2
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
24 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
25 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 31.989
DAP 10.37
Gerakan 0.75804
MCA 3.396
MIC 0.63675
PAS 14.403
PBB 0.030321
PBS 0.060643
PKR 13.25
PR 12.007
PRS 0
PRM 0.030321PSM 2.0922
SAPP 0.21225
SPDP 0.12129
SUPP 0.090964
UMNO 8.5506
UPKO 0.060643
Other 1.9406
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 31.989
BN 45.694251
Gerakan 0.75804
MCA 3.396
MIC 0.63675
PBB 0.030321
PBS 0.060643
PRS 0
SPDP 0.12129
SUPP 0.090964
UMNO 8.5506
UPKO 0.060643
PR 12.007
PR 50.03DAP 10.37
PAS 14.403
PKR 13.25
PRM 0.030321
Independent 2.334771PSM 2.0922
SAPP 0.21225
Other 1.9406 Other 1.9406
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 18.75 33.577 31.197 46.746 130.27
DAP 18.75 12.409 10.253 9.4675 50.8795
Gerakan 0 0 0.77572 1.1834 1.95912
MCA 0 3.6496 3.4064 1.7751 8.8311
MIC 0 0 0.70826 0 0.70826
PAS 25 10.949 14.941 6.5089 57.3989
PBB 0 0 0.033727 0 0.033727
PBS 0 0 0.067454 0 0.067454
PKR 0 5.1095 13.997 8.284 27.3905
PR 31.25 21.168 11.062 19.527 83.007
PRS 0 0 0 0 0
PRM 0 0 0.033727 0 0.033727
PSM 0 0 2.2934 0.59172 2.88512
SAPP 0 0 0.23609 0 0.23609
SPDP 0 0 0.13491 0 0.13491
SUPP 0 0.72993 0.067454 0 0.797384
UMNO 6.25 9.4891 8.8364 3.5503 28.1258
UPKO 0 0 0.067454 0 0.067454
Other 0 2.9197 1.8887 2.3669 7.1753
Parties &Coalitions
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26 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 25
Negative 43.79603
Neutral 45.294779
Positive 53.2548
PR
Attacked 75
Negative 49.6355
Neutral 50.253
Positive 43.7874
Attacked 0
Negative 2.9197
Neutral 4.451917
Positive 2.95862
Independent &
Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0
Alfred Jabu 0.31397
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.62794Anwar Ibrahim 19.152
Azmin Ali 0
Baru Bian 0
Bernard Dompok 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 1.0989
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.15699
Elizabeth Wong 0
G. Palanivel 0
Hadi Awang 1.0989
Hassan Ali 1.0989
Hishamuddin Hussein 0.94192
Ibrahim Ali 4.7096
James Masing 0.62794
Jeffrey Kitingan 0.15699
Karpal Singh 0.31397
Khalid Ibrahim 2.8257
Khalid Samad 4.0816
Lim Guan Eng 5.1805
Lim Kit Siang 7.5353
Liow Tiong Lai 0.15699Mahathir Mohamad 4.3956
Maximus Ongkili 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 1.8838
Muhyiddin Yassin 2.9827
Musa Aman 1.5699
Najib Razak 24.647
Ng Yen Yen 0
Nik Aziz 4.2386
Nizar Jamaluddin 1.8838
Nurul Izzah 1.5699Rafizi Ramli 3.1397
Rosmah Mansur 0.47096
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 1.5699
Teresa Kok 0.15699
Tian Chua 0.78493
Tony Pua 0.15699
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0.47096
Percentage(mention)
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27 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 1.25589
BN 38.30482
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0
Alfred JabuPBB 1.88387
Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0
James Masing PRS 0.62794
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 34.53712
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa AmanNajib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 13.34375
PR 54.31666
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 13.34369
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 27.62922
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.62794
7.37836
Hassan Ali Independent 1.0989
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 4.7096
Rosmah Mansur 0.47096
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.47096
Independent/Other
'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 3.2706
BN 52.00363
Mahathir Mohamad 8.4219
Muhyiddin Yassin 11.529
Musa Aman 0.65413
Najib Razak 26.738
Nazri Aziz 0.2453
Taib Mahmud 1.1447
Anwar Ibrahim 12.837
PR 24.69303
Baru Bian 0.16353
Hadi Awang 2.78
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 2.453
Lim Guan Eng 3.2706
Lim Kit Siang 1.8806
Nik Aziz 1.3083
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.7359
Independent 23.30363
Hassan Ali 0.4906
Vox Pop Male 8.8307
Vox Pop Female 0.7359
0.16353
12.347
Percentage(source)
u ic pinion ox opGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0.41494 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0.82988 0
