Yusuf Ali Aleks Iricanin Jonathan Odjo Essential question: How does induction impact what you...
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- Yusuf Ali Aleks Iricanin Jonathan Odjo
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- Essential question: How does induction impact what you believe
in or your own personal beliefs?
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- i. Nonfiction (history) a. The student will analyze and
evaluate information from text features (e.g., glossary, index).
LA.910.2.2.1 b. The student will use information from the text to
answer questions or to state the main idea or provide relevant
details. LA.910.2.2.2c. The student will identify and analyze the
characteristics of a variety of types of text. LA.910.2.2.4ii.
Fiction (fables/myths, and Invention) a. The student will analyze
and compare a variety of literary works. LA.910.2.1.2 II. AP
Standards (AP Language and Composition Course description, pages
9-10)i. Course description details a. create and sustain arguments
based on readings, research and/or personal experience; b. produce
expository, analytical and argumentative compositions that
introduce a complex central idea and develop it with appropriate
evidence drawn from primary and/or secondary sources, cogent
explanations and clear transitions
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- a. According to Harvard University b. --Inductive reasoning
generalizes a conclusion from analogous facts (e.g. Every dog I see
has four legs. Therefore all dogs have four legs). The rhetorical
equivalent of inductive reasoning is the example. However, because
of this generalization, your conclusion may not always be true or
correct i.e., an injured dog may have only 3 legs In math problems,
Students are told to find x. Therefore they will find X. However!
As said before, your conclusion may not always be true or correct,
and this isnt what the test makers had in mind when they said find
x.
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- Themes of induction and common beliefs - Incentives are the
cornerstone of economic life they can work for you and against you
- Conventional wisdom which is one that we think we know is often
wrong - Dramatic events often have distant and subtle causes In the
chapter one (what do school teachers and sumo wrestlers have in
common) It makes a study out of a problem and the problem is at a
day care center they have parents coming up to pick up the children
and parents are late to pick their children up every day without
any consequence. This is forcing the teachers to stay later without
any pay so they thought of an idea to solve the problem.What do you
expect to happen when a fine is imposed? Our conventional wisdom we
would all say yes so the daycare imposed a fine of three dollars
each student after ten minutes and it would be added to the monthly
bill. Our first thought was the number of late pickups would go
down but the incentive backfired and the number of late pickups
went up and almost doubled. Our inductive reasoning was wrong.
Examples from Freakonomics - This shows that explanations are
generally accepted as true - But when tested are inductive
reasoning may not be true Another conventional wisdom portrayed in
the book is one about drug dealers and on average how much do you
think a drug dealer gets paid? Our conventional wisdom or the
induction may say a good amount of money depending on the product
but in reality or the deduction most drug dealers make less than
minimum wage and because the job is so dangerous it is not
preferable. To know induction you must also know deduction which is
the act of deducting or drawing a conclusion by reasoning. All cats
die; Socrates died; therefore Socrates was a cat-this is deduction
a version of this that would be induction would say All cats die;
Socrates died so from this we could draw a conclusion to say
Socrates was a cat but this may not be true because from other
knowledge we know that not only cats die. Freakonomics takes logic
and theory or conceived knowledge induction and then brings out the
reality in it or the deduction
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- Induction is a method of generalization to all cases from the
observation of particular cases. (narrow sense) Induction: The
operation of discovering and proving general propositions. This
narrow sense was found in Aristotles definition, and also in the
philosopher, John Stuart Mills account. Induction: arguments that
establish the truth of the conclusion as probable or probably true.
Informally at least, and inductive argument claims its conclusion
follows with some degree of probability. Ex: A red-eyed fruit fly
has RNA. A white-eyed fruit fly has RNA. A Hawaiian fruit fly has
RNA. Therefore, all fruit flies have RNA. Ex 2: All the great Greek
philosophers wrote treatises on science All philosophers named
Aristotle wrote treatises on science Therefore Aristotle was a
great Greek philosopher. (A treatises is basically a formal
exposition) Deduction is defined as an argument which purposes are
claimed to provide final evidence in order to figure out its
conclusion. Ex: All men are mortal Socrates is a man Therefore,
Socrates is mortal. Ex 2: All organisms have RNA A fruit fly is an
organism Therefore, a fruit fly has RNA
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- Aristotles logic & Logic today Four laws of Aristotelian
logic: 1. The law of non-contradiction 2. The law of Identity 3.
The law of excluded middle 4. The law of rational inference from
what is known to what is unknown When Aristotle regarded to logic
he called it: a basic study to all branches of knowledge He called
it an instrument of study Many people, such as Alfred Weber named
Aristotle the real founder of logic. Today the common definition of
logic is: the branch of philosophy that analyzes inference.
Definition of inference: the reasoning involved in drawing a
conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of
circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the
basis of direct observation
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- What did you learn?
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- The act of deducting or subtraction, drawing a conclusion by
reasoning
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- Arguments that establish the truth of the conclusion as
probable or probably true. Informally at least, and inductive
argument claims its conclusion follows with some degree of
probability.
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- All the great Greek philosophers wrote treatises on science All
philosophers named Aristotle wrote treatises on science Therefore
Aristotle was a great Greek philosopher.
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- All men are mortal Socrates is a man Therefore, Socrates is
mortal.
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- a basic study to all branches of knowledge
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- How does induction impact what you believe in or your own
personal beliefs?
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