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2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com1
1
2 Z
3
4
5 αβγ
( )
-
-
- α
-
-
𝛂
𝛄
- αβγ
γ
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com2
λ
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
τ
τ
λ τ ( )
τ
τ
τ
𝛌
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com3
هي وحدة لقياس كتلة الجسيمات الصغيرة جدا وهي تمثل -
مه كتلة الكربون
⁄
-
-
-
-
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com4
[ ( ) ] (
)
| | |[ ( ) ] (
)|
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ( )]
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com5
1
238
1
2 XY
3 Y
4 1234
-
2
( )abc
1
2
3
32212
1
2 1 7Z
- ,N Z3
87653
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com6
3 11 14 8 12 14
6 6 5 5 5, , , ,C C B B B 12 13 16
7 7 7, ,N N N
14
42212
1371/2 30,2t ans
5
0 3,0 10A Bq
1 137
55Cs
137
0m137
2 A t
3
23 16,02 10AN mol
137 136,9 /M Cs g mol
52212
12242212
137 γ
⁄
1 γ
2
57 La56 Ba55Cs54 Xe53 I
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com7
3 λب
4
5
365525
62228
1 γ
γγ
,
,
2
3 ( )
/أ
/ب
4
𝜏
τ ( )
72229
Po841898
212
1
2 212 A
Z Pb
AZ
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com8
3 212 1/2 138t j 0t
8
0 10A Bq
0N2120t
0t
82212
1213
141/2 5570t ans
1212
6C1313
6C1414
7 N
1 14
2 14 1 1
7 0 1 1
A
ZN n Y H
1
A
ZY
14 2
A
Z Y
2Y
3 ( ) λ
0, ,N t N tλ
⁄
14
4 m g2222 A
11530A1356
A t0A t
92228
OH18
18
9 F 1/2 110mint
82,6 10 Bq1818
8O
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com9
1
2 λ
⁄
3 18
9 F
18
9 F
%1
122215
32
1 ( )
2 ( )
32
.
( )
112213
3636 ب
1 353736
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com12
2 36
3 36
36
122212
a b
72
14
14
5000A Bq 4500
bA Bq 0 6000A Bq
14C1/2 5570t ans
1 14
6C16
8O 14
7 N 19
9 F
2 A t0 1/2, ,A t t
3
132215
(
)
( )
( )
1 14
14
2 25223
12
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com11
⁄ ( )
⁄
41
α
1α
2
3
4
( )
( )
152216
32
1
32
( )
32
( )
( )
( )
( )
⁄
( )
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com12
2 32 ( )
32
( ) ( )
3 ( )
4 ( )
61
238
αβ
( ) 238 (
)
1
2λ
3238 (
)
4
(
)
ε
712214
1
2
3
( )
134
𝜏𝜏
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com13
τ
( )134
( ) ( )
( )
812215
1
2 1
( )
⁄
λ
3
4
19
131 γ
1
2 γ
57565554
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com14
3
4 131
5
48
48
22
1 α
2
3 ( )
( ) ( )
4
5 ( ) ( )
α
( ) ⁄
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com15
212216
1
2
( )
3
4
12
12
222213
24
1
2 24
3
24
24
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com16
24
4 24
24
24
5
24
6 24
32
1 24
2 24
24
3 24
λ
4
24
24
24
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com17
24
2
( ) ( )
252216
1
2
3
4
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
( )
( )
( )
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com18
622228
35
17Cl35
17Cl
A
Z X
13
7 N18
9 F31
14 Si39
17Cl38
17Cl
594 6740943033002240 ( )
A
Z X ( )
( )
0N0t
N tt
1 1/2t
A
Z X
2 1/2t
A
Z X
3
A
Z X
4 35
17ClA
Z X
272216
1
42
234242
42
42
3 42
42
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com19
822229
210
84 Po206
82 Pb
1 210
84 Po
2 0N5
0 10m g
3 tN
24020016012080400 t jours
0,300,370,450,550,670,821,00 ( )
( ( )
)1 40cm j1 0,2cm
210
84 Po
0m
23 16,023 10AN mol 210 /M Po g mol
922282
1 Po
A
Z Po 206
82 Pb
A
Z PoAZ
2 0N A
Z Po0t N t
t
1221228252222 t jours
255525612567257825921522 ( )
( )
( )
( )
1 20cm jours 1 0.10cm
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com22
A
Z Po
A
Z Po
322212
241
94 Pu 238
92U x
238 1 241 0
92 0 94 1U x n Pu y n
1 xy
241
94 Pu A
Z Am
AZ
2 241
94 Pu0t 0N
( )
A tt0A0t
129630 t ans
0.530.620.730.851.00 ( )
( )
( )
( )
t
1/2t241
94 Pu
132229
226
88 Ra
1 22688226
88 Ra
2 226
88 RaA
Z X
3 11 11,36 10 s 226
88 Ra
4 0 1m mg226
88 Ra0 0t mt
1/2t
1/25t1/24t1/23t1/22t1/2t0tt
m mg
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com21
5t
m f t
83 82 86 89, , ,Bi Pb Rn Ac
322215
131 ⁄
131 ⁄
131 ( ) ( )
( )
1 131
2 131
131
3 ( ) ⁄ ( )
4
⁄131
5 131
332214
γ
1
2 212 ( ) ( )
λ
5554535251
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com22
3 ( )
λ
λ212
34
( )
1
1
2
3
4
λ62
5
λ
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com23
352212
1
2
3
| |
| | | ( ) (
) ( )|
632215
1
2
3
4
5
( )
( ) ⁄
( ) ⁄
( ) ⁄
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com24
732229
1,0073pm u1,0087nm u0,00055em u8 13 10 .C m s 21 931 /u Mev C
u
xmnmpmAZ
C
MeV
14
6C14
7 N
4
2 He
235
92U140
54 Xe94
38 Sr
MeV
832212
222
86 Rn A
Z Ra222 4
86 2
A
Z Ra Rn He
1
AZ
2 m 226Ra u
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com25
3 lE 222Rn1127,36 10 J
lE
m222Rn
222Rn
4
235 1 94 139 1
92 0 38 54 03U n Sr Xe n
MeV J
131 1,6 10MeV J 83 10 /c m s 271 1,66 10u kg 221,970m Rn u 138,889m Xe u
93,894m Sr u 234,994m U u 225,977m Ra u 1
0 1,009m n u 1
1 1,007m p u
392216
1986
1
2
3
422211
235 235 1 94 140 1
92 0 38 0ZU n Sr Xe x n
1
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com26
2
3
4 m
libE235
2,5m g235
5 4CH
2,5m g2351mol58,0 10 J
412212
1
γ
γ
( )
⁄
2
42
α
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com27
1
⁄
12
2 α
43
3
432213
1 AZ
2
3
ب 4
5
( ) (
) ( )
442214
239
1
2 239
239
3 ( )239
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com28
4
⁄
⁄ ⁄
⁄
452213
1
ب
2 ( )
ب
3
( ) , (
) , ( )
( ) , ⁄ . (
)
462212
1
235
92U94
38 Sr139
54 Xe 1
0 n
1 lE
2 235
92U
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com29
3 MeV1E2EE
1g235
92U
742214
1
239
( ) (
) ( ) (
)
2 239
239
122
( ) ⁄
( ) 239
48
1
2 235
3
4
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com32
( )
( )
5
6
235
( ) ⁄
492216
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ⁄
ρ
235
1
2 2235
3 235
ρ
4
5
2BAC 2017
nourguita@gmail.com31
52
1
2
3
4
6
7
(
)
( )
51
λ
λ
238
238
( ) (
) (
) ⁄
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