Anwar Ibrahim 27.778 31.343 19.087 5.7971
Azmin Ali 0 0 0 0Baru Bian 0 0 0 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 5.5556 1.4925 1.0373 0
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 1.4925 0 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0
Hadi Awang 0 0 1.4523 0
Hassan Ali 0 1.4925 1.0373 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 1.2448 0Ibrahim Ali 0 2.9851 4.7718 7.2464
James Masing 0 0 0.82988 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0.20747 0
Karpal Singh 0 1.4925 0.20747 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0 2.9851 1.8672 10.145
Khalid Samad 0 4.4776 3.9419 5.7971
Lim Guan Eng 0 2.9851 4.9793 10.145
Lim Kit Siang 0 2.9851 7.6763 13.043
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.20747 0
Mahathir Mohamad 5.5556 5.9701 4.5643 1.4493
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 1.4925 2.2822 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 5.5556 2.9851 3.112 1.4493
Musa Aman 0 0 2.0747 0
Najib Razak 33.333 17.91 24.274 31.884
Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0 0
Nik Aziz 11.111 5.9701 3.9419 2.8986
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 1.4925 2.0747 1.4493
Nurul Izzah 0 0 1.8672 1.4493
Rafizi Ramli 0 4.4776 2.4896 7.2464
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.62241 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 2.9851 1.6598 0
Teresa Kok 0 0 0.20747 0
Tian Chua 11.111 1.4925 0.41494 0
Tony Pua 0 1.4925 0 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0.62241 0
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30 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA
TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 49.9998
Negative 31.3428
Neutral 39.41919
Positive 34.7826
PR
Attacked 50
Negative 64.1786
Neutral 52.69695
Positive 57.9708
Attacked 0
Negative 4.4776
Neutral 7.8838
Positive 7.2464
Independent/
Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 2.1739
BN 73.9128
Mahathir Mohamad 23.913
Muhyiddin Yassin 17.391
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 28.261
Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 2.1739
Anwar Ibrahim 6.5217
PR 21.739
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 6.5217
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 4.3478
Lim Kit Siang 2.1739
Nik Aziz 2.1739
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 4.3478
Hassan Ali 2.1739
Vox Pop Male 2.1739
Vox Pop Female 0
0
0
Percentage
(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 5.0095
Policy Issues 12.872447
Environment 0.19023
Economy/Development 1.2999Education 0.95117
Foreign Policy 0.31706
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 3.012
Oppressive Legislation 0.95117
Health 0.095117
Religion 1.0463
Ethnicity 11.763
37.57154
Religion 2.0926
Democracy & Human Rights 3.2974
Socioeconomic Status 9.0996
Mudslinging 1.0463
Gender 0.79264
Electioneering 9.48
Non-Policy
Issues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan2. Alfred Jabu
3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein16. James Masing
17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng43. Wong Soon Koh
44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng10. Lim Kit Siang
11. Mahathir Mohamad12. Muhyiddin Yassin
13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz
17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)
6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun
Murut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga
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8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights
2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration
2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy
2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity
8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors
1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban12. Rural13. Cost of Living
14. Other
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5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah6. Kelantan7. Malacca
8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance7. Sexism
8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other
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